Fluid property identification of the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs with complex oil-water contacts in Deseo Basin,Chad

Recently,exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Doseo Basin,but the identification of reservoir fluid property is difficult due to variable reservoir lithology,complex oil-water contact within and faint responses of the oil zone,which causes the lower accuracy of reservoir fluid property identification with conventional mudlogging and wirelogging techniques.Applying the geochemical logging,fluorescent logging,mud logging and cutting logging technology,in combination with formation test data,this paper distinguishes the crude oil types,analyzes the logging response characteristics of oil zone after water washing,and establishes the interpretation charts and parameter standards for reservoir fluid properties.The crude oil can be divided into two types,namely viscous-heavy and thin-light,based on total hydrocarbon content and component concentration tested by mud logging,features of pyrolysis gas chromatogram and fluorescence spectroscopy.The general characteristics of oil layers experienced water washing include the decrease of total hydrocarbon content and component concentration from mud logging,the decrease of S1 and PS values from geochemical logging,the decrease of hydrocarbon abundance and absence of some light components in pyrolysis gas chromatogram,and the decrease of fluorescence area and intensity from fluorescence logging.According to crude oil types,the cross plots of S1 versus peak-baseline ratio,and the cross plots of rock wettability versus fluorescence area ratio are drawn and used to interpret reservoir fluid property.Meanwhile,the standards of reservoir fluid parameter are established combining with the parameters of PS and the parameters in above charts,and comprehensive multiparameter correlation in both vertical and horizontal ways is also performed to interpret reservoir fluid property.The application in the Doseo Basin achieved great success,improving interpretation ability of fluid property in the reservoir with complex oil-water contact,and also provided technical reference for the efficient exploration and development of similar reservoirs.

Use of X-ray computed tomography to study structures and particle contacts of granite residual soil

A small problem about soil particle regularization and contacts but essential to geotechnical engineering was studied.The soils sourced from Guangzhou and Xiamen were sieved into five different particle scale ranges(d<0.075 mm,0.075 mm≤d<0.1 mm,0.1 mm≤d<0.2 mm,0.2 mm≤d<0.5 mm and 0.5 mm≤d<1.0 mm)to study the structures and particle contacts of granite residual soil.The X-ray micro computed tomography method was used to reconstruct the microstructure of granite residual soil.The particle was identified and regularized using principal component analysis(PCA).The particle contacts and geometrical characteristics in 3D space were analyzed and summarized using statistical analyses.The results demonstrate that the main types of contact among the particles are face-face,face-angle,face-edge,edge-edge,edge-angle and angle-angle contacts for particle sizes less than 0.2 mm.When the particle sizes are greater than 0.2 mm,the contacts are effectively summarized as face-face,face-angle,face-edge,edge-edge,edge-angle,angle-angle,sphere-sphere,sphere-face,sphere-edge and sphere-angle contacts.The differences in porosity among the original sample,reconstructed sample and regularized sample are closely related to the water-swelling and water-disintegrable characteristics of granite residual soil.

ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL CONTACT PRESSURE IN HYDRAULICALLY EXPANDED CRA-LINED PIPE

The mechanically bonded CRA-lined pipe is developed to meet the need forcorrosion-resistant alloy steel pipe. Residual contact pressure at the interface of lined pipe isimportant factor that governs the quality of lined pipe. A simplified theoretical method ispresented to predict the residual contact pressure created by hydraulic pressure. The calculatingequation related hydro-forming pressure to the residual contact pressure between two metal faces isderived. And the validation of the proposed equation is accomplished by comparing its result tothose obtained by experimental investigation.

