The Relationship Between Resistance to Controlled Atmosphere and Insecticides of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)

The cross resistance of four resistant strains of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, an important stored-product insect pest, was investigated. These four strains included the HCO2-R (hypercarbia-resistant strain), HCLO-R (hypoxia and hypercarbia resistant strain), DDVP-R (DDVP-resistant strain) and PH3-R (PH3-resistant strain). The results indicated that there were cross-resistances between CA and insecticides, and the quantities of the cross-resistance were different. The cross-resistance factor (RF) of HCO2-R to hypoxia and hypercarbia was 3.2458, whilst, that of HCLO-R to hypercarbia was 1.8280. The RF of DDVP-R to PH3 was 3.9614, whilst, that of PH3-R to DDVP was 2.7852. The RF values of DDVP- R and PH3-R to hypercarbia were 1.3550 and 1.1816, respectively. However, the RF of HCO2- R to DDVP was 2.1372. There also was a low cross-resistance between DDVP-R and HCO2-R. The RF of HCO2-R to PH3 was 3.3698. This suggested that the insects resistant to high CO2 concentration atmosphere would develop significant resistance to PH3. However, the insects resistant to PH3 remain sensitive to hypercarbia atmosphere. Both DDVP-R and PH3- R developed resistance to high CO2 treatment. There was a low cross-resistance between DDVP-R and HCLO-R. The insects resistant to hypoxia and hypercarbia were very sensitive to DDVP. There also was cross-resistance between HCLO-R and PH3-R, but the resistance of PH3-R to hypoxia and hypercarbia was lower than that of HCLO-R to PH3. The difference of the overlapping and separate values indicated that there were differences in the intercross-resistance of four resistant strains.

Effect of Controlled Atmosphere Storage(CAS)Technology of Flue-cured Tobacco Laminas on the Alcoholization Quality of Tobacco

To achieve the continuous maintainence of optimum quality state of flue- cured tobacco laminas and the effective regulation and control on alcoholization time for controlled atmosphere storage （CAS） method in the process of storage, the lam- ina samples of natural alcoholization for 1 year were selected. Comparable analysis on the appearance quality, chemical components and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas in the process of alcoholization was carried out by using the meth- ods of CAS and natural alcoholization. The results showed that appearance and color through the treatment of natural alcoholization were deep, browning and ac- companied by the phenomenon of oil, while color scale of flue-cured tobacco lami- nas through the treatment of CAS was uniform, fullness was better, and these two methods were close or identical after opening for 3 months. The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar during the process of alcoholization were also gradually decreased, but the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar of laminas via CAS was higher than that of the natural alcoholization treatment. Compared with the natural alcoholization,the descending trends of total nitrogen and nicotine contents during CAS were gentler, the ratio via CAS was closer to 1, and the coordination of chemical components was more superior. During the period of alcoholization for 6 to 12 months, sensory quality of laminas via the natural alcoholization treatment was more superior than that of CAS treatment. However, after 18 months of alcoholiza- tion, sensory quality of laminas via the CAS treatment was more superior than that of the natural alcoholization treatment, and the CAS treatment could improve opti- mum sensory quality by 0.5 to 1.5 scores. Additionally, the CAS treatment could prolong the time of optimum alcoholization quality for 6 months, compared with the treatment of natural alcoholization. The CAS method could influence the alcohoJiza- tion quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas and prolong the retention period of opti- mum quality status for flue-cured tobacco laminas by regulating the environmental aas composition, thereby realizin.q quality control of flue-cured tobacco laminas.

