Natural Products and Antiviral Resistance

Viral diseases are minacious with the potential for causing pandemics and treatment is complicated because of their inherent ability to mutate and become resistant to drugs. Antiviral drug resistance is a persistent problem that needs continuous attention by scientists, medical professionals, and government agencies. To solve the problem, an in-depth understanding of the intricate interplay between causes of antiviral drug resistance and potential new drugs specifically natural products is imperative in the interest and safety of public health. This review delves into natural product as reservoir for antiviral agents with the peculiar potentials for addressing the complexities associated with multi-drug resistant and emerging viral strains. An evaluation of the mechanisms underlying antiviral drug activity, antiviral drug resistance is addressed, with emphasis on production of broad-spectrum antiviral agents from natural sources. There is a need for continued natural product-based research, identification of new species and novel compounds.

Control Effects of Combination of Plant Induced Resistant Agents against Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

[ Objective] The paper was explore the control effects of combination of plant induced resistant agents against tobacco mosaic vires （TMV）. [ Method ] The control effects of 6 different combinations of plant induced resistant agents against TMV of flue-cured tobacco cultivar HangDa were studied under the environ- ment of simulated disease nursery. [ Result] The combination of 2 induced agents polypeptide-agent and 3-acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole （AHO） had good control effect against TMV, which could obviously delay the incidence time of TMV in infected tobacco plants. With water and Duxiao as control, their average control effects against TMV of tobacco plants during field period reached 69.64% and 43.25% after transplanting for 70 d. They also showed significant superiority accord- ing to Duncan＇s test （p = 0.05 ） in the aspects of plant height and leaf number, and the growth and development condition of leaves was good. Tobacco seedlings carrying TMV virus had no direct correlation with whether the symptoms performed, the seedlings carrying virus would perform symptom only when the incidence condition was suitable. The peak period for the incidence of TMV in seedlings carrying virus was during 19 d after transplanting. Spraying effective agents during nursery stage and field period, as well as promoting quick growth at the initial stage of tobacco seedlings after transplanting were the key measures to control its inci- dence. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for preparing the control measures against TMV.

Effect of Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of Concrete

Effect of isobutyl-triethoxy-silane penetrative protective agent on the carbonation resistance of the concrete was studied.The concrete specimens for the 28 d accelerated carbonation process were manufactured with w/c of 0.49 and 0.64,both in the presence and absence of silane and mineral admixture.The penetration of isobutyl-triethoxy-silane and the carbonation of concrete were investigated by penetration depth,carbonation depth,XRD,SEM,and pore size distribution.The results showed that concrete compactness played an important role in the silane penetration and carbonation resistance.Penetration depth of silane-treated concrete mainly depended on the compactness of the concrete,and could not remarkably change through the accelerated carbonation process.In the accelerated carbonation process,penetrative protective agent improved the carbonation resistance of the higher compactness concretes but accelerated the carbonization process of the lower compactness concretes.As penetrative protective agent penetrated along the external connectivity pores into concrete not filling the entire surface area,the inorganic film could not fully protect the Ca（OH）_2 phase from carbonation.After 28 d accelerated carbonation,fibrous hydration products disappeared and the surface holes decreased.Due to the formation of carbonized products,the porosity of the concrete surface decreased,especially in high-strength concrete.

Multidrug Resistance P-glycoprotein Function of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells and the ReversalAgent Effect

The multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and func-tion in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were studied to investigate whether the inhibition of hematopoietic cell P-gp function by multidrug resistance reversal agent increases the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs on the hematopoietic cells.The expression of P-gp on the surface of CD cells from healthy human marrow was examined by flow cytometry. The multidrug resistance reversal agent MS-209 was used to measure the effects of MS-209 on the Rhodamin-123 uptaking o fCD hematopoietic cells. By using methylcellulose semi-solid culture, normal human granulocyte-macrophage clonal formation unit (CFU-GM) was cultured. The changes in CFU-GM inhibitory rate caused by daunorubicin were determined in the presence or absence of MS-2O9. The results showed that the P-gp expression rate of bone marrow CDL cells was 13. 3 %. MS-209 obviously increased the Rhodamin-123 uptake of CD positive cells. The mean inhibitory rate of daunorubicin for CFU-GM was 29. 6 %, but it was increased to 43. 3 % in the presence of MS-209 with the difference being significant (P< 0. 05). It was concluded that hematopoietic cells expressed P-gp protein and possessed active function- MS-209could inhibit the membrane efflux pump and increase the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs to the clonal growth of hematopoeitic stem cells, suggesting the side effects of these drugs on the hematopoietic system should be taken into consideration in the clinical use.

Potentiating activity of luteolin on membrane permeabilizing agent and ATPase inhibitor against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of antibacterial activity of luteoiin(LUT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).Methods:The mechanism of anti-MRSA activity of LUT was analyzed by the viability assay in membrane permeabilizing agent ATPase inhibitors,and peptidoglycan(PGN) derived from Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Also,transmission electron microscopy was used to monitor survival characteristics and changes in S.aureus morphology.Results:Compared to the LUT alone,the optical density of suspensions treated with the combination of 125 μg/mL Tris and 230 μg/mL DCCD were reduced to 60%and 46%,respectively.PGN(15.6 μg/mL) gradually impeded the activity of LUT,and PGN(62.5 μg/mL) completely blocked the activity of LUT on S.aureus.Conclusions:Increased susceptibility to LUT with me Tris and DCCD combinations is evident in all tested MRSA isolates.The results indicate LUT synergy in increasing cytoplasmic membrane permeability and inhibiting ATPase.S.aureus PGN directly blocks the antibacterial activity of LUT,suggesting the direct binding of LUT with PGN.These findings may be validated for the development of antibacterial agent for low MRSA resistance.

某三甲医院尿路感染患者病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的了解自贡市第三人民医院尿路感染患者病原菌分布及药敏耐药性特点,为临床医师合理选用抗菌素及控制院内感染、降低细菌耐药性提供帮助。方法收集2019年1月—2020年12月自贡市第三人民医院尿路感染就诊患者尿液标本3802份,采用MicroScan Walk/Away-40(美国SIEMENS公司)全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果539株分离菌中革兰阴性菌411株,占比76.25%;革兰阳性菌128株,占比23.75%;其中前5位的菌株416株,依次为大肠埃希菌294株(54.55%)、粪肠球菌46株(8.53%)、肺炎克雷伯菌38株(7.05%)、屎肠球菌23株(4.27%)、奇异变形杆菌15株(2.78%)。前5位3种革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对复方新诺明、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉及左旋氧氟沙星耐药率均>50.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氨曲南和头孢吡肟耐药率均>40.00%,庆大霉素为35.71%,其余均在30.00%以内;肺炎克雷伯菌对复方新诺明耐药性最高为52.63%,其次是头孢唑林为42.11%、头孢噻肟为36.84%、环丙沙星和头孢曲松均为31.58%,其余均在30.00%以内;奇异变形杆菌,对复方新诺明耐药率最高为60.00%,其次环丙沙星为53.33%、妥布霉素为46.67%,头孢唑啉、庆大霉素和氨曲南均为33.33%,其余均在30.00%以内。前5位2种革兰阳性菌中,粪肠球菌,对四环素耐药性最高为86.96%,其次红霉素为76.09%、利福平为54.35%,环丙沙星为32.61%、左旋氧氟沙星和莫西沙星均为30.43%,其余均在30.00%以内;屎肠球菌,对红霉素、环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星耐药率均为100%,其次青霉素G为95.65%、莫西沙星为91.30%、利福平和阿莫西林/克拉维酸均为82.61%、四环素为65.22%,对大多数抗菌药物耐药率均较高,其中对万古霉素耐药率最低为4.35%,其次为利奈唑胺为5.26%、呋喃妥因为8.70%。结论临床医师在诊疗过程中,应加强与实验室合作,重视尿路感染的病原学检查,在选用抗菌药物治疗时应结合实验室病原学报告和药敏试验结果,合理使用抗菌药物,同时遏制细菌耐药性。

