Effect of reprocessing on neutrons of a molten chloride salt fast reactor

Due to their unique features,such as the inherent safety,simplified fuel cycle,and continuous on-line reprocessing,molten salt reactors(MSRs)are regarded as one of the six reference reactors in the Generation IV International Forum(GEN-IV).Molten chloride salt fast reactors(MCFRs)are a type of MSR.Compared to molten fluoride salt reactors(MFSRs),MCFRs have a higher solubility of heavy metal atoms,a harder neutron spectrum,lower accumulation of fission products(FPs),and better breeding and transmutation performance.Thus,MCFRs have been recognized as a type of MSR with great prospects for future development.However,as the most important feature for MSRs,the effect of different reprocessing modes on MCFRs must be researched in depth.As such,this study investigated the effect of different isotopes,especially FPs,on the neutronic performance of an MCFR,such as its breeding performance.Furthermore,the characteristics of the different reprocessing modes and MCFR rates were analyzed in terms of safety,radioactivity level,neutron economy,and breeding capacity.In the end,a reprocessing method suitable for MCFRs was determined through calculation and analysis,which provides a reference for the further research of MCFRs.

Synthesis of Reprocessable Lignin-based Non-isocyanate Poly(imine-hydroxyurethane)s Networks

In this study,an environmentally friendly and non-toxic route to synthesize lignin-based non-isocyanate poly(imine-hydroxyurethane)s networks was explored.Specifically,the NH_(2)-terminated polyhydroxyurethanes(NPHUs)prepolymer was first synthesized from bis(6-membered cyclic carbonate)(BCC)and diamine via the ring-opening reaction.Subsequently,the corresponding ligninbased non-isocyanate polyurethanes(NIPUs)with tunable properties were synthesized from NPHUs and levulinate lignin derivatives containing ketone groups via the Schiff base reaction.The structural,mechanical,and thermal properties of NIPUs with different stoichiometric feed ratios of BCC and levulinate lignin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The results indicated that the tensile strength,Young's modulus,toughness,storage modulus,glass transition temperature,and thermal stability of lignin-based NIPUs gradually increased with increasing lignin content,and the highest Young's modulus of 41.1 MPa was obtained when lignin content reached 45.53%.With good reprocessing properties,this synthetic framework of ligninbased NIPUs also provides sustainable non-isocyanate-based substitutions to traditional polyurethane networks.

Suitability of Blends from Virgin and Reprocessed Polylactide: Performance and Energy Valorization Kinet

A blending strategy of virgin and reprocessed polylactide may be postulated as an alternative to reduce the material cost at industrial level,and as a valorization route to plastic waste management of production scraps.The performance of blends prepared from virgin polylactide and polylactide mechanically reprocessed up to two cycles(PLA-V/R)was assessed in terms of thermo-oxidative stability,morphology,viscoelasticity and thermal kinetics for energetic valorization.PLA-V/R blends showed appropriate thermo-oxidative stability.The amorphous nature of polylactide was preserved after blending.The viscoelastic properties showed an increment of the mechanical blend effectiveness,which suggested the feasibility of using PLA-V/R blends under similar mechanical conditions to those of virgin PLA goods.Finally,it was shown that the energetic valorization of PLA-V/R blends would result in a more feasible process,due to the lower required activation energy,thus highlighting the advantages of the energetic demand for the process.In conclusion,PLA-V/R blends showed similar processability,service performance and valorization routes as virgin PLA and therefore could be relevant in the sustainable circular industry of bioplastics.

Observational study of enzyme in instrument cleaning for sterile reprocessing and factors impacting enzyme activity

