Biochar induced trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and crop productivity

Biochar amendment offers a chance for sustainable agriculture.However,the effectiveness of biochar relies on its physical and chemical properties,which are heavily affected by biochar production conditions and management practices.Therefore,substantial uncertainties regarding the use of biochar exist in agricultural systems globally.This study provides the first quantitative evaluation of the impacts of biochar characteristics and management practices on key ecosystem services by performing a second-order meta-analysis based on 34,628 paired observations in biochar-amended and unamended systems.Overall,biochar enhances phytotoxicity alleviation,physiology regulation,soil remediation and carbon sequestration,and microbial functional gene abundance.However,some prominent trade-offs exist between crop productivity and ecosystem service deliveries including for nutrient cycling,microbial function,climate change mitigation,and the soil microbial community.The adoption of low C:N biochar produced at high pyrolysis temperatures from sewage sludge-derived feedstock,in combination with a moderate application rate and inorganic fertilizer input,shows potential for achieving synergistic promotion of crop productivity and ecosystem services.These outcomes highlight the need for judicious implementation of biochar-based solutions to site-specific soil constraints.The quantified synergy and tradeoff relationships will aid the establishment of a sustainable biochar development framework that strengthens necessary ecosystem services commensurate with food security assurance.

Preparation of Co/S co-doped carbon catalysts for excellent methylene blue degradation

S and Co co-doped carbon catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of MOF-71 and thiourea mixtures at 800℃at a mass ratio of MOF-71 to thiourea of 1:0.1 to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for methylene blue(MB)degradation.The effects of two different mixing routes were identified on the MB degradation performance.Particularly,the catalyst obtained by the alcohol solvent evaporation(MOF-AEP)mixing route could degrade 95.60%MB(50 mg/L)within 4 min(degradation rate:K=0.78 min^(-1)),which was faster than that derived from the direct grinding method(MOF-DGP,80.97%,K=0.39 min^(-1)).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Co-S content of MOF-AEP(43.39at%)was less than that of MOF-DGP(54.73at%),and the proportion of C-S-C in MOF-AEP(13.56at%)was higher than that of MOF-DGP(10.67at%).Density functional theory calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of Co for PMS was -2.94 eV when sulfur was doped as C-S-C on the carbon skeleton,which was higher than that when sulfur was doped next to cobalt in the form of Co-S bond(-2.86 eV).Thus,the C-S-C sites might provide more contributions to activate PMS compared with Co-S.Furthermore,the degradation parameters,including pH and MOF-AEP dosage,were investigated.Finally,radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)measurements revealed that ^(1)O_(2)might be the primary catalytic species,whereas·O~(2-)might be the secondary one in degrading MB.

Causes of Mistranslation in English and the Remedial Measures

Mistranslation is a very common phenomenon in the process of English translation.Some translations seem right but actually wrong.It is said that to the Chinese they are right but to the foreigners they do not conform to their customs.Mistranslation may appear in many fields and the causes of mistranslation are also various.This paper takes some examples of mistranslation in technology and tourism English.It also analyses the causes of mistranslation in English through examples.Finally,the corresponding remedial measures are followed.

ORC-GAC-Fe^0 system for the remediation of trichloroethylene and monochlorobenzene contaminated aquifer:1. Adsorption and degradation

Activities at a former Chemistry Triangle in Bitterfeld, Germany, resulted in contamination of groundwater with a mixture of trichloroethylene(TCE) and monochlorobenzene(MCB). The objective of this study was to develop a barrier system, which includes an ORC(oxygen release compounds) and GAC(granular activated carbon) layer for adsorption of MCB and bioregeneration of GAC, a Fe 0 layer for chemical reductive dechlorination of TCE and other chlorinated hydrocarbon in situ . A laboratory-scale column experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this proposed system. This experiment was performed using a series of continuous flow Teflon columns including an ORC column, a GAC column, and a Fe 0 column. Simulated MCB and TCE contaminated groundwater was pumped upflow into this system at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. Results showed that 17%—50% of TCE and 28%—50% of MCB were dissipated in ORC column. Chloride ion, however, was not released, which suggest the dechlorination do not happen in ORC column. In GAC column, the adsorption of contaminants on activated carbon and their induced degradation by adapted microorganisms attached to the carbon surface were observed. Due to competitive exchange processes, TCE can be desorbed by MCB in GAC column and further degraded in iron column. The completely dechlorination rate of TCE was 0.16—0.18 cm -1 , 1—4 magnitudes more than the formation rate of three dichloroethene isomers. Cis-DCE is the main chlorinated product, which can be cumulated in the system, not only depending on the formation rate and its decaying rate, but also the initial concentration of TCE.