A Review of Formation Mechanism Study on Reservoirs with Tilted Oil-water Contacts

The distribution characteristics of the oil-water contact are the basis for the reservoir exploration and development and reserves evaluation. The reservoir with a tilted oil-water contact has a unique formation mechanism, and the understanding of its distribution and formation mechanism will directly affect the evaluations for the reservoir type, well deployment, selection of well pattern and type, determination of test section, and reserves evaluation. Based on the analysis of reservoir characteristics, petrophysical properties and geological structure in 40 reservoirs worldwide with tilted oil-water contacts, the progress of the research on the formation mechanisms of titled oil-water contacts is summarized in terms of the hydrodynamic conditions, reservoir heterogeneity, neotectonic movement and oil-gas exploitation. According to the formation mechanism of tilted oil-water contacts and the needs of exploration research, different aspects of research methods are summarized and classified, such as the calculation of equipotential surfaces for oil and water in the formation, analysis of formation pressure and analysis of reservoir physical properties and so on. Based upon statistical analysis, it is suggested that the degree of the inclination of the oil-water contact be divided based on the dip of oil-water contact（DipTOWC）. The tilted oil-water contact is divided into three categories： large dip（DipTOWC≥55 m/km）, medium dip（4 m/km≤DipTOWC55 m/km）, and small dip（DipTOWC4 m/km）. The classification and evaluation method can be combined with structure amplitude and reservoir property. The formation mechanism of domestic and international reservoirs with tilted oil-water contacts are summarized in this paper, which have important significance in guiding the exploration and development of the oilfield with tilted oil-water contacts, reserves evaluation, and well deployment.

Toward High Carrier Mobility and Low Contact Resistance:Laser Cleaning of PMMA Residues on Graphene Surfaces

Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) is widely used for graphene transfer and device fabrication.However,it inevitably leaves a thin layer of polymer residues after acetone rinsing and leads to dramatic degradation of device performance.How to eliminate contamination and restore clean surfaces of graphene is still highly demanded.In this paper,we present a reliable and position-controllable method to remove the polymer residues on graphene films by laser exposure.Under proper laser conditions,PMMA residues can be substantially reduced without introducing defects to the underlying graphene.Furthermore,by applying this laser cleaning technique to the channel and contacts of graphene fieldeffect transistors(GFETs),higher carrier mobility as well as lower contact resistance can be realized.This work opens a way for probing intrinsic properties of contaminant-free graphene and fabricating high-performance GFETs with both clean channel and intimate graphene/metal contact.

Study on properties of residue-residue contacts in protein

Residue-residue contacts are very important in forming protein structure. In this work, we calculated the average probability of residue-residue contacts in 470 globular proteins and analyzed the distribution of contacts in the different interval of residues using Contacts of Structural Units (CSU) and Structural Classification (SCOP) software. It was found that the relationship between the average probability PL and the residue distance L for four structural classes of proteins could be expressed as lgPL=a+b×L, where a and b are coefficients. We also discussed the connection between two aspects of proteins which have equal array residue number and found that the distribution probability was stable (or un- stable) if the proteins had the same (or different) compact (for example synthase) in the same structural class.

THE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF RESIDUE-RESIDUE CONTACTS IN PROTEIN MOLECULES

In protein molecules each residue has a different ability to form contacts.In this paper,we calculated the number of contacts per residue and investigated the distribution of residue-residue contacts from 495 globular protein molecules using Contacts of Structural Units(CSU)software.It was found that the probability P(n)of amino acid residues having n pairs of contacts in all contacts fits Gaussian distribution very well.The distribution function of residue-residue contacts can be expressed as:P(n)=P_0+aexp[-b(n-n_c)~2].In our calculation,P_0=-0.06,α=11.4,b=-0.04 and n_c=9.0.According to distribution function,we found that those hydrophobic(H)residues including Leu,Val,Ile,Met,Phe,Tyr,Cys,and Trp residues have large values of the most probable number of contact n_c,and hydrophilic(P)residues including Ala,Gly,Thr, His,Glu,Gln,Asp,Asn,Lys,Ser,Arg,and Pro residues have the small ones.We also compare with Fauchere-Pliska hydrophobicity scale(FPH)and the most probable number of contact n_c for 20 amino acid residues,and find that there exists a linear relationship between Fauchere-Pliska hydrophobicity scale(FPH)and the most probable number of contact n_c, and it is expressed as:n_c=a+b×FPH,here α=8.87,and b=1.15.It is important to further explain protein folding and its stability from residue-residue contacts.