Objective To evaluate the application of enzyme in instrument cleaning for hospital sterile reprocessing and different factors that impact the enzyme activity.Methods Standard soil objects for instrument cleaning quality evaluation,as testing coupons,were identified and used to evaluate different cleaning processes designed with varied conditions.Between testing groups using enzymatic detergent versus non-enzymatic detergent,the amount of residual protein on the testing coupons were quantified and compared at different soaking time(10min,20min,30min,45min and 60min).Then,within the enzymatic detergent group,different testing conditions were further explored by adjusting factors,in⁃cluding the soaking temperature(25°C,30°C and 45°C),use solution pH(7.0,8.0),and enzyme dosing(1/80,1/40,1/20,3/40,1/10 and 3/20 in v/v).Then,through an observational comparative study for each testing condition,the time needed to achieve a complete soil removal through visual inspection of the testing coupons was documented for analyses.Results In the test of enzymatic detergent versus non-enzymatic detergent,the non-enzymatic group did not show an obvious decline in the residual protein amount(1069μg at 10 min vs.1042μg at 60 min),whereas the enzymatic group showed significant decrease in residual protein quantity(947μg at 10 min vs.620μg at 60 min).Meanwhile,the amounts of the residual protein at different time points in the enzyme group(947μg at 10 min,864μg at 20 min,812μg at 30 min,691μg at 45 min,and 620μg at 60 min)were consistently lower than those at the same time schedule in the non-enzyme group(1069μg at 10 min,1069μg at 20 min,1067μg at 30 min,1059μg at 45 min,and 1042μg at 60 min).Furthermore,within the enzymatic group,the soaking temperature,use solution pH and enzyme dosing factors all appear to impact the enzyme activity and significantly contribute to the cleaning outcomes.Specifi⁃cally,the higher soaking temperature,higher use solution pH and higher enzyme dosing showed 58.4%,20.0%and 34.4%time reduction to completely remove the soil on the testing coupons,respectively.Conclusion Enzyme seems to play a significant role in the instrument cleaning process for hospital sterile reprocessing.The soaking temperature,cleaning use solution pH,and enzyme dosing all appear to be critical factors impacting the enzyme activity and thus the overall cleaning outcomes.In practice,cleaning process verification should be considered to ensure the optimal use conditions for enzyme cleaning performance are well-understood and consistently achieved at the facility level.

Synthesis of Lignin-based Nonisocyanate Poly(imine-hydroxyurethane)s Networks.Part II:Self-healing,Reprocessing,and Degradation

This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the polymeric properties of lignin-based non-isocyanate poly(iminehydroxyurethane)s(LNIPUs).The properties of the LNIPUs are affected by changes in the stoichiometric feed ratios of the bis(6-membered cyclic carbonate)(BCC)and levulinate enzymatic hydrolysis lignin(LEHL).The results showed that the LNIPUs exhibited a short relaxation time and excellent thermal repair and degradation properties.With a change in the LEHL content in the LNIPUs to 45.53%,a relaxation time of only 9 s was achieved,and the thermal repair rate of the scratches reached 93%.Furthermore,the tensile strength of the LNIPUs decreased with an increase in the LEHL content after two hot-pressing processes,while a higher than 75% tensile strength was maintained after the second hot-pressing treatment.The LNIPUs exhibited thermoresponsive shape memory property with deformation and shape fixing at 80℃.In addition,the as-synthesized LNIPUs were soluble in ethylene glycol in the absence of any organic solvents.This work demonstrates the synthesis of LNIPUs with self-healing,reprocessing,shape memory,and degradation properties.

Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy

这篇文章的目的是在胃肠的内视镜检查法，在内诊镜 reprocessing 重要的因素和感染控制期间关于感染的传播考察证据，集中于的区域在这域里改进依从，和最近的开发和进展。

Investigation on UV-curing Reprocessable Thermosets Bearing Hindered Urea Bonds and Their Composites with Modified Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

In this study,a series of hindered urea bond(HUB)containing polyurethane-urea methacrylate prepolymers and a none HUB containing polyurethane methacrylate prepolymer were prepared using isobornyl methacrylate as the reactive diluent via one-pot procedure.The prepolymers were characterized fully by various techniques.Then,their thermosets were fabricated via UV curing in presence of a photo initiator,and their mechanical property and thermal behavior were investigated and compared.Different from the none HUB containing thermoset,the HUB containing thermosets(defined as PUT)could be recycled and reprocessed by hot press under relatively mild conditions with high recovery ratio of mechanical property.Furthermore,zinc oxide(ZnO)nanoparticles were modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate and the modified ZnO(defined as ZnO-TPM)was dispersed and polymerized into PUT matrix to prepare their nanocomposites.The influence of ZnO-TPM on the mechanical performance of the composites was evaluated,which indicated that the Young’s modulus and tensile strength increased gradually to the maximum values at ZnO-TPM content of 1 wt%and then decreased.The composites also displayed good reprocessability with improved recovery ratio compared to the pure PUT sample.In addition,the composite materials exhibited strong UV absorption capacity,implying their potential application in the circumstance where UV-shielding was required.

