The Defects and Future Research Direction of the Auditof the Policy Implementation Effect 2 China

近年来,政策执行效果审计在中国逐渐引起了关注.论文首先介绍了政策执行效果审计的内涵和研究的意义,在此基础上简要阐述了政策执行效果审计的发展现状,并指出了其缺陷,最后提出了未来的研究应重点关注建立政策执行效果审计理论框架体系、完善政策执行效果审计评价指标体系、探索对政策本身的评价以及将政策执行效果审计与新兴互联网工程及信息技术结合起来等几个方面.

A protocol paper:community engagement interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention in socially disadvantaged populations in the UK:an implementation research study

Background:Cardiovascular disorders(CVD)are the single greatest cause of mortality worldwide.In the UK,the National Health Service(NHS)has launched an initiative of health checks over and above current care to tackle CVD.However,the uptake of Health Checks is poor in disadvantaged communities.This protocol paper sets out a UK-based study(Sussex and Nottingham)aiming to co-produce a community delivered CVD risk assessment and coaching intervention to support community members to reduce their risk of CVD.The overall aim of the project is to implement a tailored-to-context community engagement(CE)intervention on awareness of CVD risks in vulnerable populations in high,middle and low-income countries.The specific objectives of the study are to enhance stakeholder’engagement;to implement lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular primary prevention,in disadvantaged populations and motivate uptake of NHS health checks.Methods:This study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in three phases of evaluation,including pre-,per-and post-implementation.To ensure contextual appropriateness the‘Scaling-up Packages of Interventions for Cardiovascular disease prevention in selected sites in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa:An implementation research’(SPICES)project will organize a multi-component community-engagement intervention.For the qualitative component,the pre-implementation phase will involve a contextual assessment and stakeholder mapping,exploring potentials for CVD risk profiling strategies and led by trained Community Health Volunteers(CHV)to identify accessibility and acceptability.The per-implementation phase will involve healthy lifestyle counselling provided by CHVs and evaluation of the outcome to identify fidelity and scalability.The post-implementation phase will involve developing sustainable community-based strategies for CVD risk reduction.All three components will include a process evaluation.A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial of the roll out will focus on implementation outcomes including uptake and engagement and changes in risk profiles.The quantitative component includes pre and post-intervention surveys.The theory of the socio-ecological framework will be applied to analyse the community engagement approach.Discussion:Based on the results ultimately a sustainable community engagement-based strategy for the primary prevention of CVD risk will be developed to enhance the performance of NHS health care in the UK.

On the Preparation and Implementation of Research Budget in Agricultural Institutes

Over the years,more attention has been focused on the implementation than on the preparation of the research budget in the agricultural institutes of China,resulting in the unscientific and unreasonable budgeting of research funds. The practical implementation of the research funds has also been adversely affected. In this paper,the problems as well as the root causes of those problems in the budgeting and implementation of research funds were analyzed,and corresponding solutions and suggestions were also presented.

Implementation Strategies for Improving the Care of Depressed Elderly Persons—Summary of an International Workshop

The aim of the study was to identify the most important research priorities as well as future strategies for promoting and implementing evidence-based care of depressed elderly persons. An interdisciplinary workshop was organized using a focus group format and the transcript of the discussion was interpreted by means of the qualitative content analysis. The most important research priorities for improving the care of depressed elderly persons, implementation levels, theoretical approaches as well as possible outcomes were analysed on individual consumer, healthcare system, and policy level. A wide range of theories and methods are necessary to identify and explain implementation processes and results. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies in combination with knowledge synthesis were discussed. In addition, the need to summarize the literature in terms of specific issues was emphasized. In conclusion, the implementation strategies for improving the care of depressed elderly persons should be addressed on three levels: individual consumer, healthcare system and policy. Although some aspects of the implementation model may need to be enhanced, the fact that it includes conditions on individual level, i.e. self-management support, is of importance. The expansion and maintenance of evidence-based care generate potential for change in mental healthcare, thus improving outcomes for individual elderly patients. Areas that require further research are organization, cost and leadership. The use of mixed methods could strengthen future studies. Implementation researchers need a broad repertoire in order to plan and perform evidence-based research. To improve practice, implementation strategies should be developed in clinical and community guidelines.