Studies on the temporal,structural,and interacting features of the clubroot resistance gene Rcr1 using CRISPR/Cas9-based systems

Clubroot disease is a severe threat to Brassica crops globally,particularly in western Canada.Genetic resistance,achieved through pyramiding clubroot resistance(CR)genes with different modes of action,is the most important strategy for managing the disease.However,studies on the CR gene functions are quite limited.In this study,we have conducted investigations into the temporal,structural,and interacting features of a newly cloned CR gene,Rcr1,using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.For temporal functionality,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-based binary vector,pHHIGR-Hsp18.2,to deliver Rcr1 into a susceptible canola line(DH12075)and observed that early expression of Rcr1 is critical for conferring resistance.For structural functionality,several independent mutations in specific domains of Rcr1 resulted in loss-offunction,highlighting their importance for CR phenotype.In the study of the interacting features of Rcr1,a cysteine protease gene and its homologous allele in canola were successfully disrupted via CRISPR/Cas9 as an interacting component with Rcr1 protein,resulting in the conversion from clubroot resistant to susceptible in plants carrying intact Rcr1.These results indicated an indispensable role of these two cysteine proteases in Rcr1-mediated resistance response.This study,the first of its kind,provides valuable insights into the functionality of Rcr1.Further,the new vector p HHIGR-Hsp18.2 demonstrated an inducible feature on the removal of add-on traits,which should be useful for functional genomics and other similar research in brassica crops.

黄花梨CA贮藏中气体成分对果实呼吸和发病率的影响

以黄花梨为试材,通过两年的气调贮藏（CA）试验,找到了该水果的适宜贮藏温度（1-4℃）及相应的O2和CO2气体浓度,它们分别为8%-11%和1%-4%;特别是对O2和CO2含量的动态监测数据及结果的分析对比,得出了反映呼吸变化的呼吸差Rd值与贮藏效果的关系,初步探明：随Rd值的增大,发病率增加,Rd值越小,越利于贮藏;还可通过Rd值的比较反推其临界氧含量.

CA贮藏对新鲜石刁柏的影响

用9种不同的CA条件与低温空气贮藏进行比较,结果证明用CA贮藏法进行石刁柏的贮藏保鲜是可行的。在设定的10个试验区中,当O_2浓度保持在21％的前提下,适当提高CO_2的浓度可提高贮藏效果。以21％O_2,30％CO:_2的贮藏条件保鲜效果较好。当CO_2浓度为0％时,O_2的浓度在1～0％之间保鲜效果最好。在10个试验区中,以空气条件下贮藏效果最差。

Quality control for bloom casting of YQ450NQR1 steel

To reduce surface depression of a bloom, the primary cooling intensity was decreased, and the water distribution of mold wide and narrow faces was optimized. The length of secondary cooling zones and the specific water flow were increased, and the water flow distribution among the secondary cooling zones was adjusted to eliminate central defects, such as center looseness, central segregation, and center line cracks. The operation showed that the proportion of surface depression decreased from 37.22% to 2.87%, whereas the proportion of center looseness for 〈1.0 increased from 79.71% to 90.70%, the proportion of central segregation for 〈0.5 increased from 1.45% to 44.19%, and the proportion of center line cracks that are free increased from 39.13% to 62.79%. The qualified blooms are delivered to produce 310 Z-beam, whose yield strength is greater than 450 MPa.

富氮气调--磷化氢的可供替换技术

在粮食储藏上利用氮气的方法已经有30多年的历史,但直到最近经济有效的变压吸附(PSA)和膜分离(MS)制氮设备的出现,才使得该技术在储粮上使用成为可能。本研究首先在25、30和35℃、99%、98%和97%氮气的环境下,对小麦、大麦、燕麦、羽扇豆和油菜籽中的花斑皮蠹、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹和米象成虫和非成虫虫态进行了为期4、3和2周的实验室生物测定。然后在终端用户LakeGrace和CBH(Cooperative BulkHandling)谷物进出口公司Albany出口港码头开展实仓验证,测定小麦、大麦和油菜籽中不同储粮害虫虫种和油菜籽瓢虫和肖叶甲类两种田间害虫的防治效果。同时对处理后的粮食品质进行了测定。实验结果表明,害虫死亡率随着氧气浓度降低、暴露时间和温度的增加而增加,富氮低氧在低温条件下不能100%致死花斑皮蠹幼虫。氮气处理对磷化氢抗性和敏感品系储粮害虫防治效果没有差异。与其他粮种相比,在油菜籽中的防治效果更好。各种粮种的水分含量、蛋白质、含油量、淀粉和籽粒颜色品质指标均未受到影响。成功开发了富氮低氧商业规模应用模式,为磷化氢高抗性害虫治理提供了解决方案,满足市场日益增长对无害虫和无化学残留粮食的需求。

