Relative energy zero ratio-based approach for identifying pulse-like ground motions

Pulse-like ground motions are capable of inflicting significant damage to structures. Efficient classification of pulse-like ground motion is of great importance when performing the seismic assessment in near-fault regions. In this study, a new method for identifying the velocity pulses is proposed, based on different trends of two parameters: the short-time energy and the short-time zero crossing rate of a ground motion record. A new pulse indicator, the relative energy zero ratio(REZR), is defined to qualitatively identify pulse-like features. The threshold for pulse-like ground motions is derived and compared with two other identification methods through statistical analysis. The proposed procedure not only shows good accuracy and efficiency when identifying pulse-like ground motions but also exhibits good performance for classifying records with high-frequency noise and discontinuous pulses. The REZR method does not require a waveform formula to express and fit the potential velocity pulses;it is a purely signal-based classification method. Finally, the proposed procedure is used to evaluate the contribution of pulse-like motions to the total input energy of a seismic record, which dramatically increases the seismic damage potential.

Ultrahigh “Relative Energy Density” and Mass Loading of Carbon Cloth Anodes for K-Ion Batteries

Mass loading and potential plateau are the two most important issues of potassium(K)-ion batteries(KIBs),but they have long been ignored in previous studies.Herein,we report a simple and scalable method to fabricate acidized carbon clothes(A-CC)as high mass loading(13.1 mg cm−2)anode for KIBs,which achieved a reversible areal-specific capacity of 1.81 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 mA cm−2.Besides,we have proposed the concept of“relative energy density”to reasonably evaluate the electrochemical performance of the anode.According to our calculation method,the A-CC electrode exhibited an ultrahigh relative energy density of 46 Wh m−2 in the initial charge process and remained at 40 Wh m−2 after 50 cycles.Furthermore,we performed the operando Raman spectroscopy(ORS)to investigate the K-ion storage mechanism.We believe that our work might provide a new guideline for the evaluation of anode performance,thereby,opening an avenue for the development of commercial anode.

Experimental and numerical investigation for energy dissipation of supercritical flow in sudden contractions

Dealing with kinetic energy is one of the most important problems in hydraulic structures,and this energy can damage downstream structures.This study aims to study energy dissipation of supercritical water flow passing through a sudden contraction.The experiments were conducted on a sudden contraction with 15 cm width.A 30 cm wide flume was installed.The relative contraction ranged from 8.9 to 9.7,where relative contraction refers to the ratio of contraction width to initial flow depth.The Froude value in the investigation varied from 2 to 7.The contraction width of numerical simulation was 5~15 cm,the relative contraction was 8.9~12.42,and the Froude value ranged from 8.9~12.42.In order to simulate turbulence,the k-εRNG model was harnessed.The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the energy dissipation increases with the increase of Froude value.Also,with the sudden contraction,the rate of relative depreciation of energy is increased due to the increase in backwater profile and downstream flow depth.The experimentation verifies the numerical results with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and the root mean square error is 0.02.

On the Ratios Dark Matter (Energy)/Ordinary Matter ≈5.4(13.6) in the Universe

An upper limit of the average ratio dark matter/ordinary matter in galaxies is estimated to be 8.4, in agreement with the observed ratio 5.4. Upper limit of the average ratio dark energy/ordinary matter for slowly moving protons in the outer parts of the universe is estimated to be 8.4, much less than the observed ratio 13.6. The discrepancy is tentatively attributed to that the bulk of the protons in these outer parts of the universe moves fastly and their contribution to dark energy has not been estimated. The positive and negative relative energies between the diquark and quark in the proton play the roles of dark energy and dark matter, respectively.

Energy Balance-related Behaviors Are Related to Cardiometabolic Parameters and Predict Adiposity in 8-14-year-old Overweight Chinese Children One Year Later

To identify target energy balance-related behaviors（ERBs）,baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren（aged 8-14years old）was used to predict adiposity[body mass index（BMI）and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score（DASH score）,leisure-time physical activity（PA,days/week）,and leisure screen time（minutes/day）.Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure （SBP）, diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, blood glucose （GLU）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglycerides （TG）, low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C）, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL-C）.

