Effects of Relative Soil Water Content on Antioxidant Enzyme System in Malus sieversii(Lebed.) Roem

By pot experiment under artificially simulated water stress conditions, soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in Malus sieversfi leaves were determined to reveal the response mechanism of M. sieversii to changes of relative soil water content. According to the results, with the decrease of relative soil water content, MDA content in M. sieversii leaves increased by mem- brane lipid peroxidation. Cells resist water stress-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and clear the increased reactive oxygen species by improving soluble protein content and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, various enzymes were involved in the response to water stress under different moisture conditions. In addition, the results indicated that M. sieversii had a good adaptability to higher relative soil water contents.

QTL Analysis for Relative Water Content in Rice

Drought tolerance is complex in rice. Under drought stress, leaf water content trait can be used as a indicator for variety evaluation. In this study, ahybrid F2 population was constructed with drought-tolerant indica rice cultivar Luhan No.1 and japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare, to analyze QTLs related with relative water content in rice. According to the results, two QTLs were detected between markers 4-27M and 4-23M and between markers 6-3M and RM276 on chromosomes 4 and 6, with the contribution rate of 4.81% -6.43% to phenotypic variation.

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.

Using attributes of electromagnetic waves to determine the water content and frost table in a permafrost area

The thawing-melting of the permafrost damages the subground of highways on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.With the application of ground-penetrating-radar(GPR)technology,the maximum permafrost melting interface can be effectively distinctly differentiated and imaged.A hierarchical feature of the permafrost region is shown clearly on the imaging profile of GPR data.The complete ablation zone or part of it is displayed distinctly.In addition,the details of subsurface layers can be effectively characterized by GPR attribute-analysis technology.With the attribute calculation and filter,the instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous frequency,and relative wave impedance can be applied in a more efficient way to divide the complete ablation zone,part of the ablation and non-ablation interface.The relative distribution of water content in a seasonally thawing permafrost region can be obtained through a comprehensive GPR attribute analysis.

Biomass and water partitioning in two age-related Caragana korshinskii plantations in desert steppe,northern China

Understanding of biomass and water allocation in plant populations will provide useful information on their growth pattern and resource allocation dynamics. By direct measurement, the biomass and water content partitioning were compared at the aboveground, belowground and whole-plant levels for artificial Caragana korshinskii populations between 6- and 25-year-old sites in desert steppe, northern China. The biomass was mainly allocated to third-srade branches at the aboveground level, and to firstand second-grade roots at the belowground level, and to aboveground parts at the whole-plant vegetative level. Those plant parts mentioned above became the major component of biomass pool of these shrub populations. Biomass pattern changed significantly at aboveground and/or whole-plant levels （P 〈0.05）, but not at belowground level （P 〉0.05） at 25-year-old site in comparison to 6-year-old site. Also, the water relations between dif- ferent plant parts changed considerably at all three levels from 6- to 25-year-old sites. These results imply that biomass pattern and relative water content of plant parts are correlated with the process of plantation development. The ratio of belowground to aboveground, though below 1, increased from 6- to 25-year-old site. These results suggest that these shrub populations can adjust biomass partition and relative water content of different compartments to alter their ecological adaptive strategies during stand development in desertified regions.

Leaf Water Status and Its Relationship with Reproductive Responses of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) Genotypes under Water Stress

Two tolerant (BB24 and BB43) and two susceptible (BARI busbean-2 and BB04) genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for their water status and its relationship with reproductive responses under continuous water stress (50% field capacity) and control (80% field capacity) conditions in a net house covered with polyethylene sheet at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Under water stress condition, the susceptible genotype namely BB04 exhibited more negative leaf water potential (LWP) which was followed by that of BARI bushbean-2 in all the time of the day except at noon. The tolerant genotype namely BB24 exhibited less negative LWP at noon. The tolerant genotypes maintained higher relative water content (WRC) than the susceptible ones from dawn to dusk. The relationship between RWC and LWP was examined separately for four genotypes under water stress condition. The genotype BB24 showed a smaller decrease in RWC with more negative LWP than BB04. Water stress reduced pod setting ratio. The relationship between the leaf water status and reproductive responses showed that the genotype with a little reduction in mid-day drop of RWC or with high mid-day RWC displayed a high pod setting ratio.