Influence of biosurfactant on the diesel oil remediation in soil-water system

There were six high diesel oil degrading bacteria strains isolated from the oil contaminated soil that collected from Linzi City. The strain YI was able to produce biosurfactant rhanmolipid when cultivated on diesel oil as carbon source. The critical micelle concentrations （CMC） of rhanmolipid in water and in the soil were measured respectively according to the correlation between the surface tension of the medium and the added rhamnolipid concentration. The results showed that the CMC of rhanmolipid in water was 65 mg/L, and was 185 mg/L in soil. The tests on diesel oil biodegradation were conducted with the addition of different concentrations of rhamnolipid in water and in soil respectively. When 0.01% rhanmolipid was added to water, the diesel oil degradation was enhanced. On the contrary, when the same concentration of rhanmolipid was added to the soil, the degradation of diesel oil was inhibited. The results suggested that the rhamnolipid could enhance the diesel oil biodegradation, indicating that the concentration of rhamnolipid was higher than the corresponding CMC in the medium. Kinetics parameters for the diesel oil biodegradation parameters such as biodegradation constant （λ）, coefficient of correlation （r） and half life （t1/2） in both tests were numerically analyzed in this paper, indicating that the moderate concentration of rhamnolipid in the medium could not only enhance the extent of diesel oil biodegradation but also shorten the time for oil remediation.

The application and progress of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) in soil remediation: A review

Soil pollution endangers human health and ecological balance,which is why finding a highly efficient way to deal with pollutants is necessary.Biological method is an environmentally friendly treatment method.Bioelectrochemical systems(BESs),which combine electrochemistry with biological methods,have been widely used to remediate polluted environments,including wastewater,sludge,sediment,and soil.In BESs,redox reactions occur on electrodes with electroactive bacteria,which convert pollutants into low-polluting or nonpolluting substances.With BESs being a promising technology in the remediation field,the decontamination mechanisms and applications in soil conducted by BESs have attracted much attention.Therefore,to better understand the research progress of BESs,this paper mainly summarizes the mechanism of different classified BESs.The applications of microbial fuel cells(MFCs)in four pollutants(petroleum,heavy metals,pesticides,antibiotics)and the possible applications of microbial electrolysis cells(MECs)in soil are discussed.The main problems in BESs and possible future development directions are also evaluated.

Studies on Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil-Plant System:A Review

Heavy metal pollution in soil-plant system is of major environmental concern on a world scale and in China in particular with the rapid development of industry. The heavy metal pollution status in soil-plant system in China, the research progress on the bioavailability of heavy metals (affecting factors, extraction methods, free-ion activity model, adsorption model, multivariate regression model, Q-I relationship, and compound pollution), and soil remediation are reviewed in the paper. Future research and monitoring is also discussed.

VOC removal from contaminated groundwater through membrane pervaporation. (Ⅱ): 1,1,1-trichloroethane-SDS surfactant solution system

The conventional “pump-and-treat' technology for subsurface remediation of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds(VOCs) such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA), a common chlorinated organic solvent, has limitation of prohibitively long treatment time due to extremely low water solubility of the VOCs. Surfactant-based soil remediation has emerged as the effective technology that substantially reduces the treatment time. In order to make the whole process economical, the surfactant used in soil washing has to be recovered and reused. This study examined the recovery of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), from soil remediation fluids containing TCA, using a bench-scale membrane pervaporation unit. The effects of high TCA concentration, surfactant dosage, and flow rate on permeation flux and selectivity(α value) of the process were evaluated. In general, higher surfactant concentration yielded lower TCA flux and constant water flux, resulting in declining α values; higher flow rate of TCA feed stream results in higher VOC flux and selectivity, an indication of the effect of concentration polarization; higher TCA feed concentration produces higher TCA permeation across the membrane, however, the selectivity was virtually unchanged unless the total TCA concentration exceeded 2000 ppm.