Failure of the free energy relation under a non-Markovian heat bath temperature change

We investigate the free energy relation for a system contacting with a non-Markovian heat bath and find that the validity of the relation sensitively depends on the non-Markovian memory effect, which is especially related go the initial preparation effect. This memory effect drives the statistical distribution of the system out of the initial preparation, even if the system starts from an equilibrium state. This leads to the violation of the free energy relation. A possible way of eliminating this memory effect is proposed.

Critical Behavior of the Energy Gap and Its Relation with the Berry Phase Close to the Excited State Quantum Phase Transition in the Lipkin Model

In our previous work [Phys. Rev. A 85 （2012） 044102], we studied the Berry phase of the ground state and exited states in the Lipkin model. In this work, using the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, we derive the relation between the energy gap and the Berry phase closed to the excited state quantum phase transition （ESQPT） in the Lipkin model. It is found that the energy gap is approximately linearly dependent on the Berry phase being closed to the ESQPT for large N. As a result, the critical behavior of the energy gap is similar to that of the Berry phase. In addition, we also perform a semiclassical qualitative analysis about the critical behavior of the energy gap.

Dark Matter Creation and Anti-Gravity Acceleration of the Expanding Universe

Dark matter is identified as negative relative energy between quarks in proton and is generated in cold hydrogen gas with pressure gradient in gravitational field. Positive relative energy PRE can be generated between quarks in protons in cold hydrogen gas in outskirts of the universe. The mechanisms for such creation of dark matter and PRE are reviewed and updated in greater detail and clearer manner. The so-generated dark matter in a galaxy can account for the galaxy’s rotation curve. Star formation in this galaxy uses up the hydrogen atoms and thereby reduces its dark matter content. Dark matter created in intergalactic hydrogen gas can form filaments. In a hypothetical model of the universe, a hydrogen atom with a small amount of negative relative energy or dark matter at the outskirts of this universe can via collisions with other atoms turn into one with a small positive relative energy PRE. Once such a sign change takes place, gravitational attraction switches to anti-gravity repulsion unopposed by any pressure gradient. This leads to a “run away” hydrogen atom moving away from the mass center of the universe and provides a basic mechanism for the accelerating expansion of the universe. This theoretical expansion and the measured redshift data are both compatible with the conception of an acceleratingly expanding universe and complement each other. But they cannot verify each other directly because the present model has been constructed for purposes different from those of the measurements. But it can be shown that both approaches do support each other qualitatively under certain circumstances for small velocities. Dark matter and PRE in the present model are not foreign objects like WIMPs and dark energy-cosmological constant but can only be created in cold hydrogen gas in gravitational field. To achieve this, infrequent collisions among the hydrogen atoms must take place. Dark matter was created first and can eventually later evolve into PRE in the outskirts of the universe and in the intergalactic void. Dark matter and PRE will disappear if the hydrogen atom carrying them becomes ionized as in stars.

Theoretical Study of the Sensitivity-Improvement Effect of Phosphoryl Group in Mass Spectrometry of Small Peptides

It was found that phosphorylation of small peptide could improve the sensitivity in mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations showed that the energy for the protonation of N-(O,O'-dimethyl) phosphoryl glycylglycine is lower than that of glycylglycine. These could help to understanding the experimental results.

Effects of stimulating frequency of NIR LEDs light irradiation on forehead as quantified by EEG measurements

Near-infrared(NIR)light has been shown to produce a range of physiological effects in hunans,however,there is still no agreement on whether and how a single parameter,like the flicker frequency of NIR light,affects the brain.An 810 nm NIR LED was used as the stimulator.Fifty subjects participated in this experiment.Forty subjects were randomly divided into four groups.Each group underwent a 30-minute NIR LED radiation with four different frequencies(i.e.,0 Hz,5 Hz,10 Hz and 20 Hz,respectively)on the forehead.The remaining 10 subjects formed the control group,in which they underwent a 30-minute rest period without light radiation.EEG signals of all subjects during each test were recorded.Gravity frequency(GF),relative energy change,and sample entropy were analyzed.The experimental groups had larger GF values compared to the control group.Higher stimulation frequency would cause larger growth of GF(F=14.75,P<0.001).The amplitude of alpha waves relative energy increased,while theta waves decreased remarkably in the experimental groups(p<0.02),and the extent of increase/decrease was larger at higher stimulation frequency,compared to that of the control.Sample entropy of electrodes in the frontal areas were much larger than those in other brain areas in the experimental groups(p<0.001).Larger frequency of the NIR LED light would cause more distinct brain activities in the stimulated areas.It indicates that NIR LED light may have a positive effect on modulating brain activity.These results may help improve the design of photobiomodulation treatments in the future.