Effects of Water Stress on Leaf Water and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Sugarcane Seedling

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of water stress on leaf water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of sugarcane seedling,as well as to provide basis for the study on sugarcane production and evaluation. [Method] Seven different sugarcane varieties were studied at the seedling stage under drought stress,and the changes of leaf water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under stress conditions were detected. [Result] leaf water potential,leaf relative water content and soil relative water content showed a certain amount of internal relationship,the sugarcane varieties that had more tolerant to drought had higher utilization rate of soil water; the correlation analysis and factor analysis suggested that the survival rate at seedling stage under drought stress,Fv/Fm,leaf water potential and relative water content could be used as drought resistance evaluation indicators. [Conclusion] As a relatively independent influencing factor,water potential had dominating effect on drought resistance,and the reliability of Fv/Fm as drought resistance evaluation indicator had been verified.

川中新桥防护林树木相对含水量（RWC）单分子指数模拟测定及其水信号

本文用单分子指数方程ＲＨ＝ＫＳＷｔ＝Ｗｒ（１－ｅ－ｋｔ）对川中防护林树种叶片的吸水过程进行了模拟。通过推导得到计算防护林树叶饱和鲜重的公式这里，Ｗｒ为吸水饱和鲜重，Ｗ０为样品最初鲜重，Ｗ１是浸水ｔ小时后的叶片重，Ｗ２为再次浸水ｔ小时后的叶片重。试验表明，单分子指数法测定和计算的树叶相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）的误差都在允许范围内，与算术外推法几子相近，比浸水数次称量恒重法快速、准确。单分子指数法对ＲＷＣ的快速测定，结合对水势和土壤含水量的同步测定，进一步探讨了川中防护林的水信号：春旱季节柏木叶弹性模量（ε）为２２．２２ＭＰａ，桤木为２０．１８ＭＰａ，其压缩率（Ｋ）后者是前者的１．１１倍。用单分子—Ｄａｒｃｙ法推测（４柏１桤）桤柏混交林．中午土壤含水量为０．２６７９／ｃｍ３与实测结果的误差为０．０３％，（５柏５桤）机柏混交林中午土壤含水量为０．３４０ｇ／ｃｍ３，与实测值相同。

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1(MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance(g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence(F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content(leaf RWC), and soil moisture content(SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that gs and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components(panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition(control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.

Responses in gas exchange and water status between drought-tolerant and-susceptible soybean genotypes with ABA application

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible soybean genotypes to exogenous abscisic acid(ABA) application during progressive soil drying at seedling stages. Five-day old soybean seedlings were transplanted into PVC tubes filled with soil mixture. Seedlings were watered daily with similar water volumes until second trifoliate leaves emerged, and thereafter soil drying with or without exogenous ABA application was imposed. Half of the seedlings of each genotype were left for regular watering as control plants. Soil water status declined significantly over seven days of withholding water supply for both genotypes. Leaf expansion rate, stomatal conductance(g_s), leaf water potential(ψ_w), and relative water content of leaves(%RWC) declined significantly under soil drying as well as soil drying with ABA application, compared to their values for well-watered soybean genotypes. However, a drought-tolerant genotype(C12) responded more rapidly than a drought-susceptible genotype(C08) after imposition of soil drying and soil drying with exogenous ABA. In addition, application of exogenous ABA to water-restricted soybeans resulted in higher %RWC and ψwin the drought-tolerant than in the drought-susceptible genotype. Compared to the drought-susceptible genotype, the drought-tolerant genotype was more responsive to exogenous ABA application, resulting in a higher root-to-shoot ratio.