渤南洼陷页岩油储层夹层组测井曲线重处理检测与油气特征

胜利油田济阳坳陷渤南地区沙三下泥岩是良好的页岩油储层,其中广泛发育碳酸盐岩夹层和砂岩夹层,纵向上密集分布构成夹层组。夹层组的分布对页岩油的富集具有较大的控制作用,对夹层组的检测成为页岩油勘探的关键。但夹层单层厚度薄(1 m~2 m),纵向叠置复杂,横向变化快,加上测井曲线不具有良好对应的电性特征,因而夹层组检测难度极大。笔者首先以钻井岩屑、取心所描述的岩性特征为控制,对测井曲线进行重处理,极大地突出了夹层组电性特征。通过对水平井夹层组密度与产能分析,夹层组发育段产能占总产能的54%以上。同时在测井曲线重处理基础上进行高分辨率GR反演,获得夹层组的平面分布特征,与目前页岩油的开发结果非常吻合,从而有效地揭示了目标层位页岩油可能的富集区,为后期页岩油的勘探开发提供了坚实依据。

基于C++的三维闪电回击数据再处理系统设计

针对三维闪电数据处理算法改进之后需重新定位回击数据,以及省级三维闪电探测系统的回击数据通常更加完整,应用时要将多个省份闪电回击数据合并后重新处理出准确的云内闪电高度值等问题,本研究使用C/S架构和C++builder编程开发了三维闪电回击数据再处理系统。系统设计了回击数据查询处理界面,提供了监视控制功能。通过设定回击数据文件和配置文件,再运行软件系统对符合条件的回击数据进行排序,在完成排序的数据中提取同一闪电相关信息,经计算处理得到重新定位的三维闪电探测结果并存储。将系统部署于国家级平台查询处理全国组网的三维闪电历史回击数据,测试结果表明,再处理系统操作便捷、功能齐全,满足三维闪电回击数据再处理系统的任务要求。

国外乏燃料干法后处理设施进展

干法后处理技术具有介质耐辐照、临界风险低、工艺流程短、废物量小等特点,是核燃料后处理领域中适应性更高、处理对象更广的一种分离技术。干法后处理设施是实现干法后处理技术开发、验证和应用的关键场所。本文调研总结了国外干法后处理技术研发和示范设施进展,从设施建设背景、工艺基准流程、主要技术参数、设施布局设计和应用情况等多方面进行了分析和比较,并结合我国干法后处理技术发展现状和设想,提出了我国干法后处理设施发展建议。

松香基非异氰酸酯聚氨酯的制备及其性能研究

以松香衍生物丙烯海松酸(APA)为原料合成了丙烯海松酸二缩水甘油醚(AE),并进一步制得丙烯海松酸环碳酸酯(AC),利用AC中环碳酸酯基团与聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)、聚酯多元胺(Priamine 1074)中的氨基反应制备得到了松香基非异氰酸酯聚氨酯(ACPP)薄膜材料。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重(TG)、动态热机械法(DMA)等技术对ACPP材料的结构和性能进行了表征。研究结果表明:随着AC含量的增加,松香结构中氢化菲环刚性结构的引入量增加,从而使ACPP的力学性能增强,当氨基/环碳酸酯基物质的量比值为1时材料(ACPP_(1))的拉伸强度可达到15 MPa;同时ACPP材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_(g))显著增大,均大于40℃,当氨基/环碳酸酯基物质的量比值为0.8时,制备得到的材料(ACPP_(0.8))的T_(g)达到最大值,为49.4℃。自愈合性能测试结果显示:当带有划痕的ACPP_(1)在160℃、 5 MPa条件下,加热1 h后可以实现划痕的完全愈合,愈合率高达100%;另外,ACPP_(1)分别经过物理再加工和化学回收再加工后,力学性能仍可以恢复到原始强度的85%,展现出了优异的回收再加工性能。