Predicting residue contacts for protein-protein interactions by integration of multiple information

Detailed knowledge of interfacial region between interacting proteins is not only helpful in annotating function for proteins, but also very important for structure-based drug design and disease treatment. However, this is one of the most difficult tasks and current methods are constrained by some factors. In this study, we developed a new method to predict residue-residue contacts of two interacting protein domains by integrating information about evolutionary couplings andamino acid pairwise contact potentials, as well as domain-domain interaction interfaces. The experimental results showed that our proposed method outperformed the previous method with the same datasets. Moreover, the method promises an improvement in the source of template-based protein docking.

Analysis model for damage of reinforced bars in RC beams under contact explosion

The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete(RC) beams primarily relies on internal reinforced bars.However, limited research has been conducted on the dynamic response of these bars. To address this gap, this study has established an analytical model using dimensional analysis for calculating the deformation of reinforced bars within RC beams subjected to contact explosion. Comparison with experimental data reveals that the model has a relative error of 5.22%, effectively reflecting the deformation of reinforced bars. Additionally, based on this model, the study found that while concrete does influence the deformation of reinforced bars, this influence can be disregarded in comparison to the material properties of the bars themselves. The findings of this study have implications for calculating the residual load-bearing capacity of damaged RC beams, evaluating the extent of damage to RC beams after blast loading, and providing guidance for the blast-resistant design of RC structures.

Numerical Analysis of Rolling-sliding Contact with the Frictional Heat in Rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.

TRACKING OBSERVATION ON SUBSURFACE CRACK IN BEARING STEEL GCr15 UNDER ROLLING CONTACT

Based on the sequent tracking observation on spalling of steel GCr15 under rolling contact fa- tigue,an expression for estimating the propagation of subsurface cracks was derived.The rol- ling contact fatigue life was found to be markedly related to the subsurface crack propagation angle.A new explanation of reason why the rolling contact fatigue life can be prolonged by residual compressive stress and retained austenite was advanced.

煤液化残渣萃余物浮选预处理促进机理

煤液化残渣萃余物(ER)是指煤直接液化残渣通过萃取手段得到重质油和沥青后剩余的物质,约占原煤量的15%。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察到萃余物表面疏松多孔的结构,通过浮选手段降低灰分后,可用于制作活性炭。由于萃余物中重质油和沥青附着在未反应煤表面导致萃余物中各种物质均具有无差别的疏水性,难以进行浮选,因此采用热处理手段将重质油及沥青脱除,使萃余物整体疏水性降低,增加疏水性的未反应煤和亲水性的硅铝酸盐矿物及催化剂(Fe_(7)S_(8))之间的差异性。重质油和沥青经热处理去除后,剩余的硅铝酸盐矿物及催化剂等具有亲水性,仍保留在未反应煤的孔隙和表面,因此采用超声处理手段将这些亲水性物质去除,暴露出未反应煤的疏水性表面,此时萃余物疏水性增加,煤与亲水性杂质之间的差异性增大,有利于浮选。对处理前后的萃余物进行浮选试验,结果表明:萃余物原样难以浮选,在马弗炉中260℃焙烧1 h后的萃余物可以浮选。在热处理的基础上进行超声处理,随超声处理时间增加,精煤产率呈上升趋势,灰分呈下降趋势。超声处理10 min的萃余物浮选精煤产率为58.20%,灰分为23.63%,相比仅经过热处理的萃余物,浮选精煤产率提高17.80%,灰分降低2.88%。热处理及超声处理均对浮选有促进作用。采用扫描电镜和DSA100接触角分析仪分别对超声处理前后萃余物的表面特性进行检测分析。通过扫描电镜观察到萃余物表面黏结有大量杂质,随超声处理时间增加,表面杂质逐渐减少,接触角逐渐增大,疏水性增加。扫描电镜及接触角分析均支持浮选结果。