2015—2021年CHINET儿童患者临床分离不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变迁

目的了解CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测网儿童患者临床分离的不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌的分布和耐药性变迁。方法按CHINET耐药监测统一方案使用纸片扩散法或商品化药敏试验自动测试仪进行药敏试验。按CLSI 2021年版标准判断结果。结果临床分离不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌26987株中,主要以假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属细菌为主,其他各菌属均有不等检出。下呼吸道标本占51.1%,居于首位,脓液及伤口分泌物占16.5%,尿液标本占9.2%。这些菌株主要分离于内科病房(38.1%)、儿科ICU(26.8%)和外科病房(18.9%)。铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南耐药率最高,为22.7%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率为15.6%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均低于10%。碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌检出率54.1%,明显高于铜绿假单胞菌的15.6%,2020年和2021年出现下降趋势。碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌在新生儿期患儿的检出率(34.7%)高于其他患儿;碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌随患儿年龄增长检出率逐渐增高(39.9%~65.4%)。结论儿童分离铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率呈锯齿形变化,对大多抗菌药物的耐药率有下降趋势。不同年龄段患儿中碳青霉烯类耐药菌株的检出率不同。不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌的分布特征和不同菌属菌株的耐药特征存在差异。因此,在儿科对此类菌进行耐药监测十分必要。

湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012-2021年肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测报告

目的了解湖南省临床分离肠球菌属细菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药情况及变迁。方法收集湖南省细菌耐药监测网成员单位2012—2021年临床分离的肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测数据,按照统一方法进行数据清洗后应用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果2012—2021年共纳入110652株非重复肠球菌属细菌,主要为粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌,分别占46.9%(37774株)、45.9%(36968株),其次为鸟肠球菌(2.5%,1982株)、鹑鸡肠球菌(1.8%,1428株)、铅黄肠球菌(1.5%,1185株)。肠球菌属细菌主要标本来源为尿(51.8%,57350株),其次是分泌物(9.6%,10660株)、胆汁(8.5%,9377株)。2012—2021年粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率分别为5.5%~12.0%、1.3%~2.0%、0.6%~1.4%,屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率分别为69.2%~85.0%、1.5%~2.8%、0.7%~2.5%。除利奈唑胺和米诺环素,屎肠球菌对检测抗菌药物的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别从2012年的1.4%、2.1%下降至2021年的0.6%、0.7%,呈下降趋势。结论肠球菌属临床分离菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁保持较好的敏感性,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率呈下降趋势。

热硫化硅橡胶耐高温性能的影响因素探讨

以甲基乙烯基硅橡胶生胶为主要原料,添加白炭黑、结构化控制剂、脱模剂及耐热助剂等制备了耐高温硅橡胶,并研究了生胶种类、白炭黑种类及用量、结构化控制剂种类、脱模剂及耐热剂种类等对硅橡胶耐高温性能的影响。结果表明,对白炭黑进行疏水处理及耐热剂复配有利于抑制硅橡胶老化。以乙烯基封端的甲基乙烯基硅橡胶为生胶、添加51份比表面积为200 m^(2)/g的气相白炭黑为补强填料、甲基苯基二甲氧基硅烷为结构化控制剂、氧化铈/二氧化钛为复配耐热剂,并加入苯基乙烯基硅树脂,对硅橡胶进行二次硫化后,硅橡胶性能最佳。此时其邵氏A硬度为65、拉伸强度9.6 MPa、断裂伸长率640%,经280℃×72 h老化后邵氏A硬度为68、拉伸强度4.9 MPa、断裂伸长率280%。

