Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cancer hospital in 2013

Objective： To understand distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria from a specialized cancer hospital in 2013 in order to provide a basis for rational clinical antimicrobial agents. Methods： Pathogenic bacteria identification and drug sensitivity tests were performed with a VITEK 2 compact automatic identification system and data were analyzed using WHONET5.6 software.Results： Of the 1,378 strains tested, 980 were Gram-negative bacilli, accounting for 71.1%, in which Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the dominant strains. We found 328 Gram-positive coccus, accounting for 23.8%, in which the amount of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest. We identified 46 fungi, accounting for 4.1%. According to the departmental distribution within the hospital, the surgical departments isolated the major strains, accounting for 49.7%. According to disease types, lung cancer, intestinal cancer and esophagus cancer were the top three, accounting for 20.9%, 17.3% and 14.2%, respectively. No strains were resistant to imipenem, ertapenem or vancomycin.Conclusions： Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the specialized cancer hospital have different resistance rates compared to commonly used antimicrobial agents; therefore antimicrobial agents to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infections should be used.

Analysis on clinical distribution and drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated for 5 consecutive years

Objective:To analyze the clinical distribution and drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients in a certain hospital and provide a basis for the rational use of antibiotics in the clinical treatment for the infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae.Methods:1,192 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens from 2012 to 2016 were collected.The strains were identified by VITEK-2 Compact Microbiological Identification System,and the corresponding results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test were interpreted in accordance with the standards recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI).Results:1,192 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were mainly isolated from sputum(65.6%),and most of them were from Respiratory Medicine Department and Medical Intensive Care Unit of Respiratory Medicine Department(MICU),accounting for 41.4%.Out of 1,192 strains,448 strains were detected to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs),accounting for 37.6%.In addition,the detection rates of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae for 5 consecutive years showed an increasing trend year by year,and they were higher than the national average values published by China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System(CARSS)in the corresponding period.The drug resistance rate of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly higher than that of non ESBL-producing strains.Conclusions:The infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae mainly occurs in the lower respiratory tract,and the drug resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to antibiotics in the drug susceptibility spectrum are maintained at a high level.Therefore,the rational selection of antibiotics for the clinical treatment of lower respiratory tract infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae must be based on the production of ESBLs and the results of antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Patients with Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in Intensive Care Unit

In order to investigate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections(cIAIs)in intensive care unit(ICU),the clinical data of 612 cIAIs patients from January 2016 to December 2018 were retrospectively collected.Clinical characteristics,distribution of pathogens and drug resistance were statistically analyzed.It was found that patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections(CA-IAIs)made up a majority of cIAIs patients.The positive rate of abdominal drainage fluid culture was 55.56%.Gramnegative bacteria accounted for the majority,the most commonly isolated bacteria of which were Escherichia coli(20.96%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(10.20%)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(5.57%).The most commonly isolated gram-positive bacteria were Enterococcus(16.88%)and Methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA,3.90%).Enterobacter isolates showed high resistance rate to most cephalosporins and low resistance rate to piperacillin/tazobactam and carbapenems.Extended spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL)screen positive isolates from CA-IAIs patients showed an increasing trend in past three years.Enterococcus and MRSA showed high resistance rate to clindamycin,quinolone,erythromycin and tetracycline,while they showed high sensitivity rate to linezolid,tegacycline,teicoplanin and vancomycin.Our results indicate that isolated bacteria from abdominal drainage fluid show high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics in ICU patients with cIAIs.The curative effects on diseases should be monitored continuously when antibiotics are used.Meanwhile,we should always keep eyes on drug-resistant bacteria,especially when the treatment efficacy is not good.