Potassium-Induced Regulation of Cellular Antioxidant Defense and Improvement of Physiological Processes in Wheat under Water Deficit Condition

Drought is the most common form of abiotic stress that reduces plant growth and productivity.It causes plant injuries through elevated production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Potassium(K)is a vital plant nutrient that notably ameliorates the detrimental effect of drought stress in the plant.A pot experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses,Faculty of Agriculture,Kagawa University,Japan,under controlled environment of green house to explore the role of K in mitigating drought severity in wheat(Triticum asevitum L.)seedlings.Three days after germination,seedlings were exposed to three water regimes viz.,100,50,and 20%field capacity(FC)for 21 days.Potassium was adjusted in Hoagland nutrient solution at 0,6 and 12 mM concentration and applied to pot instead of normal water.Results show that,water deficit stress notably reduced plant growth,biomass accumulation,leaf relative water content(RWC)along with reduced photosynthetic pigments.Increased amount of biochemical stress markers viz.,malondialdehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),methylglyoxal(MG),proline(Pro)as well as an impaired antioxidant defense system were observed in drought affected wheat plants.On the contrary,K supplementation resulted in improvement of biochemical and physiological parameters that worked behind in improving growth and development of the wheat plants.In addition,enzymes of ascorbateglutathione(AsA-GSH)cycle were also enhanced by supplemented K that accelerated the ROS detoxification process in plant.Although glyoxalse system did not performed well till MG was detoxified might following another short stepped pathways.Our results revealed that drought stressed plants showed better performances in terms of biochemical and physiological attributes,antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system,as well as ROS detoxification due to K supplementation with better performance at 12 mM K added in 50%FC growing condition.

Relationship Between Physiological-biochemical Changes Under Drought Stress and Drought Resistance in Ramie

A study on the physiological-biochemical changes of different ramie(Boehmeria Jacq. ) varieties under drought stress was carried out, the results showed that relative water contents(RWC) decreased and RPP increased with the increase of drought stress. Compared with drought sensitive varieties, drought resistant varieties had higher RWC in leaves but lower RPP. Peroxidase activity of drought-resistance varieties changed from low to high whereas sensitive ones changed in opposite direction. Proline contents of drought sensitive varieties was higher than those of drought resistant ones under a certain degree drought stress. Proline accumulation in drought resistant varieties was faster than that in drought sensitive ones under serious drought stress.MDA contents in leaf was increased under drought stress. MDA contents increased slowly in resistant varieties while that increased rapidly in sensitive ones.

Evaluation of Tomato Genetic Resources for Response to Water Deficit

Water deficit strongly affects plant yield and quality. However, plants can minimize drought injury by adaptation mechanisms that have evolved to escape harmful conditions. The response to water deprivation is a complex trait controlled by several genes. In order to gain a deeper understanding of drought response mechanisms in tomato, a collection of 27 genotypes was studied under different water deficit conditions. Since developmental stages might be differently influenced by drought, analyses were carried out on young plantlets during fruit setting. The only genotype that showed good performances both as water retention and fruit production was the ecotype Siccagno. All the genotypes were analyzed at molecular level with the aim of detecting structural polymorphisms in selected stress-responsive genes. In addition, the expression level of a number of these genes was measured in the genotypes more tolerant to water deficit. Many polymorphisms were detected in six stress-responsive genes, and some could imply significant modifications in the protein structure. Furthermore, the expression analysis by RT-qPCR of three stress-responsive genes allowed arguing that a higher level of expression of the gene erd15 might be related to the better response to water deficit exhibited by Siccagno. Similarly, the lower expression of eight genes in the same genotype analysed through a microarray experiment confirmed the involvement of these stress-related genes in the tomato response to drought. Further investigations are required for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying response to water deficit in tomato by exploiting the genetic resource identified as more tolerant. The use of new technologies able to globally analyze structural polymorphism and expression level of genes will succeed to identify crucial genes involved in stress response in the ecotype Siccagno grown under different water regimes.