VOC removal from contaminated groundwater through membrane pervaporation. (Ⅰ): Water-1,1,1-trichloroethane system

trichloroethane(TCA), a common chlorinated organic solvent and volatile organic compound(VOC), was removed from contaminated groundwater by using a bench-scale membrane pervaporation unit. The effects of TCA concentration, temperature, and flow rate on permeation flux and selectivity(α value) of the process were evaluated. In general, higher temperature leads to higher VOC flux but lower selectivity; higher flow rate of TCA feed stream results in higher VOC flux and selectivity, an indication of the effect of concentration polarization; higher TCA feed concentration produces higher TCA permeation, however, the selectivity was virtually unchanged.

Remediation of Trichloroethylene and Monochlorobenzene-Contaminated Aquifers Using the ORC-GAC-Fe^0-CaCO_3 System: Volatilization, Precipitation, and Porosity Losses

The objectives of this study were to illustrate the reaction processes, to identify and quantify the precipitates formed, and to estimate the porosity losses in order to eliminate drawbacks during remediating monochlorobenzene （MCB） and trichloroethylene （TCE）-contaminated aquifers using the ORC-GAC-Fe^0-CaCO3 system. The system consisted of four columns （112 cm long and 10 cm in diameter） with oxygen-releasing compound （ORC）, granular activated carbon （GAC）, zero-valent iron （Fe^0）, and calcite used sequentially as the reactive media. The concentrations of MCB in the GAC column effluent and TCE in the Fe^0 column effluent were below the detection limit. However, the concentrations of MCB and TCE in the final calcite column exceeded the maximum contaminant level （MCL） under the Safe Drinking Water Act of the US Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA） that protects human health and environment. These results suggested that partitioning of MCB and TCE into the gas phase could occur, and also that transportation of volatile organic pollutants in the gas phase was important. Three main precipitates formed in the ORC-GAC-Fe^0-CaCO3 system： CaCO3 in the ORC column along with Fe（OH）2 and FeCO3 in the Fe^0 column. The total porosity losses caused by mineral precipitation corresponded to about 0.24% porosity in the ORC column, and 1% in the Fe^0 column. The most important cause of porosity losses was anaerobic corrosion of iron. The porosity losses caused by gas because of the production and entrapment of oxygen in the ORC column and hydrogen in the Fe^0 column should not be ignored. Volatilization, precipitation and porosity losses were considered to be the main drawbacks of the ORC-GAC-Fe^0-CaCO3 system in remediating the MCB and TCE-contaminated aquifers. Thus, measurements such as using a suitable oxygen-releasing compound, weakening the increase in pH using a buffer material such as soil, stimulating biodegradation rates and minimizing the plugging caused by the relatively high dissolved oxygen levels should be taken to eliminate the drawbacks and to improve the efficiency of the ORC-GAC-Fe^0-CaCO3 system.

Constructed Wetland Systems as a Methodology for the Treatment of Wastewater in Bucaramanga Industrial Park

Effluent discharges from municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities constitute major sources of pollution on land and water bodies. During the 1990s, large-scale application of Constructed Wetlands (CWs) as a remediation option drew much attention globally from the public and green groups alike. The most common application of CWs is for flow management in river system and little is documented on using CWs for treating polluted river water. This article goes beyond constructed wetlands as a stand-alone methodology to propose an integrated remediation system incorporating constructed wetlands in Bucaramanga Industrial Park S.A., Santander (Colombia), which will form part of an innovation park. In addition to pollution abatement, the project is projected to provide other environmental benefits to the entire Oro River Sub-basin. Other benefits of the project include mitigation of environmental impacts, improvement in water quality, landscape amenity, as well as tourism and recreational benefits.

Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia:A systematic and critical review

AIM To examine the effects of cognitive remediation therapies on brain functioning through neuroimaging procedures in patients with schizophrenia.METHODS A systematic, computerised literature search was conducted in the PubM ed/Medline and PsychI nfo databases. The search was performed through February 2016 without any restrictions on language or publication date. The search was performed using the following search terms: [("cogniti*" and "remediation" or "training" or "enhancement") and("fMRI" or "MRI" or "PET" or "SPECT") and(schizophrenia or schiz*)]. The search was accompanied by a manual online search and a review of the references from each of the papers selected, and those papers fulfilling our inclusion criteria were also included.RESULTS A total of 101 studies were found, but only 18 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies indicated that cognitive remediation improves brain activation in neuroimaging studies. The most commonly reported changes were those that involved the prefrontal and thalamic regions. Those findings are in agreement with the hypofrontality hypothesis, which proposes that frontal hypoactivation is the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Nonetheless,great heterogeneity among the studies was found. They presented different hypotheses, different results and different findings. The results of more recent studies interpreted cognitive recovery within broader frameworks, namely, as amelioration of the efficiency of different networks. Furthermore, advances in neuroimaging methodologies, such as the use of wholebrain analysis, tractography, graph analysis, and other sophisticated methodologies of data processing, might be conditioning the interpretation of results and generating new theoretical frameworks. Additionally, structural changes were described in both the grey and white matter, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of cognitive remediation. Cognitive, functional and structural improvements tended to be positively correlated.CONCLUSION Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia suggest a positive effect on brain functioning in terms of the functional reorganisation of neural networks.

Carbon and nitrogen budget in fish-polychaete integrated aquaculture system

Integrated multi-tropic aquaculture(IMTA)systems have been used in China for many years and have achieved significant economic,social,and ecological benefits.However,there is still a lack of benthic bioremediation species that can effectively utilize the aquaculture particulate organic waste in the system.Polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube is used as an environmental remediation species for large-scale aquaculture to reduce particulate organic waste,which is of great significance to environmental protection.To improve bio-elements utilization efficiency,P.aibuhitensis was applied for IMTA indoor fish(Hexagrammos otakii)farming.Results showed that in the system,production of 1 kg of the fish discharged 2141-2338 mg of carbon and 529-532 mg of nitrogen,while in the monoculture of the fish,the figures were 3033-3390 mg and 764-794 mg,or 24.84%-35.26%and 30.35%-33.32%less,respectively.This approach promoted IMTA technology that could utilize the particulate organic waste from intensive aquaculture and reduce the adverse environmental effects.

Green remediation of tetracyclines in soil-water systems

The presence of tetracyclines in soil and surface water is an emerging concern. The present study was undertaken to investigate remediation of tetracylines (tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC)) from aqueous solution using vetiver grass, water lettuce, and sunflower and root exudates of water lettuce, sunflower and from soil by tomato, Indian mustard and carrot plant. The data of this study denote that vetiver grass, water lettuce, sunflower remedy tetracyclines from water. The remediation % after 63 days of treatment was 87-61 for TC;88-68 for OTC and 87-68 for CTC. The remediation of tetracyclines at lower concentration of antibiotics in presence of root exudates of water lettuce and sunflower was more than 99% and remediation was faster than water lettuce or sunflower. The remediation of tetracyclines from aqueous solution may be due to oxidation of-OH group(s) of tetracycline through a process that is thought to involve reactive oxygen intermediates and/or role of peroxidase enzyme. The plant crops viz., tomato, Indian mustard and carrot can remedy 41%-72% of amended tetracyclines. The maximum bioaccumulation of TC and CTC was in Indian mustard and OTC was maximally bioaccumulated in tomato.

Washing Defects and Remedial Actions of Denim Garments and Statistical Review of Denim Sectors in Emerging Economy

This paper aimed to identify the washing defects of denim garments and the remedies for these washing defects of denim garments in Bangladesh.The other purpose of this paper is to explain how such errors are related to the waste,production,and production costs of denim clothing.It also provides a statistical review of the denim sector in Bangladesh as compared to other countries.This paper is conveyed based on theoretical and statistical.It appears washing defects of denim garment,and their remedial actions and reveals the effect of washing defects on wastage,production,and production cost of denim garments.This research paper shows more washing defects of denim garments in Bangladesh.The statistical review displays that Bangladesh is exporting denim products nearly 200 million pieces every year over the world and ranks as the second-largest denim garments exporter after China.By studying this paper,the manufacturer of denim garments in Bangladesh and other countries will be conscious of these defects and able to minimize these defects that will help improve the economy all over the world.