Analysis of the Drug Sensitivity of Escherichia coli Isolated from Sheep in Yangling,Shaanxi Province

This study was conducted to investigate the drug sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from sheep, providing data reference for clinical medication. Fifty-four samples were collected from a certain sheep farm in Yangling, Shaanxi Province for E. coli isolation and identification, and K-B disk diffusion method was used to carry out the dug sensitivity test of 40 E. coli to the eight antimicrobials of spectinomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, levofloxacin, salafloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The results showed that there were 40 positive E. coli strains and the isolation rate was 74.7%. The resistance rates of the 40 E. coli to spectinomycin, amikacin,tobramycin and nalidixic acid were 85%, 95%, 97.5% and 87.5%, respectively, while the resistance rate to enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, salafloxacin and ciprofloxacin were relatively low and the resistance rates were 35%, 20%, 25% and 17.5%, respectively. The isolates showed different levels of drug resistance to eight antimicrobials and the highest resistance rate was 97.5%. It reminds that the sheep farm should strictly control the dosage according to the antimicrobial sensitive data in clinic.

颗粒性质对颗粒污垢成垢影响的数值模拟研究

为了探究颗粒性质对换热面上颗粒污垢成垢过程的影响,本文建立了颗粒污垢沉积和剥蚀模型,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,借助Fluent软件,对不同颗粒性质条件下颗粒污垢的沉积过程进行了数值模拟。结果显示,颗粒污垢热阻先增加后平稳,一段时间后达到一个渐近值。随着颗粒密度的增大,结垢速率逐渐减缓,但由于物性参数不同,污垢热阻值呈现不同的变化规律;随着颗粒粒径的增大,结垢速率逐渐减缓,污垢热阻渐近值随之增大;随着颗粒浓度的增大,结垢速率逐渐加快,污垢热阻渐近值也随之增大。由数值模拟结果可知,减小颗粒浓度和粒径可减缓结垢速率,减小污垢热阻渐近值;颗粒种类对污垢热阻的影响较大。该方法对研究污水中多种颗粒沉积规律具有重要意义。

Synthesis and Evaluation of CQC-1—An Oil Field Scale Inhibitor

Most of the oil wells enter the middle and late stages of extraction. After one oil extraction, water injection is needed for secondary extraction. With a large amount of calcium and magnesium ions in the water, which is easy to form a large amount of insoluble scale, its formed barium sulfate and strontium sulfate scale are more difficult to handle than carbonate scale. In order to reduce the difficulty of oil production work, this paper mainly targeted the sulfate scale for experiments, and prepared the scale retardant agent CQC-1. Through orthogonal experimental screening, the mass ratio of itaconate acid:methacrylic acid:AMPS:sodium acrylic sulfonate was 2:1:1:1, increase the amount of evocating agent was 8% and the reaction time was 4h, the sulfate scale inhibitor synthesized at the temperature of 80°C had the best performance. Using scale resistance rate, degradation and salt-resistance, the experimental results showed that the scale resistance rate of CQC-1 reached 90.46%. In the four-week degradation experiment, the degradation rate reached over 71% and was maintained by 80.65% at 150°C, while the scale resistance rate still reached 80.35% in simulated saline. It has excellent scale resistance, temperature resistance, salt-resistance and degradation, and has good development prospects.

Influence of key factors on deflection of bonded prestressed concrete simply supported slabs subjected to fire

In order to validate the accuracy of nonlinear fire simulation programs,comparison analysis is carried out between simulation and experiment induced from small-scale specimens,and then fire resistance of large-scale prestressed concrete slabs is further investigated through parameter expansion.The influences on fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are explored and discussed,including effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,prestress degree,effective prestress,composite reinforcement index and other factors.The calculated results indicate that fire resistance ratings of large-scale bonded prestressed concrete simply supported slabs are bigger than those of small-scale ones.Finally,the calculation formulas of fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are established,which rationally consider the influence of effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,composite reinforcement index and so on key factors.

Upper Bound Solution of the Resisting Moment Bearing Capacity of A Composite Bucket Shallow Foundation of An Offshore Wind Turbine in Sand

Bearing the large moment that is generated by the wind load that acts on the upper structure of offshore wind turbines is an important feature of their foundations that is different from other offshore structures.A composite bucket shallow foundation(CBSF)has been proposed by Tianjin University to address the soft geological conditions in the offshore regions of China for wind turbines.The CBSF is a new type of foundation and is effective against large moments.The soil deformation test of a CBSF and the numerical simulation study under the same working conditions are carried out to determine the failure mechanism of a CBSF under moment loading.The resisting soil compression rateηm is defined as a new empirical parameter that indicates the ability of the soil inside the bucket to resist moment loading.The upper limit of the resisting moment bearing capacity of the bucket foundation is derived through the upper bound theorem of classical plasticity theory based on the failure mechanism.The calculation method is validated by tests of bucket models with different height-diameter ratios in sand under moment loading.