食品接触用再生聚丙烯中八种加工助剂及挥发性物质残留及迁移研究

食品接触用聚丙烯回收再生过程中,由于清洗不彻底或降解会残留一些化学物质,这可能会威胁食品安全。该研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用、高效液相色谱-质谱联用建立再生聚丙烯(recycled polypropylen,rPP)中4种加工助剂[邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、抗氧剂168、成核剂3988、硬脂酸二乙醇胺]及降解产物(2,4-二叔丁基苯酚)和3种挥发性物质(D-柠檬烯、α-松油醇、佳乐麝香)残留量的分析方法,并应用于检测9种市场rPP样品,发现抗氧剂168含量最高,达到998.36 mg/kg。为进一步研究rPP含量对残留物向食品迁移的影响,以自制不同rPP含量(0%、10%、25%、50%、75%、90%、100%,质量分数)薄膜在异辛烷、95%(体积分数)乙醇、50%乙醇、4%乙酸中进行70℃、2 h的迁移实验。利用主成分分析和分类与回归树对物质残留量进行处理,显示<25%含量rPP薄膜与原生聚丙烯更接近。该研究为rPP安全用于食品接触提供了数据和方案支持,对推动资源循环和食品安全具有重要意义。

机收棉田残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置设计与试验

针对机收残膜混合物资源化利用困难、现有粉碎与揉丝装置处理的残膜混合物不满足白星花金龟幼虫适口性等问题,设计了一种残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置,利用粉碎揉丝技术对残膜混合物进行加工处理以满足白星花金龟幼虫的适口性。该装置主要由粉碎装置、输送装置和揉丝装置等组成,通过对残膜混合物粉碎、揉丝装置作业过程进行运动学与动力学分析确定了各零部件的结构参数与工作参数。为了验证残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置的作业性能,以粉碎辊转速、揉丝辊转速与揉丝辊间隙作为试验因素,残膜破碎合格率、棉秆粉碎长度合格率、棉秆揉丝率为试验指标进行三因素三水平二次回归响应面试验,建立了回归模型,分析了各因素对残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置作业性能的影响,并进行了参数优化与试验验证。试验结果表明:影响残膜破碎合格率和棉秆粉碎长度合格率的因素大小顺序为粉碎辊转速、揉丝辊间隙、揉丝辊转速;影响棉秆揉丝率的因素大小顺序为揉丝辊间隙、揉丝辊转速、粉碎辊转速。优化后最优工作参数组合为:粉碎辊转速13.0 r/min、揉丝辊转速60.0 r/min、揉丝间隙1.6 mm。以此参数组合进行试验,得到残膜破碎合格率、棉秆粉碎长度合格率和棉秆揉丝率平均值分别为90.4%、92.6%、92.2%,与理论优化值相对误差不超过2.0%,研究结果可为残膜混合物粉碎揉丝装置的设计提供参考。

42CrMoVRE钢滚动接触疲劳行为

对42CrMoVRE钢制轴承套圈进行感应淬火处理,在距离套圈淬火面不同深度的位置切取滚动接触疲劳试样,采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、滚动接触疲劳试验机及扫描电子显微镜等对不同位置试样的组织、硬度、残余应力、滚动接触疲劳行为进行研究。结果表明:试样组织均从近表面的回火马氏体过渡到心部的回火索氏体;随取样深度的增大,试样硬化层深度减小,残余压应力场强度增大,试样的L_(10)和L_(50)寿命均逐渐增大,残余压应力场强度从0.037 MPa·m提高到0.278 MPa·m时试样的L_(10)和L_(50)寿命分别提高了484%和145%;滚动接触疲劳试样的表面损伤表现为表面裂纹、麻点、浅凹坑和疲劳剥落4种情况,表面裂纹、麻点和浅凹坑形成后,试样表面在循环应力的作用下发生脱落,形成单个剥落坑;试样的疲劳剥落由单个剥落坑连接而成,单个剥落坑则由裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区、最终断裂区组成,其尺寸与剥落坑底部的裂纹扩展密切相关。

考虑粗糙度影响的残积土-混凝土界面剪切特性研究

为探究不同粗糙度系数影响下残积土-混凝土界面的直剪特性,将烘干残积土样在不同含水率(13%、19%、25%)下配置成重塑土样,利用气动直剪仪在法向应力30、60、90 kPa条件下与不同粗糙度系数的3D打印混凝土块进行了一系列单调直剪试验,研究不同因素影响下残积土-混凝土界面剪应力-剪切位移,竖向位移-剪切位移规律及强度指标。试验结果表明:界面抗剪强度随着接触面粗糙度系数的增大而增大,随含水率增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在含水率19%附近达到峰值;接触面摩擦角随粗糙度系数增大变化不明显,随含水率增大均呈现先增长后减小的趋势;接触面黏聚力随着粗糙度系数的增大呈现先增大后趋于平稳的趋势,随含水率增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。粗糙度系数,含水率,剪切强度三者拟合结果显示含水率位于15%~20%,接触面粗糙系数位于16~18时,接触面剪切强度达到峰值。