Screening of tall fescue genotypes for relative water content and osmotic potential under drought stress

Background:Tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)is an important coolseason perennial grass.Its persistence and forage yield can be severely affected by drought stresses during the hot,dry summers of the southern USA.Methods:One thousand tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in the greenhouse for high relative water content(RWC)and low cell sap osmotic potential(OP).Fifty contrasting genotypes for the two traits were identified and used in further greenhouse and field studies.These genotypes were also screened with 30%PEG8000.Root and shoot characteristics were studied in 10 genotypes.Results:The genotypes differed for RWC(33.7%–97.3%,mean:79.7%)and had an almost fivefold difference in OP(−0.5 to−2.4 MPa,mean:−1.2 MPa).Significant variation(p<0.001)for the main effects of environment and genotypes was found for RWC and OP.Apart from the greenhouse trial,no correlation was found between RWC and OP,indicating that differences in RWC might have been due to factors other than osmotic adjustment.Genotypes with either long roots or high root weights,and high root/shoot ratios demonstrated high RWC and low OP.Conclusions:Genotypes with consistently high RWC and low OP were identified and used for the development of mapping populations and transcriptome studies.

土壤相对含水量对乌天麻生物学效率及营养品质的影响

以乌天麻为试材,采用氨基酸评分法,研究了土壤相对含水量(RWC)对蜜环菌人工菌棒种植乌天麻的生物学效率(BE)及营养品质的影响,以期为天麻产业健康发展提供依据。结果表明:1)采用蜜环菌人工菌棒种植乌天麻,土壤RWC对乌天麻的BE、基本营养成分含量及氨基酸的营养品质均有显著影响,土壤RWC为75%时,乌天麻的BE为28.74%,显著高于对照(CK)及土壤RWC为55%、65%、85%时;土壤RWC为75%时,乌天麻的基本营养成分含量与CK接近,显著大于土壤RWC为55%、65%、85%时(P<0.05);2)在乌天麻中共检测到15种氨基酸,包括6种人体必需氨基酸(EAA)和9种人体非必需氨基酸(NEAA),当土壤RWC为75%时,利用蜜环菌人工菌棒种植的乌天麻和CK的乌天麻其EAA/TAA比值、EAA/NEAA比值、必需氨基酸的氨基酸比值(AAS)、必需氨基酸比值系数(RC)、必需氨基酸的比值系数分(SRC)与联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)提出的氨基酸理想模式较接近;3)利用蜜环菌人工菌棒种植乌天麻,通过控制土壤RWC,可以获得必需氨基酸的组成比例相对合理,营养价值均衡,具有较高营养价值的乌天麻。

树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和鹰嘴豆干旱适应能力比较

对1年生豆科作物鹰嘴豆Rupali品种和Almaz品种以及多年生植物树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量和叶水势对逐渐干旱胁迫的响应进行了分析,比较了两类植物的干旱适应能力。结果表明鹰嘴豆叶相对含水量随叶水势的下降线性下降,树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量在叶水势分别下降到-2.4MPa、-2.5MPa和-1.5 MPa之前没有下降,之后随水势的下降线性下降。树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿这种叶相对含水量下降的滞后性表明该类植物叶具有较硬而弹性较差的细胞壁,使得植物在干旱胁迫下叶具有良好的保水能力。鹰嘴豆叶具有的最低水势为-4.5MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为14%,锦鸡儿植物叶具有的最低水势可达-6.7MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为6%,说明锦鸡儿植物比鹰嘴豆具有更好的干旱适应能力,这种能力可能取决于锦鸡儿植物体内大量渗透调节物质的累积。