2015—2021年CHINET临床分离葡萄球菌属细菌耐药性变迁

目的了解2015-2021年中国不同地区临床分离葡萄球菌属细菌的分布及耐药变迁。方法按CHINET中国细菌耐药监测网统一的技术方案对临床分离的葡萄球菌采用纸片法和商品化药敏试验测试仪(机器法)进行药物敏感性试验;收集2015-2021年CHINET的葡萄球菌耐药监测数据,使用WHONET 5.6软件统计并按2021年CLSI折点标准判读结果。结果2015-2021年共分离非重复葡萄球菌属细菌204771株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌136731株(66.8%),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌68040株(33.2%),7年间两者检出率均无明显变化。金黄色葡萄球菌主要分离自呼吸道标本(38.9±5.1)%、伤口脓液分泌物(33.6±4.2)%、血液(11.9±1.5)%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌主要分离自血液(73.6±4.2)%、脑脊液(12.1±2.5)%、胸腹水(8.4±2.1)%。金黄色葡萄球菌的科室来源主要为ICU(17.0±7.3)%、门急诊(11.6±1.7)%、外科(11.2±0.9)%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的科室来源主要为ICU(32.2±9.7)%、门急诊(12.8±4.7)%、内科(11.2±1.9)%。金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株的总体检出率分别为32.9%、74.1%,7年间MRSA检出率从42.1%下降至29.2%,MRCNS检出率从82.1%下降至68.2%。除甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑外,MRSA对各类抗菌药物的耐药率均高于MSSA。MRSA对庆大霉素、利福平、左氧氟沙星耐药率有所下降;MRCNS对庆大霉素、红霉素、利福平、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率有所下降,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率有所上升。未发现对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌菌株。对利奈唑胺耐药的MRCNS有所增多,7年间耐药率从0.2%上升至2.3%。结论葡萄球菌属细菌仍是革兰阳性菌中最主要的细菌。MRSA和MRCNS亦仍然是革兰阳性菌中最主要的耐药细菌。至今未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,但已有利奈唑胺耐药的MRCNS菌株检出,应加强监测和关注。

2015-2021年CHINET临床分离沙雷菌属细菌耐药性变迁

目的了解国内主要地区临床分离沙雷菌属细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率及变迁。方法由CHINET中国细菌耐药性监测网参与成员单位将临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化商业药敏测试系统按CHINET统一技术方案进行仪器法药物敏感性试验。结果2015年1月—2021年12月从我国不同地区53所医院临床分离到的沙雷菌属17226株。分离的菌株数从2015年959株上升到2021年3588株,自门急诊患者中分离到的沙雷菌占7.3%(1265/17226),住院患者菌株占92.7%(15961/17226)。17226株沙雷菌属细菌中呼吸道标本占比最高(57.5%±2.5%),其次为血液标本(11.5%±1.5%)。7年连续监测发现除氨苄西林、头孢唑林及呋喃妥因外其他抗菌药物细菌耐药率均有所下降,亚胺培南和美罗培南虽然耐药率数值有所反复,但仍从8.1%和8.3%降到5.3%和5.2%。成年患者来源的菌株对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢他啶-阿维巴坦、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南、呋喃妥因和替加环素耐药率三级医院高于二级医院,其他抗菌药物耐药率均低于二级医院。分离自儿童患者的沙雷菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲唑和替加环素的耐药率低于5%。分离自ICU的菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率普遍高于其他监测科室。7年监测碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目菌株检出率为8.2%。结论7年中沙雷菌属细菌耐药率呈缓慢下降趋势,继续加强标本及时送检及合理使用抗菌药物对细菌耐药率下降起着尤为重要的作用,落实医院感染控制可有效降低耐药细菌的发生。

寄生虫抗药性及其对水产动物寄生虫病药物防治的启示

抗药性是病原体在药物作用下发生生理变化和遗传变异而获得的能经受住药物毒性的一种能力。随着水产养殖集约化程度提高和药物长期大量使用,寄生虫抗药性越来越普遍和严重,不仅影响寄生虫病的防治效果,还带来环境污染和食品安全问题。文章通过对陆生动物抗寄生虫药物、寄生虫抗药性机制、抗药性主要测定方法、抗药性控制策略及水产动物寄生虫抗药性的研究现状进行综述,为我国水产养殖中寄生虫抗药性研究提供思路,同时为减缓寄生虫抗药性提供科学的防控策略。