角接触球轴承内圈淬回火过程残余应力的演化与分布规律

热处理过程中轴承内圈往往会产生较高的残余应力,导致其使用寿命和运行稳定性下降。为降低内圈热处理后的残余应力,提高其工作性能,以7008C型角接触球轴承内圈为研究对象,首先,利用直读光谱仪测得内圈材料元素含量,通过Jmatpro软件获得材料性能参数;其次,建立内圈淬回火过程的数值仿真模型,研究内圈残余应力的演化机理与分布规律,以及工艺参数对残余应力的影响;最后,以降低残余应力为优化指标,采用响应曲面法建立回归模型对工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,淬火后内圈滚道处的残余应力最大,约129 MPa,回火后残余应力降至71.6 MPa;淬回火工艺参数对残余应力的影响程度从大到小依次为淬火加热温度、淬火油温度、回火时间、回火温度;淬回火的最佳工艺参数组合为淬火加热温度820℃,淬火油温度88℃,回火温度207℃,回火时间2 h。

水平振动式滚磨光整加工残余应力离散元有限元耦合仿真与实验研究

为探究水平振动式滚磨光整加工对零件表面残余应力的影响,提出一种适用于动态零件的离散元有限元(DEM-FEM)耦合仿真方法。分析了振动周期内颗粒运动状态以及颗粒间平均接触力的变化,构建了颗粒与零件间的随机接触模型,开展了不同振动参数下的残余应力仿真,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:随着振动强度的增大,容器内颗粒运动更加剧烈,颗粒与零件间有效法向接触力发生概率及均值增大,导致零件表面残余压应力呈增大趋势。残余应力仿真值与实验值对振动参数的响应趋势一致,误差在3.6%~11.3%之间。

轴承内圈沟道磨削热应力场有限元仿真分析

针对轴承套圈滚道磨削加工时过大的热应力会导致滚道表层产生热损伤的问题,联合ABAQUS及Hyper-Mesh建立B7008C角接触球轴承内圈沟道磨削热应力场有限元模型,开发DFLUX子程序减少模型分析步的数量,克服了网格数量庞大导致磨削热源无法沿沟道整周移动的问题,揭示了内圈沟道磨削热应力场的形成机制与演化规律,得到了内圈沟道表层产生残余拉应力的临界温度,并分析了工艺参数对内圈沟道残余拉应力分布的影响,结果表明:只有当磨削热应力超过材料的屈服强度时,内圈沟道表层才会产生残余拉应力,产生残余拉应力的临界温度约为420℃;随着热流密度的增大及工件转速的减小,内圈沟道表层的残余拉应力和分布深度增大。

考虑焊接残余应力的钢轨铝热焊焊缝滚动接触应力分析

铝热焊焊缝的滚动接触应力是钢轨滚动接触疲劳问题的关键影响因素。本文开展了静力拉伸试验研究母材与焊缝材料的基本力学性能,采用Chaboche塑性本构方程描述两种材料在塑性阶段的力学响应。利用ABAQUS计算了铝热焊焊接过程的温度场和残余应力场。建立了轮轨滚动接触应力分析的有限元计算模型,并将焊接残余应力分析与焊缝滚动接触应力相结合,提出了考虑焊接残余应力的轮轨滚动接触应力计算方法。最后,分析了焊缝局部应力场的特点。研究结果表明:(1)焊缝边缘处相比中心处承受更大的接触压力,残余应力的存在会增加焊缝的滚动接触应力以及焊缝边缘处的接触压力;(2)随着车轮滚动次数的增加,焊缝的塑性应变会不断累积,进而影响钢轨疲劳伤损的演化。