Effect of Rolling Process on Comprehensive Properties of Corrosion Resistant Steel for Bottom Plate of Cargo Oil Tanks

A new kind of corrosion resistant steelfor cargo oiltanks（COT）was developed.The influences of finalrolling temperature,cooling rate,and finalcooling temperature on microstructure were investigated.The proper rolling process parameters were obtained through multi-pass thermalsimulation test.The finalrolling temperature is about 820 ℃,the finalcooling temperature is about 600 ℃,and the cooling rate should be controlled between 10 ℃/s and 20 ℃/s.Based on the above analysis of the results,three groups of rolling samples by thermo mechanicalcontrolprocess are prepared.The tensile strength,yield strength,and toughness of the corrosion resistant steelare measured,which meet the requirements of DH36 steel,it can instruct the actualrolling production.The corrosion behaviour is also researched by weight loss and electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopic method,and it is found that the steelhas good corrosion resistance performance,the best one is No.3 steel,the corrosion rate of which is about 1/4 of the accepted criterion.

Assessment of Elasticity,Plasticity and Resistance to Machining-induced Damage of Porous Pre-sintered Zirconia Using Nanoindentation Techniques

Porous pre-sintered zirconia is subject to white machining during which its elasticity, plasticity and resistance to machining-induced damage determine its machinability and final quality. This study used nanoindentation techniques and the Sakai＇s series elastic and plastic deformation model to extract the resistance to plastic deformation from the plane strain modulus and the contact hardness for presintered zirconia. The modulus and the resistance to plasticity were used to calculate the relative amount of elasticity and plasticity. The fracture energy and the normalized indentation absorbed energy were used to deconvolute the resistance to machining-induced cracking based on the Sakai-Nowak model. All properties were extracted at a 10 mN peak load and loading rates of 0.1-2 mN/s to determine the loading rate effects on these properties. We found that the resistance to plasticity and the resistance to machining-induced cracking were independent of the loading rate （ANOVA, p 〉 0.05）. The elastic and plastic displacements depended on the loading rate through power laws. This loading rate-dependent deformation behaviour was explained by the maximum shear stress generated underneath the indenter and the indentation energy. The plastic deformation components and the indentation absorbed energy at all loading rates were higher than the elastic deformation components and the elastic strain energy, respectively. Finally, we established the linkage among the pore structure, indentation behaviour and machinability of pre-sintered zirconia.

Development of realistic design fire time-temperature ：urves for the testing of cold-formed steel wall systems

Fire resistance rating of light gauge steel frame （LSF） wall systems is obtained from fire tests based on the standard fire time-temperature curve. However, fire severity has increased in modem buildings due to higher fuel loads as a result of modern furniture and light weight constructions that make use of thermoplastics materials, synthetic foams and fabrics. Some of these materials are high in calorific values and increase both the spread of fire growth and heat release rate, thus increasing the fire severity beyond that of the standard fire curve. Further, the standard fire curve does not include a decay phase that is present in natural fires. Despite the increasing usage of LSF walls, their behavior in real building fires is not fully understood. This paper presents the details of a research study aimed at developing realistic design fire curves for use in the fire tests of LSF walls. It includes a review of the characteristics of building fires, previously developed fire time-temperature curves, computer models and available parametric equations. The paper highlights that real building fire time-temperature curves depend on the fuel load representing the combustible building contents, ventilation openings and thermal properties of wall lining materials, and provides suitable values of many required parameters including fuel loads in residential buildings. Finally, realistic design fire time-temperature curves simulating the fire conditions in modem residential buildings are proposed for the testing of LSF walls.