Effects of Gibberellic Acid (GA_(3)) and Salicylic Acid (SA) postharvest treatments on the quality of fresh Barhi dates at different ripening levels in the Khalal maturity stage during controlled atmosphere storage

Barhi dates at Khalal maturity stage are well-known with their pleasant taste,crispy texture,and bright yellow color.It is necessary to extend the duration of Barhi Khalal stage which is too short for effective marketing.This study aimed to inspect the effects of Gibberellic Acid(GA_(3))and Salicylic Acid(SA)postharvest treatments on retaining the high quality of Khalal Barhi fruits during controlled atmosphere storage.Fresh samples of Barhi fruits at Khalal stage harvested at three different ripening levels were dipped after harvesting in GA3(150 ppm)or SA(2.0 mmol/L)and subsequently stored in controlled atmosphere(0°С,5%O_(2),5%CO_(2),80%±5%RH).The results revealed that the GA_(3) and SA treatments reduced the percentage of weight loss and decay in the fruits,while the total soluble solids increased.Moreover,GA_(3) and SA treatments were significantly efficient in limiting the changes in fruit color and texture of Barhi dates compared to the control.Sensorial results support the experimental data and disclosed that the GA_(3)(150 ppm)treatment in the controlled atmosphere(CA)storage was better in conserving the quality of Barhi at the Khalal maturity stage and delaying ripening process.

红富士苹果气调贮藏参数的研究

气调对比试验结果表明,气调贮藏可明显抑制富士苹果果肉硬度下降,减少内源乙烯含量,贮期达8个月仍能保持良好的品质;富士苹果贮藏期间的果肉褐变主要同CO2浓度有关,降O2会增加果实对CO2的敏感性;果实衰老也可导致富士苹果的果实褐变;2%CO2+5%O2是富士苹果长期贮藏的理想气体指标。

1-MCP处理和气调贮藏对赛买提杏冷藏效果的影响

为明确1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、气调贮藏(CA)及二者协同作用对赛买提杏的保鲜效果,研究1μL/L 1-MCP处理、3%CO2+3%O2+94%N2气调环境和1-MCP+CA处理对0℃条件下28d贮藏期间杏果实呼吸速率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)、抗坏血酸(VC)含量和颜色变化的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理可以显著降低赛买提杏果实呼吸速率,延缓果实硬度和VC含量下降速率(P<0.05),但对果实SSC和TA含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。CA可以显著延缓果实硬度、TA含量和果皮颜色(H)变化(P<0.05)。1-MCP+CA处理可显著延缓果实硬度、TA含量、VC含量和颜色H值下降速率(P<0.05)。1-MCP和CA对赛买提杏均有明显的保鲜效果,1-MCP+CA处理保鲜效果优于单独处理。

嗜卷书虱气调抗性与熏蒸剂抗性的相互关系

嗜卷书虱(Liposcelis bostrychophia Badonnel)是一种重要的储藏物害虫,经过气调和药剂的抗性筛选,可以获得抗高CO2品系(RCO2-R)、抗低O2+高CO2品系(HCLO-R)和抗DDVP品系(DDVP-R)、抗PH3品系(PH3-R)。本项研究在获得4个抗性品系的基础上,系统测定了各抗性品系对不同处理的交互抗性指数,以及交互抗性指数间的重叠值(Ov)和差异度(Sv)等。结果表明,各抗性品系之间存在着双向交互抗性,其中,HCO2-R品系对低O2+高CO2气调处理的抗性指数为3.2458,而HCLO-R品系对高CO2气调处理的抗性指数仅为1.8280;DDVP-R品系对PH3的抗性指数为3.9614,而PH3-R品系对DDVP的抗性指数为2.7852; DDVP-R和PH3-R品系对高CO2的抗性指数分别为1.3550和1.1816,但HCO2-R品系对DDVP的抗性指数为2.1372,对PH3的抗性指数为3.3698,因此,一旦形成了对高CO2的抗性,则对PH3也会产生明显抗性,但形成了对PH3的抗性品系而对高CO2仍有一定的敏感性。两个抗药性品系均对低O2+高CO2气调处理产生了一定的抗性,但当形成了抗低O2+高CO2的品系之后,对DDVP的处理仍有较大的敏感性,HCLO-R品系对PH3也形成了抗性,但PH3的抗性品系对低O2+高CO2气调处理的抗性要低一些。各抗性品系之间对不同处理均存在着交互抗性和双向交互抗性,各品系之间双向交互抗性的差异表?