Implementation science:A critical but undervalued part of the healthcare innovation ecosystem

Healthcare systems face many competing demands and insufficient resources.Service innovations to improve efficiency are important to address this challenge.Innovations can range from new pharmaceuticals,alternate models of care,novel devices,and the use other technologies.Suboptimal implementation can mean lost benefits.This review article aims to highlight the role of implementation science,summarize how settings have leveraged this methodology to promote translation of innovation into practice,and describe our own experience of embedding implementation science into an academic medical center in Singapore.Implementation science offers a range of methods to promote systematic uptake of research findings about innovations and is gaining recognition worldwide as an important discipline for health services researchers.Health systems around the world have tried to promote implementation research in their settings by establishing(1)dedicated centers/programs,(2)offering funding,and(3)building knowledge and capacity among staff.Implementation science is a critical piece in the translational pathway of“evidence to innovation”.The three efforts we describe should be strengthened to integrate implementation science into the innovation ecosystem around the world.

Outcome Evaluation of Early Implementation of Option B+ in Cameroon: A Prospective Cohort Observational Survey in the Northwest and Southwest Regions

Background: Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV constitutes a major source of new pediatric infections in Cameroon. Objective: The aim of this implementation research was to assess outcomes and effectiveness of providing life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B+). Methods: From October 2013 to July 2014, HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women, not on antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis and ART, were recruited from 22 purposefully selected health facilities in the Northwest and Southwest regions for a prospective, observational cohort evaluation. Option B+ was offered to participants and outcome indicators were measured. Results: Out of 680 women eligible for this assessment, 669 (98%) were initiated on Option B+. Retention-in-care was 90% (95% CI, 87.85 - 92.61) and 79% (95% CI, 75.20 - 81.88), and loss to follow up (LTFU) was 7% (95% CI: 4.95 - 8.90) and 15% (95% CI: 12.06 - 17.56) at 6 and 12 months respectively. Maternal mortality at 12 months after ART initiation was 2% (13). As of March 2015, 538 HIV exposed infants (HEIs) were enrolled and received postpartum nevirapine prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth and 84% (454) were on cotrimoxazole at 6 to 8 weeks. By 8 weeks of age, 498 (93%) infants had HIV DNA PCR test with 486 (97.6%) negative and 12 (2.4%) positive. Conclusion: In Cameroon, successful implementation of Option B+ increased retention-in-care to 79% at one year for pregnant and breastfeeding women and reduced MTCT rate below 5% for HEIs at 8 weeks of age. Long term retention, maternal and infant mortality and final MTCT rate after cessation of breastfeeding require further evaluation.

“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项布局与实施成效分析

“十三五”国家科技计划改革构建了全新的国家重点研发计划,设置“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项对林业科技创新进行支持。在揭示林业资源培育及高效利用调控机制、提升主要人工林单位生产力和提高资源利用效率等方面进行布局,按照基础研究、关键技术研究和技术集成示范进行“产业链布局创新链、一体化组织实施”。截止到2022年,专项已经执行结束并顺利完成项目综合绩效评价。以“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项为主题,总结并分析专项实施背景、立项情况并介绍专项实施成效,为今后林业科技资源配置和组织管理提供参考。

企业绿色转型研究述评

实现“双碳”目标、推进经济发展方式的绿色转型,核心问题是加快企业发展方式的绿色转型。本文从概念内涵、理论依据、影响因素、路径选择和量化研究五个方面对企业绿色转型进行梳理和归纳,分析发现,未来需要立足于企业绿色转型的复杂性,开展对不同类型企业的研究,并将研究视角覆盖到绿色转型的全过程,同时更加注重绿色转型理论在包括工业企业在内的实体企业中的实践应用。

透析期间饮食管理最佳证据临床应用的障碍因素分析——基于CFIR理论

目的 探究透析期间饮食管理最佳证据临床应用的障碍因素。方法 以实施性研究整合框架(CFIR)为理论指导,制定访谈提纲并进行半结构式访谈,抽取护士作为研究对象,应用Colaizzi七步法分析资料。结果 共形成5个主题,分别是创新、外部因素、内部因素、个体和实施过程。创新方面包括2个亚主题:部分证据未充分考虑临床情景,适用性不高;缺乏相关知识的培训,护士知识更新不及时。外部因素方面包括1个亚主题:社会支持是促进变革重要的外部力量。内部因素方面包括3个亚主题:虽然变革会增加护士工作量,但利大于弊;流程规范化,健康教育材料是必需;注意保持良好护患关系,促进变革顺利开展。个体方面包括2个亚主题:护理人员变革决心强,中层领导在变革中起关键作用。实施过程方面包括2个亚主题:患者的宣教工作是主要的困难,部分证据未充分考虑患者意愿。结论 应制定规范的透析期间饮食管理流程、完善系统培训机制、丰富健康教育材料、充分考虑证据的临床情景和患者意愿,以推动在临床上应用透析期间饮食管理最佳证据。