Relations Between Stabilities and Structures of Closo Borane Dianions

An effective method to investigate the stabilities of a series of new closo-BnHn2- （n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 30） was put forward with the aid of G96PW91/SHC calculations. Stabilities are related to the relative stabilized energies （RSE） and the 2e3c bound geometries of closo-BnHn2-. The structures in which a boron atom connects to four atoms up to seven are stable and appear in many borides because of the lower relative stabilized energy. In geometries, both triangular and quadrangular faces are in favor of forming the structures of closo-BnHn2-. The energies of optimized geometries support the existence of these new compounds. By employing both RSE and AE per boron atom in cage, the stabilities were studied to predict the probabilities of unknown clusters in existence. The electron-deficient clusters can be understood that the positive holes should be disperse to every triangular face and lead to share the holes, wherever there are not enough electrons to occupy them. The negative charges which anions carry distribute to 2e3c bonds to increase the stabilities.

Structural Characters and Isolated Stability of Phosphorus Polyanions

The optimized geometries at the RHF/6-311++G** level, the relatively stable energy at the MPW1PW91/6-311++G** level and the structural characters of anions have been acquired, indicating the stability is related to the chemical bonding of μ2?P atoms and the distri- bution of negative charges. The configurations of cage units P8 4- and P9 5- are stable due to the less torsion, but their ES values are relatively higher than that of P7 3- with more μ2?P atoms and the isolated stability is lower than that of P7 . They potentially play an important role as intermediate 3- in chemical reaction of producing complicated polyphosphides. Based on the related electronic properties, a stable polyanion must have low valence electron concentration, no (μ2?P)?(μ2?P) bond and a little dispersive charge. The earmark IR frequencies of cage units have been assigned to the vibration models in the end.

Relation between the Intervals ΔE and Δt Obtained in the De-Excitation Process of Electrons in Metals

A relation between the intervals of energy and time, derived in a former paper and associated with the electron transitions on the Fermi surface of a metal, is examined in comparison with the experimental data. These data are obtained from the de-excitation process of electrons in metals. A comparison between theory and experiment demonstrated that the new relation between energy and time is fitted much better for the experimental results than the well-known relation due to the Heisenberg theory.

Two topological approaches to resonance energy and the relation between them

Two of the present authors recently put forward a novel approach to resonance energy which is based on a similar topological reasoning as a previously elaborated resonance energy concept. It is shown that these two approaches are not completely equivalent. Several other properties of the new resonance energy are pointed out.

Persistent Homology for the Quantitative Analysis of the Structure and Stability of Carboranes

Persistent homology is a powerful and novel tool for quantifying the inherent topological features of structure. In this work, we used the persistent homology for the first time to study the closo-carboranes C2Bn-2Hn(n = 5~20) and their parent structures closo-boranes dianions BnHn2-(n = 5~20), where multiple elements are present. All these structures are first investigated with the standard Vitoris-Rips complex. We interpret all barcodes representation and associate them with structural details. By means of average bar length, a linear regression model was established to construct the relationship between persistent homology features and molecular stability, which was expressed by the relative energies. For closo-boranes dianions, we only use B atom set since B and H atoms are in pairs. The average lengths of β0, β1 and β2 bars are used as the features for linear regression, and excellent correlation coefficient(0.977) between the values predicted by persistent homology and those by quantum calculations was achieved. For closo-carboranes, C–B atom set(ignore the differences in the atoms), B atom set and C atom set were considered to get the persistent homology features(since there were only two C atoms in C2Bn-2Hn, only β0 bars were considered), and seven average bar lengths were calculated, respectively. Pearson coefficient of 0.937 was obtained. We found that the stability of carboranes showed a high linear correlation with the characteristics generated from topological bars in H0, H1 and H2. The results show that the topological information generated by persistent homology can be extended and applied to multi-element systems.