乏燃料后处理碱性流程的研究进展

乏燃料后处理碱性流程是用碳酸盐、氢氧化物等碱性物质的溶液作为介质进行乏燃料的溶解及铀、钚等元素的分离与纯化的方法。碱性条件下,乏燃料中的大部分裂变产物和次锕系元素并不溶解或者在溶解过程中转变为碳酸盐、氢氧化物沉淀。与已经实现工业化的PUREX(plutonium uranium redox extraction)酸性流程相比,碱性流程具有腐蚀性更小、流程更简单等潜在的优点。鉴于碱性流程的优点及其在乏燃料后处理中的潜在应用,日本、美国、俄罗斯、韩国等国家的科研人员已经围绕该流程开展了一些研究工作。本文首先介绍了各国建议的碱性流程的技术路线;然后逐一介绍了与主要工艺环节相关的基础研究的进展,包括乏燃料的氧化溶解、核素分离、试剂的回收等;最后对该领域面临的挑战和前景进行了讨论。

干法后处理熔盐电解精炼过程数学模型研究

熔盐电解精炼是乏燃料干法后处理的核心工艺单元,通过数学模型探索高温熔盐电解精炼过程的化学与电化学变化,可为电解精炼工艺优化和设备设计提供参考依据。本文基于电化学热力学及物质传递公式建立了乏燃料熔盐电解精炼过程的数学模型,以铀钚锆三元合金燃料为研究对象,计算了燃料中关键元素的电极电势、分电流及物料分布随时间的变化。采用向后差分法对物料分布变化方程进行离散,通过文献实验数据对建立的数学模型进行了准确性验证。结果表明,模拟计算所得阴极沉积铀产品与实验数据的相对误差为2.80%,所建数学模型具有较好的拟合性。同时采用所建模型模拟计算了电流强度对乏燃料电解精炼过程的影响,结果表明电解速率与电流强度呈正比,不改变钚铀锆的溶解和沉积顺序。

信息化追溯系统联合器械图谱技术在消毒供应中心外来医疗器械再处理中的应用

目的探讨信息化追溯系统联合器械图谱技术在消毒供应中心外来医疗器械再处理中的应用价值。方法对2021年6~12月天长市人民医院消毒供应中心接收的225个外来医疗器械包18512件器械进行常规处理模式;2022年1~7月天长市人民医院消毒供应中心接收的144个外来医疗器械包15204件器械使用信息化追溯系统联合器械图谱技术处理,比较两组管理模式下外来医疗器械的清洗合格率、拆卸合格率、组装合格率、包装合格率、灭菌合格率及湿包发生率,将两种处理模式的结果进行统计比较。结果信息化追溯系统联合器械图谱技术处理组目测法清洗合格率98.37%,三磷酸腺苷生物荧光检测法清洗合格率96.50%,拆卸合格率97.20%,组装合格率94.57%,包装合格率100%均优于常规处理模式组(88.81%、83.5%、91.04%、90.62%、92.89%),湿包发生率3.47%低于常规处理模式组16.89%,外来医疗器械再处理平均总时长(148.19±4.47)min低于常规处理模式组(180.01±6.29)min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论实施信息化追溯系统联合器械图谱技术可显著提高外来医疗器械的再处理质量,降低湿包发生率,减少感染风险,值得临床推广使用。

开环易位烯烃聚合物的动态交联改性研究进展

开环易位聚合(ROMP)为烯烃聚合物的制备提供了一种精确而高效的方法,可制备不同拓扑结构的功能性热塑性烯烃聚合物材料。热塑性烯烃聚合物尽管可以在高温下熔融再加工,但其较低的力学性能和耐热性能限制了其在极端条件下的使用寿命。通过固化交联改性则可以大大改善材料的力学性能等,但也为废旧材料的回收再利用带来了困难。为克服上述局限,构建含有动态键的烯烃聚合物交联网络引起了广泛关注,该类聚合物在提升力学等性能的同时也赋予了其可重复加工的能力。本文聚焦于通过开环易位聚合合成不同拓扑结构的烯烃聚合物,并利用不同类型动态键对其进行动态交联改性的最新研究进展。并对该领域的发展现状和未来研究方向进行了总结。