含引气剂海工混凝土的抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力

为了研究引气剂对海工混凝土抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力的影响,对2种配合比6根海工混凝土梁及相应的冻损试件进行总计100次快速冻融试验;采用质量损失率、动弹性模量损伤度和抗压强度损失率对混凝土冻融损伤程度进行有效评价;考虑混凝土抗压强度退化以及等效矩形应力图系数的变化,提出了冻融作用下海工混凝土梁正截面受弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:加入引气剂可以增强海工混凝土的抗冻性能,降低梁的开裂弯矩退化速率,但会降低混凝土强度和梁的极限弯矩;在150次冻融循环内,提出的模型能够较好地预测冻融作用下海工混凝土梁的正截面受弯承载力。

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制及治疗策略的临床研究进展

近年来,随着碳青霉烯类强效抗菌药物的广泛使用,肺炎克雷伯菌(KP)对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率不断上升。耐碳青霉烯类KP(CRKP)目前在全球范围内广泛传播,检出率不断升高,已成为全球重大的公共卫生问题。CRKP耐药机制较为复杂,涉及产碳青霉烯酶、外膜孔蛋白表达异常以及主动外排泵系统过度表达等。对于CRKP菌株导致的感染,临床治疗可选用的抗菌药物有限,感染控制难度大,患者病死率高。因此,临床应积极预防CRKP、早期发现感染并明确耐药机制、优化临床抗菌药物使用和感染防控,寻找新的抗菌药物及新的联合治疗方案以积极应对CRKP。本文综述CRKP感染现状、耐药机制、治疗策略,为CRKP有效防治提供依据。

氧化亚硫酸化菜籽油加脂剂的制备及性能研究

利用亚硫酸氢钠对氧化菜籽油进行亚硫酸化改性,经过三乙醇胺中和获得植物油基加脂剂(OSF-T),最后通过添加过氧乙酸去除残余的亚硫酸盐获得低碘值加脂剂(OSF-PT)。将上述加脂剂应用于蓝湿牛皮染色加脂实验,同时与市售加脂剂AMK对比。结果表明,自制加脂剂乳液粒径在10~180 nm之间,并具有优异的乳液稳定性和分散性;加脂性能良好,其中OSF-T加脂革柔软度可达6.5 mm;OSF-T加脂革的挥发性有机物(VOC)含量为123.7 g/m^(2),OSF-PT加脂革的VOC含量为121.3 g/m^(2),均低于AMK加脂革(164.3 g/m^(2));OSF-PT加脂革比AMK加脂革的颜色更浅淡,色差(ΔE)为4.12,更适用于浅色革加脂;经过热老化和紫外老化处理,OSF-T加脂革的抗张强度仍维持在15 MPa以上,六价铬含量低于5 mg/kg。加脂剂OSF-T在皮革柔软度、力学性能、耐老化性能和六价铬含量方面均略优于市售加脂剂AMK。

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌感染的治疗研究

目的探讨耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的抗感染治疗方案。方法回顾本院2020年2月-2021年6月住院患者检出CRKP的病例,应用SPSS软件比较CRKP患者治疗前后体温和感染标志物变化,结合病情,对治疗方案及疗效进行分析评价。结果研究纳入59名CRKP感染患者,药敏试验敏感率较高的药物有头孢他啶/阿维巴坦、替加环素、复方磺胺甲噁唑及多粘菌素。主要治疗方案为替加环素为基础的联合治疗,治疗有效率为72.88%。治疗前后患者体温、白细胞、中性粒细胞百分比和超敏C反应蛋白均较前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗过程中无明显不良反应发生。结论本院患者多使用替加环素联合方案治疗,疗效尚可。