Contextual Challenges in the Implementation of the Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement, Prospective Cohort Study, an Experience from Rural Pakistan

Introduction: Improving maternal and newborn survival needs robust data on patterns of morbidity and mortality from well-characterized cohorts. It is equally important for researchers to document and understand the contextual challenges of data collection and how they are addressed. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study implemented from December 2012 to August 2014 in Matiari, Pakistan. A total of 11,315 pregnancies were enrolled. Participants were approached at home for sequential data collection through the standard pretested structured questionnaires. Some indicators were sourced through health facility records. Information on field challenges gathered through field diaries and minutes of meetings with field staff. Results: Inaccurate reporting of last menstrual period (LMP) dates caused difficulties in the planning and completion of antenatal data collection visits at scheduled gestational weeks. We documented ultrasound reports wherever available, relied on quickening technique, and implemented a seasonal event calendar to help mothers’ recall their LMP. Health system coordinators of public sector and private healthcare providers were individually approached for maximum data collection. But an unregulated private health system with poor record maintenance and health care providers’ reluctance for cooperation posed a greater challenge in data collection. Conclusions: Within a broader understanding of the health systems and socio-cultural environment, temporal and spatial feasibility of data collection should be considered thoroughly at the early stages of study designing, planning, resource allocation, and implementation. Pre-defined regular and need-based meetings with each tier of data collection teams and study managers help to reinvigorate field execution plans and optimize both quantity and quality of study data.

高校教师研究性教学素养提升路径研究

研究性教学以学生为中心,旨在培养学生的创新能力。研究高校教师在研究性教学中的核心素养及其提升策略对深化高等教育改革和提高教育质量有重要意义。教师的研究性教学素养涵盖知识、情感、意志和能力四个维度,具体包括学科知识、情感管理、教学道德和教学能力。在实施研究性教学时教师常面临教学观念、设计能力、资源短缺和评价体系不完善等挑战,建议完善激励机制、建立教学案例库、创新教学方法、优化资源环境和改革评价体系。

振动深松技术及装备研究现状分析

对振动深松技术的研究是为了减少振动深松机具的耕作阻力和降低能耗;将从土壤与耕作部件的作用机理等基础理论研究、振动机构设计与振动机理研究、振动深松机具设计及其作业效果的研究三个部分的国内外研究现状进行分析;归纳了近几年振动深松技术研究的发展现状与振动深松装备的作用机理。对目前振动深松技术及装备现存问题进行了研究分析。

科教融汇背景下高职院校科研价值导向及实施路径研究

在科教融汇背景下,科研在高职院校高质量发展中的作用愈发突出,而科研定位、价值导向、实现路径不明,是高职院校尚未形成有效科研范式的原因。基于创新价值链理论和高职院校的职能,研究高职院校科研活动的定位、价值导向以及实现路径。研究认为:高职院校应坚持以人才培养为中心建构科研活动价值导向,以服务区域经济社会发展为价值遵循,以推动师生群体的共同成长为目标,聚焦行业、企业生产中的实际问题开展科研活动;其实现路径包括主动融入区域发展、开展深度校企融合、形成“校、教、研”三位一体协同发展、助推师生科研能力稳步提升等几个方面。

数字化赋能区域教研的框架建构与实施进路

数字化赋能区域教研的本质是利用大数据和人工智能等技术全面提升教研工作的效率和质量,通过数字技术的集成应用,改革教研的目标、内容、方式和评价,以实现教育生态与技术生态的协同发展。该文在阐明数字化赋能区域教研内涵的基础上,认为数字化发展受到政策支持、技术与需求驱动而具备实施价值,同时探讨了数字化在区域教研中的应用价值,提出构建数字化赋能区域教研的应用框架。一是目标指向:从经验到循证的实证取向;二是内容体系:以育人为导向的知识构建;三是教研方法:数字技术的融合与创新;四是成效评估:精准测评的实施与应用。循此,进一步提出数字化赋能区域教研的实施进路:教研理念创新;教研队伍建设;教研路径优化;教研机制建设,为区域教研数字化发展提供一个可参考的发展通路。