气调处理对绿芦笋抗氧化及抗病酶活性的影响

为探讨气调处理对绿芦笋抗氧化和抗病性相关酶活性的影响,以空气为对照(CK),在15±1℃和相对湿度为90%~95%的贮藏条件下,研究5种不同比例气体成分[CA1(5%CO_2+1.5%O_2)、CA2(7%CO_2+0%O_2)、CA3(7%CO_2+1.5%O_2)、CA4(7%CO_2+3.5%O_2)、CA5(9%CO_2+1.5%O_2)]对达宝利绿芦笋采后感官品质、菌落总数、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总酚含量、二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)清除率、羟自由基(·OH)清除率以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的影响。结果表明,气调处理不同程度抑制了芦笋根部的腐烂,延缓了其菌落总数、相对电导率和MDA含量的上升,维持其较高的总酚含量、DPPH清除率、·OH清除率以及SOD、CAT、PPO活性,减缓了其POD活性上升,并保持了组织较低的PAL活性,所有气调处理中以CA3效果较好。此外,以绿芦笋根部开始出现腐烂为标准,CK、CA1、CA2、CA4、CA5和CA3的贮藏期分别为1、2、2、2、4和5 d。因此,CA3(7%CO_2+1.5%O_2)的气调处理可维持达宝利绿芦笋采后较好品质。本研究结果为绿芦笋的贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据及技术支持。

冰温气调对红富士苹果贮藏效果的影响

研究了冰温条件下不同气体成分对红富士苹果果实生理及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,八成熟红富士苹果的冰点为-1.5℃,其冰点温度与果实的成熟度呈负相关;适宜的冰温气调贮藏条件可明显地抑制红富士苹果呼吸及乙烯释放速率,减缓果实组织相对电导率的上升和果肉硬度及可溶性固形物(TSS)的下降速率,贮藏8个月仍能保持良好的品质;红富士苹果较长期冰温贮藏的适宜气体指标为:O21%～3%,CO2<2%。

生物抑制剂处理结合低温冷藏对龙眼保鲜质量的影响

以提高龙眼的保鲜质量和商品率为目的,采用生物抑制剂处理龙眼进行低温气调保鲜。采用正交试验方法,分析了生物抑制剂对龙眼果皮褐变和保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,在相同的低温气调保鲜条件下,采用生物抑制剂处理,可更有效地抑制龙眼保鲜过程的呼吸作用,有效降低了酶活性的变化,延缓了龙眼果实的衰老与果皮褐变,保鲜时间长,且更好地保留了果实的营养成分,商品率高。

气调贮藏对白玉枇杷保鲜效果的影响

调查了在6℃条件下不同气体组分对白玉枇杷果实硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸含量、腐烂率以及与贮藏生理密切相关的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,气调贮藏可显著地抑制枇杷总酸含量下降,延缓可溶性固形物含量下降,并可保持较高的POD和SOD活性。白玉枇杷在6℃贮藏条件下,气调贮藏的适宜气体成分为O_24%～6%、CO_26%～8%。

气调胁迫对咖啡豆象三种解毒酶活性与动力学参数的影响(英文)