高温高矿化度油藏提高采收率用聚合物驱油剂研究

为满足高温高矿化度油藏继续提高采收率的需求,室内以丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、长碳链疏水单体和刚性单体为合成原料,制备了一种耐温抗盐型聚合物驱油剂KWY300,并对其综合性能进行了评价。结果表明,聚合物驱油剂KWY300具有良好的增黏性能和耐温抗盐性能,当溶液矿化度为133000 mg/L,老化温度为110℃时,质量浓度为1200 mg/L的聚合物溶液黏度值仍能达到80 mPa·s以上,增黏效果明显优于HPAM。聚合物驱油剂KWY300具有良好的渗流性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下,阻力系数可以达到50以上,残余阻力系数约为10。此外,聚合物驱油剂KWY300还具有良好的驱油效果,注入PV数为0.5、质量浓度为1200 mg/L的KWY300溶液后,能使岩心水驱后的采收率继续提高16.4%,驱油效果明显优于HPAM。高温高矿化度油藏现场实施聚合物KWY300驱油措施后,区块内生产井的日产油量提升至措施前的3倍以上,含水率有所下降,起到了明显增油效果。

脱硫石膏强度及耐水性改善方法研究综述

针对脱硫石膏强度及耐水性改善方法和改性机理做了系统的归纳与分析。详细阐述了水泥、各种矿物掺合料、有机硅防水剂以及其他有机乳液等对脱硫石膏及其复合胶凝材料的强度和耐水性的影响,对各种改性方法的作用机理、优点以及不足之处进行了讨论。结果表明:掺入适量的水泥和矿物掺合料时会生成水硬性产物,脱硫石膏的强度和耐水性得到一定的改善,但是掺入过量时会造成不利的影响;水泥、粉煤灰和脱硫石膏之间的比例变化会对胶凝体系的强度和耐水性产生较大的影响;有机硅防水剂可以在脱硫石膏表面形成一层疏水性薄膜,显著提升脱硫石膏的耐水性,当与矿物掺合料复合作用于脱硫石膏时可以得到更好的力学性能和耐水性能;其他类型的有机防水剂均能改善脱硫石膏的耐水性,但是大部分会改变脱硫石膏的晶体形貌,对脱硫石膏的强度和耐水性产生不利影响;目前脱硫石膏的改性材料都比较复杂,单独作用时综合性能不佳,需要进一步研究与探讨更加简单、有效的改性材料和方法。

深井超深井钻井液技术应用现状及发展展望

深井超深井最主要的难点是深部高温以及钻进距离长,成为限制其安全快速钻井最主要因素。文章根据深井超深井安全快速钻井对钻井液的核心需求,从抗高温钻井液技术的流变性调控、井壁稳定、防漏堵漏、降摩减阻4个方面分析了钻井液研发与应用中面临的难点,并对国内外抗高温钻井液技术、高温流变稳定技术、井壁强化钻井液技术、深井超深井防漏堵漏技术和抗高温钻井液润滑技术的现场应用及研究成果进行了综述。最后对国内钻井液技术研究领域存在的问题进行分析,并从基础理论研究、新型抗高温钻井液处理剂研发、油基钻井液防漏治漏等方面对深井超深井钻井液技术发展进行展望。

枣庄市立医院2022年临床病原菌分布和抗菌药物耐药分析

目的:了解该院2022年临床病原菌的分布及抗菌药物耐药特点,为临床用药治疗提供参考依据。方法:分析该院2022年临床分离的病原菌,采用VITEK2-Compact全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析仪和纸片扩散法分析病原菌菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:枣庄市立医院2022年分离出病原菌8697株,革兰阴性菌6114株,占70.3%,革兰阳性球菌1255株,占14.4%。2022年甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌29.2%(167/571),甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌72.8%(94/130),未发现对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替加环素耐药的革兰阳性球菌。革兰阴性菌中鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率分别为85.8%(1208/1408)、17.4%(149/858)、3.3%(47/1446),未检出对黏菌素、替加环素耐药的革兰阴性杆菌。结论:我院多重耐药菌检出率呈明显上升趋势,应采取有效的防控措施,规范抗菌药物应用,减少多重耐药菌株。