以刊评文治理文件疲劳症:成因与对策

我国学术评价领域长期存在不当使用以刊评文现象。2003年以来,国家发布多份文件,对治理以刊评文问题提出原则指导,但实际效果不彰,出现文件疲劳症。以史密斯政策过程执行模型作为理论工具,分析政策文本可操作性、执行部门协作两方面以刊评文治理文件疲劳症的主要成因,可以通过统一国内中文期刊评价目录、自建国际英文期刊数据库、限定认可论文数量、非理论研究性质岗位非正高职称评定以考代评、建立引用救济规则等提高政策文本可操作性,通过政府主导顶层设计、一把手高位推动、以高校与科研院所核心利益为顶层设计及高位推动着力点等完善部门协作。

实施科学的前世今生(上篇)——起源与发展

实施科学旨在弥合知识与实践之间的鸿沟,促进循证实践的采纳与应用。在欧美国家,实施科学正快速发展,并走向成熟;在我国,该领域仍处于起步阶段。本文重点阐述了实施科学的定义、起源、国内外发展状况、研究热点、难点和机遇,以期为国内学者提供借鉴和参考。尽管实施科学在我国的发展尚处于起步阶段,但发展势头迅猛,中国学者可充分利用国内特有的研究资源和条件,以高质量实施性研究为抓手,开展创新性研究,在实施科学领域发挥全球引领作用。

实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点

实施科学经过20余年的发展已建立起一套理论、模型和框架,可用于指导实施过程,确定影响实施的因素,并评价实施效果。在理论的指导下,实施性研究强调以问题为导向,寻找解决问题的循证实践,识别实施循证实践的障碍和促进因素,并选择性地应用实施策略推动循证实践的采用、实施和维持,从而形成实施性研究范式。这一范式亦赋予了实施性研究在研究设计方面的鲜明特色,包括大量使用理论、模型和框架,符合真实世界和环境,应用混合研究设计,采用快速研究方法,以及根据实施环境优化干预。本文作为“实施科学的前世今生”下篇,将简要介绍实施科学的理论、范式和特点。

COPD患者运动康复促进和阻碍因素的系统评价——基于CFIR多层次理论

目的 系统评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者参与运动康复的促进和阻碍因素,为运动方案的制定提供参考。方法 系统检索8个中英文数据库中有关COPD患者运动康复促进及阻碍因素的相关研究,检索时限为建库至2023年8月。根据实施性研究综合框架(Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, CFIR)多层次理论,对文献中提出影响COPD患者运动康复的促进和阻碍因素进行识别和编码,并依据CFIR的5个维度进行归类和整理。结果 最终纳入31项研究,涉及2 458例COPD患者、4名家庭成员、48名康复师、3名全科医生和9名利益相关者。通过对纳入文献研究结果提取,总结出COPD患者康复运动的19条促进因素和21条阻碍因素,归纳为干预特征、外部因素、内部因素、个体特征和实施过程5个类别,其中个体特征层面影响因素最多,且更关注COPD患者的个性特征,较少关注领导者和促进者等角色在相关研究中的作用。结论 CFIR的5个维度中运动康复行为促进和障碍因素的确定,可为COPD患者制定运动康复策略提供参考;但有些亚类别如外部政策、外部协助、领导者和促进者的因素较少关注,建议在今后的研究中进一步挖掘上述因素在促进COPD患者运动康复中的潜力,同时在全面评估患者情况的基础上,采取多方面的策略,解决多个领域的因素,提升COPD患者运动康复的依从性。

化学专业大学生科研创新训练体系的构建与实施路径研究

提升大学生的科研创新能力是符合国家建设需要的高水平创新人才培养新模式。为促进高校各学科创新计划的实施,教育部启动了《高等学校创新能力提升计划》。在创新创业背景下,各高校根据校情积极构建科研创新体系。赣南师范大学化学化工学院从2018年开始实行本科生学术导师制,践行创新人才培养改革,结合多年来的创新教学实践经验和当代的大学生对科研创新的需求,构建了符合化学专业特点的创新训练体系,满足了学生个性化发展的需求,为将来攻读研究生和从事专业工作打下了坚实的基础。