乏燃料干法和水法后处理设施经济性分析

核燃料循环是影响核电经济评价的重要因素,是推进核能发展的关键问题。乏燃料后处理作为核燃料循环后段的重要组成部分,其经济成本会影响整体的核燃料循环成本。为对核燃料循环尤其是后段循环成本的分析提供更准确参考,本文调研了国外干法和水法后处理设施的经济性数据,并结合对快堆乏燃料后处理设施的经济性研究,进行了热堆和快堆乏燃料的干法和水法后处理成本的分析,给出了各设施的后处理成本数据。

工作条件对干法后处理高温熔盐离心泵影响的数值模拟研究

本文针对乏燃料干法后处理高温熔盐离心泵输送LiCl-KCl熔盐过程,开展了不同操作条件和物性参数下的数值模拟研究。基于Fluent数值模拟软件,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,压力和速度耦合采用Coupled算法,对比了熔盐泵水力性能和内部流场的变化情况。结果表明,不同工作条件下熔盐泵外特性曲线走向及内部流场压力、速度分布规律相一致。等流量工况下转速增大熔盐泵扬程、功率增大,最佳效率点向大流量偏移,推荐干法熔盐泵转速范围为2750~3150 rpm。泵的扬程、效率均随输送熔盐粘度的增大而减小。泵的扬程对输送LiCl-KCl熔盐密度的变化不敏感,随密度增大,泵的功率和效率均上升,相同条件下熔盐粘度对泵性能的影响大于密度。本文结果可为干法后处理高温熔盐泵设计和实验的改进提供参考。

Some Performance Measures of Transfer Line Consisting of Two Unreliable Machines with Reprocess Rule

In this paper, we consider a transfer line with two unreliable machines and a single storage buffer, in which the second machine’s processing time and repair time have general distributions, and a piece processed by machine i will be reprocessed with probability q i (i=1, 2) because of uncompletely or not very well processed just before. At first, the exactly results of the reprocessed rate, the output rate and the blocked probability of machine 1, the reprocessed rate and the starved probability of machine 2, and the production rate of the system, are obtained when the first machine is reliable. And then, some approximating results of above indices are given when two machines are both unreliable.

三氧化铀粉末溶解工艺研究

三氧化铀是乏燃料后处理厂的一种产品,可用于制备工厂开车、铀尾端调试、制备四价铀等工艺环节所需的硝酸铀酰溶液。为明确三氧化铀粉末溶解制备硝酸铀酰溶液的最优工艺条件,有针对性地提高三氧化铀溶解工艺水平,探索其溶解特性,有必要研究三氧化铀溶解过程中工艺条件对溶解过程的影响。本文研究了不同搅拌速度、温度、初始酸度条件下,硝酸溶解三氧化铀粉末的过程,分析了反应条件对溶解过程的影响方式,并得到了最优工艺条件。结果表明:提高反应温度、初始酸度均有利于三氧化铀的溶解,随着搅拌速度的提高溶解时间呈现先减小后增大的趋势。

认知行为疗法结合眼动脱敏再加工对颅脑创伤伴面部组织挫伤患者心理状态及生活质量的影响

目的:探究认知行为疗法结合眼动脱敏再加工对颅脑创伤伴面部软组织挫伤患者心理状态及生活质量的影响。方法:选择2019年1月-2021年12月笔者医院收治的86例颅脑创伤合并面部组织挫伤的患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各43例。对照组患者给予常规护理干预,观察组在对照组的基础上给予认知行为疗法(Cognitive behavior therapy,CBT)联合眼动脱敏再加工(Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing,EMDR)干预。比较两组干预前后自尊量表(Self-esteem scale,SES)、焦虑自评量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)、抑郁自评量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)、创伤后应激障碍自评量表(The PTSD Cheeklist-CivilianVersion,PCL-C)、世界卫生组织生存质量量表(WHO Quality of Life,WHOQOL)评分。结果:干预前,两组SES评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,观察组SES评分高于对照组,SAS、SDS评分低于对照组,PCL-C评分低于对照组,WHOQOL评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:认知行为疗法结合眼动脱敏再加工对颅脑创伤伴面部组织挫伤患者的心理状态和生活质量具有积极影响。