为了分析气调处理对实验昆虫解毒酶性质的影响,探讨酶活性变化与气调抗性形成的潜在关系,本研究用高浓度二氧化碳胁迫处理咖啡豆象Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) ,研究其羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE) 、酸性磷酸酯酶(acid phosphatase,ACP) 和谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione Stransferases, GSTs) 的生物化学与毒理学性质。结果表明: 高浓度二氧化碳气调胁迫处理咖啡豆象3 h,6 h和9 h,其CarE酶活力分别升高35. 41%,55. 02%和88. 98% 。CarE 酶促动力学参数Vmax分别升高26. 13%,31. 77%和 57. 12%,Km没有显著改变; 相应处理下,ACP活力分别升高34. 53%,72. 45%和 126. 37%; GSTs活力分别升高5. 40%,8. 40%和17. 59%。可见,二氧化碳气调胁迫下,实验昆虫可以通过调节部分解毒酶的酶活力或酶促动力学参数来应对不利环境; 酶与底物间的亲和力增强可能是昆虫在气调胁迫下保护机体免受伤害的一种代谢反馈信息。本研究可为昆虫气调杀虫及其抗(耐) 气性形成机制提供一些基础信息。

梨果实贮藏中高二氧化碳伤害及其机理的研究进展

气调贮藏能有效的保持果实的品质,延长货架期;但不适宜的气调贮藏极易对果实造成伤害,尤其是高CO2会诱导梨发生褐变,风味和品质随之下降。该文对梨果实贮藏过程中高CO2伤害症状、细胞内CaCO3积累、细胞膜伤害、多酚氧化酶催化的酚类物质氧化、重要生化物质代谢失调等机理以及气调贮藏研究进展等方面进行了综述,以期为改善梨贮藏品质,延长上架时间提供参考。

微容气调环境对杨梅的保鲜效果研究

杨梅微容气调贮藏处理可明显抑制乙烯释放,降低果实的霉变率,延缓杨梅果实软化。贮藏温度5±1℃,对照在采收后2,3,6d乙烯释放量分别为处理的8.87,5.32,6.22倍;气调处理22d果实软化率比对照降低67个百分点,3.8%氧气浓度下,处理7d霉变率比对照下降36.9个百分点,14d下降57.7个百分点。在2±1℃条件下,效果更好。在氧气浓度为3.8%～7 9%的试验范围内,浓度越低,对致病微生物的抑制效果和对杨梅的保鲜效果越好。

嗜卷书虱抗气调品系的选育及其适合度研究

于恒温条件下以人工饲料饲养的嗜卷书虱Liposcelisbostrychophila ,在 35%CO2 和 1%O2组配的气调环境中以 50 %左右的选择压力处理 ,以选育其抗气调性。至 30代获得抗性品系 (CA R) ,抗性倍数达 5 6倍 ,且有继续增强的基因潜能。该抗性品系对气调的抗性不太稳定 ,在无选择压力的情况下经室内 5代饲养 ,抗性衰退了 6 3 2 %。CA R品系与敏感品系在无气调选择压力的条件下相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性 ;但没有发现CA R品系在生长发育特性上的不利性。以净增殖率来衡量 ,CA R品系相对于敏感品系具有 0 39的适合度。

库尔勒香梨贮藏期间黑头病发病与果实软化指标的相关性

目的:研究库尔勒香梨采后贮藏期间黑头病发病与果实软化的相关性研究,为库尔勒香梨黑头病发病机制的进一步研究提供理论依据。方法:以接种黑头病致病菌的香梨果实为实验组(不接种黑头病致病菌的香梨为对照组),分别贮藏在普通冷库和气调冷库中。在贮藏的不同阶段分别测定不同贮藏条件下香梨果实中纤维素、果胶含量以及纤维素酶、果胶酶的活性,同时对与果实软化相关的基础理化指标进行测定。结果:与对照组相比,接种致病菌的果实软化程度更大,果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、果胶含量、粗纤维和木质素含量均明显低于对照组,与果实软化程度呈负相关;果实的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶活性明显高于对照组,与果实软化呈正相关。两种贮藏条件相比,气调贮藏库中的果实各项理化指标均优于普通冷库贮藏,同时气调贮藏库中病果的发病明显滞后于普通冷库。结论:黑头病的发病加剧了库尔勒香梨果实的软化;气调贮藏果实发病速度较慢,更有利于果实的贮藏保鲜。