用冠层光谱比值指数反演条锈病胁迫下的小麦含水量

通过高光谱遥感估测条锈病胁迫下的小麦冠层水分含量。通过人工田间诱发不同等级小麦条锈病,在不同生育期测定感染不同严重程度条锈病的冬小麦冠层光谱、相对含水量(relative water content,RWC)以及调查小麦条锈病病情指数(disease index,DI)。研究发现随着小麦RWC的减少,冠层光谱反射率在近红外区域(900～1 300 nm)逐渐降低,而在短波红外区域(1 300～2 500 nm)逐渐增大,且RWC与DI间具有强负相关性。对冠层光谱进行平滑处理,利用冠层光谱近红外与短波红外水分敏感波段构建比值指数,然后建立以比值指数为变量的反演RWC线性模型,并分析对比各模型反演RWC的精度以及稳定性,结果发现比值指数R1 300/R1 200反演RWC的精度及稳定性(R2=0.63)都优于其他指数,其线性模型反演绝对误差为3.43,相对误差(relative error,RE)为4.78%。该研究结果不仅为判别小麦病害提供辅助信息,而且也为未来利用高光谱图像反演植物含水量提供理论与方法支持。

干旱胁迫对小麦染色体代换系旗叶相对含水量和离体失水速率的影响

以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,对其旗叶相对含水量(RWC)、离体叶片失水速率(RWL)进行测定。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,1A,2D和3D代换系叶片的相对含水量及其干旱/对照值显著或极显著高于中国春,3A,3B,4B,5B,6B,1D,2D和4D代换系叶片离体失水速率及其干旱/对照值显著或极显著低于中国春。由此表明,Synthetic 6x的1A,2D和3D染色体上可能存在干旱胁迫下调控相对含水量的基因,Synthetic 6x的3A,3B,4B,5B,6B,1D,2D和4D染色体上可能存在干旱胁迫下调控离体失水速率的基因。

4种薰衣草属植物抗旱性综合评价

采用负水头供水控水装置控制盆土体积含水量,对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫0、10、20、30 d和40 d后4种薰衣草属植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SSC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)5个抗旱生理指标的变化规律开展研究,旨在对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:随干旱胁迫强度和时间的增加,4种薰衣草的RWC均呈下降趋势,且轻度干旱胁迫的RWC显著高于中度和重度干旱胁迫(P<0.05),其中,干旱发生至重度胁迫时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的RWC最高,为56.56%,孟士德薰衣草仅为39.02%;而MDA和SSC则呈上升趋势,且随胁迫程度的增强而增加,其中,胁迫至40 d时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的MDA较0 d(CK)各处理水平增加幅度达118.67%,而其SSC含量显著高于其它3种薰衣草。4种薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,均于胁迫至20 d时达到最高值,且轻度干旱胁迫下的SOD和CAT活性高于中度和重度胁迫,其中,孟士德薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性最低。根据模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价分析得出,4种薰衣草抗旱性强弱依次为:狭叶薰衣草>普罗旺斯薰衣草>蝴蝶薰衣草>孟士德薰衣草。

辽西地区黄土的强度与本构特性

采用应变控制式三轴仪对取自辽宁西部地区阜新—朝阳段黄土的力学性质进行了试验,获得了黄土的应力-应变关系和抗剪强度的变化规律;采用人工制备不同含水率试样的方法,测试并分析了含水率对黄土本构和强度特征的影响。结果表明:(1)试样的应力-应变关系在不排水剪条件下呈强软化型,表现为脆性破坏;在固结不排水剪条件下随初始含水率的增加由弱软化型向硬化型转变;而在排水剪条件下低含水率时呈软化型,随含水率增加,呈弱硬化型和硬化型。(2)饱水后试样的抗剪强度有很显著的降低:cUU为13.7～363.3kPa时,φUU为18.6°～40.2°;而cUU为0.2～29.6kPa时,φCU则为4°～23.4°。(3)土的有效抗剪强度指标均随含水率增加呈非线性减小的关系,粘聚力与含水率呈半对数函数关系,内摩擦角则与含水率呈幂函数关系。给出了黄土本构的数学模型和黄土抗剪强度指标的取值方法。