Identification of the Most Stable Sc2C80 Isomers： Structure, Electronic Property, and Molecular Spectra Investigations

A systematic density functional theory investigation has been carried out to explore the possible structures of Sc2C80 at the BMK/6-31 G（d） level. The results clearly show that Sc2@C80-Ih, Sc2@Cso-Dsh, and Sc2C2@C78-C2v can be identified as three isomers of Sc2C80 metallofullerene with the lowest energy. Frontier molecular orbital analysis indicates that the two Sc2@C80 isomers have a charge state as （Sc〉）2@ C60 and the Sc2C2@C78 has a charge state of （Sc3＋）2 C22- @ C784-. Moreover, the metal-cage covalent interactions have been studied to reveal the dynamics of endohedral moiety. The vertical electron affinity, vertical ionization potential, infrared spectra and 13C nuclear mag- netic resonance spectra have been also computed to further disclose the molecular structures and properties.

Inhomogeneous Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations on Thin Domains

We consider the inhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes equation on thin domains T^(2)×∈T,∈→0.It is shown that the weak solutions on T^(2)×∈T converge to the strong/weak solutions of the 2D inhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on T^(2)as∈→0 on arbitrary time interval.

Correlation between solubility parameters and recovery of phenolic compounds from fast pyrolysis bio-oil by diesel extraction

Fast pyrolysis bio-oils(fpBO)were extracted with two alternative commercial transportation fuels,hydrocarbon diesel and bio-diesel.The extraction of fpBO with commercial diesel fuel provided a yield of 4.3 wt%,but the yield increased significantly to 26.6 wt%when bio-diesel was the extractant.The molecular weight of fpBO before and after extraction were consistent with the loss of a more soluble,low molecular weight fraction from the crude fpBO.The relative energy difference(RED),based on the Hansen solubility parameter(HSP),is used to examine the extraction efficiency of specific compounds in the two different‘solvents’.Differences in the RED values could be used to rationalize differences in the partitioning of common fpBO phenolics.

AN ECO- AND INNO-PRODUCT DESIGN SYSTEM APPLYING INTEGRATED AND INTELLIGENT QFDE AND TRIZ METHODOLOGY

The green environmental laws and regulations are legislated, implemented, and enforced in many countries and economic regions. The provision of green products and services are the fast growing trend in global consumer markets. Therefore, introducing new products with environmental considerations becomes critical for global brand manufacturers. This research depicts an integrated and intelligent eco- and inno-product design methodology to support environmental friendly green product development. The methodology adopts approaches, such as life cycle assessment （LCA）, quality function deploymnet for environement （QFDE）, theory of inventive problem solving （TRIZ） and back-propagation network （BPN） to achieve eco- and inno-design objectives. LCA evaluates and compares the environmental impacts of production. QFDE transforms high-level concerns of environment into design requirements. When there are many historical QFDE data, the BPN prediction model is trained and deployed to automate the specifications of green design improvement. TRIZ is to support the creation of innovative product design ideas effectively and efficiently during the concept design stage. Finally, this paper presents two eco-design cases of power adaptor to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

Sensitivity analysis of a methanol and power polygeneration system fueled with coke oven gas and coal gas

The sensitivity analysis of a polygeneration energy system fueled with duo fuel of coke oven gas and coal gas is performed in the study,and the focus is put on the relations among syngas composition,conversation rate and performance.The impacts of the system configuration together with the fuel composition on the performance are investigated and discussed from the point of cascading utilization of fuel chemical energy.First,the main parameters affecting the performance are derived along with the analysis of the system configuration and the syngas composition.After the performance is being simulated by means of the Aspen Plus process simulator of version 11.1,the variation of the performance due to the composition of syngas and the conversion rate of chemical subsystem is obtained and discussed.It is obtained from the result that the proper conversion rate of the chemical subsystem according to the specific syngas composition results in better performance.And the syngas composition affects the optimal conversion rate of the chemical subsystem,the optimal point of which is around the stoichiometric composition for methanol production(CO/H_(2)=0.5).In all,the polygeneration system fueled with coke oven gas and coal gas,which can realize the reasonable conversion of syngas to power and chemical product according to the syngas composition,is a promising method for coal energy conversion and utilization.