Remedial Phase-Angle Control of a Five-Phase Fault-Tolerant Permanent- Magnet Vernier Machine With Short-Circuit Fault

A fault-tolerant permanent-magnet vernier(FT-PMV)machine incorporates the merits of high fault-tolerant capability and high torque density.In this paper,a remedial phase-angle control(RPAC)strategy is proposed for a five-phase FT-PMV machine with short-circuit fault.Firstly,the proposed strategy can reduce the amount of unknown quantities by structuring the phase-angles of the normal phases.It can simplify the calculation of the remedial currents.Then,in order to obtain the desired torque,only the amplitudes of the remedial currents need to be calculated.Based on the principle of instantaneous electrical input power and mechanical output power balance condition,the real components are used to maintain the torque capability,while the reactive components are limited zero to minimize the torque ripple.Both simulations and experiments are presented to verify the proposed RPAC strategy.

Feasibility analysis of remedial scheme of Qilongcun landfill

Based on hydro-geological of Qilongcun landfill, the transportation mathematical model of leachat was established. The boundaries conditions and replenishment ofmodel were determined. The leachate COD density and the water level were simulated, and the model was identified, and then the right model was defined. The right model was used to simulate leachate COD density in the interior, exterior, and peripheral of landfill. The results show that the COD densities are not high. The pollution is slight in the interior of landfill and is little in the exterior of landfill. They are proving the overburden on top of landfill and drain around the landfill is right. The max. density on the south of landfill shows it is scientific that the cisterns are building on the south of landfill. The paper shows the remediation scheme is feasible.

Remedial Learning： A CALL Approach

Computer Assisted Language Learning （CALL） has been in use as a learner centered method since 1960. In this paper an attempt is made to evolve a Remedial Grammar （RG） which enables the teacher to develop a repertoire of remedial activities based on the errors identified following Error Analysis （EA） for repeated presentation. The error types are considered as teaching/learning points. The present paper argues that CALL is the right model for effective remedial learning. Remedial Gmaster （RGm）, an authoring package is introduced. This is an exclusive mode of error correction in which interlingual, intralingual, developmental, and global errors are dealt with. The syntactical problems due to the subtle difference between simple past and perfect tenses in English language use are discussed and CALL authoring package presented.

Microcosm Study： Effect of Fe（II） Addition in Sawdust for Phosphorous Recovery from Eutrophic Aquatic Ecosystems

The recovery of phosphorus in eutrophic water bodies adsorption in sawdust can be promoted by Fe（III） oxide-hydroxides is important to ensure water and food security, phosphorus biofllms. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of iron addition in sawdust on phosphorus adsorption. The microcosm experiment was performed with water and sediment samples from a eutrophic reservoir located in Barra Bonita/SP. Three control flasks （without bags） and 18 others as treatments （with two bags filled with sawdust, with or without previous Fe（II） addition） were assembled. The addition of iron did not promote greater phosphorus adsorption, the sawdust without previous iron addition had a total phosphorus concentration of 49μg·P·g^-1, while the sawdust with previous iron addition had 14.4μg.p.g^-1. The use of sawdust for the remediation of eutrophic water bodies is interesting, especially considering the low-cost and possibility of reuse as fertilizer in agriculture.

PFAS: Ecological Implications, Remedial Actions and Ethical Considerations

The C-F bond is one of the strongest in organic chemistry. It is responsible for the great stability of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly referred to as “PFAS”, a group of man-made chemicals that include perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thermal stability, surface activity, dielectric characteristics, chemical resistance, and inertness are just a few of the technical advantages that this group has over hydrocarbons, and since the 1950s, these chemicals have been largely utilized in a variety of domestic and industrial endeavors. The hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of this class of chemicals accounts for its uniqueness. Up until today, the chemistry and ecotoxicology of these chemicals continue to emerge. Issues concerning the destructive power of ignorance expedited by an ineffective regulatory institution continue to show that manufacturing chemicals are insufficient without giving serious thought to issues of openness and humanity’s awareness of its own safety. When discussing the nature of humanity and how it can be defined or redefined, it is important to allude to the significance of integrating business with ethics in its various forms. This paper highlights the importance of holding polluters accountable for PFAS contamination cleanup costs while emphasizing the need for chemical manufacturers to test and disclose the health and environmental effects of PFAS compounds. In addition, the sources, types, properties, applications, distribution, toxicological implications, regulations, and analytical methods associated with PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are explored. The effectiveness of the remedial methods described in this paper needs to be progressively tested while exploring other sustainable approaches.