Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity,tunable interfacial barrier with metal,tissue matchable softness,and versatile chemical functionalization,making them robust to bridge the gap b...Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity,tunable interfacial barrier with metal,tissue matchable softness,and versatile chemical functionalization,making them robust to bridge the gap between brain tissue and electronic circuits.This review focuses on chemically revised conducting polymers,combined with their superior and controllable electrochemical performance,to fabricate long-term bioelectronic implants,addressing chronic immune responses,weak neuron attraction,and long-term electrocommunication instability challenges.Moreover,the promising progress of zwitterionic conducting polymers in bioelectronic implants(≥4 weeks stable implantation)is highlighted,followed by a comment on their current evolution toward selective neural coupling and reimplantable function.Finally,a critical forward look at the future of zwitterionic conducting polymers for in vivo bioelectronic devices is provided.展开更多
Adipose tissue hypoxia has been recognized as the initiation of insulin resistance syndromes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mangiferin on the insulin signaling pathway and explore whet...Adipose tissue hypoxia has been recognized as the initiation of insulin resistance syndromes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mangiferin on the insulin signaling pathway and explore whether mangiferin could ameliorate insulin resistance caused by hypoxia in adipose tissue. Differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated under normal and hypoxic conditions, respectively. Protein expressions were analyzed by Western blotting. Inflammatory cytokines and HIF-1-dependent genes were tested by ELISA and q-PCR, respectively. The glucose uptake was detected by fluorescence microscopy. HIF-1α was abundantly expressed during 8 h of hypoxic incubation. Inflammatory reaction was activated by up-regulated NF-κB phosphorylation and released cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Glucose uptake was inhibited and insulin signaling pathway was damaged as well. Mangiferin substantially inhibited the expression of HIF-1α. Lactate acid and lipolysis, products released by glycometabolism and lipolysis, were also inhibited. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced and the damaged insulin signaling pathway was restored to proper functional level. The glucose uptake of hypoxic adipocytes was promoted and the dysfunction of adipocytes was relieved. These results showed that mangiferin could not only improve the damaged insulin signaling pathway in hypoxic adipocytes, but also ameliorate inflammatory reaction and insulin resistance caused by hypoxia.展开更多
基金supported by NSFC(22175111,21474014,21704013,and 51903149)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at the Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning(TP2019043)the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(20XD1400100).
文摘Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity,tunable interfacial barrier with metal,tissue matchable softness,and versatile chemical functionalization,making them robust to bridge the gap between brain tissue and electronic circuits.This review focuses on chemically revised conducting polymers,combined with their superior and controllable electrochemical performance,to fabricate long-term bioelectronic implants,addressing chronic immune responses,weak neuron attraction,and long-term electrocommunication instability challenges.Moreover,the promising progress of zwitterionic conducting polymers in bioelectronic implants(≥4 weeks stable implantation)is highlighted,followed by a comment on their current evolution toward selective neural coupling and reimplantable function.Finally,a critical forward look at the future of zwitterionic conducting polymers for in vivo bioelectronic devices is provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81072976 and 81173623)the QingLan project of Jiangsu Province of China(2014)
文摘Adipose tissue hypoxia has been recognized as the initiation of insulin resistance syndromes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mangiferin on the insulin signaling pathway and explore whether mangiferin could ameliorate insulin resistance caused by hypoxia in adipose tissue. Differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated under normal and hypoxic conditions, respectively. Protein expressions were analyzed by Western blotting. Inflammatory cytokines and HIF-1-dependent genes were tested by ELISA and q-PCR, respectively. The glucose uptake was detected by fluorescence microscopy. HIF-1α was abundantly expressed during 8 h of hypoxic incubation. Inflammatory reaction was activated by up-regulated NF-κB phosphorylation and released cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Glucose uptake was inhibited and insulin signaling pathway was damaged as well. Mangiferin substantially inhibited the expression of HIF-1α. Lactate acid and lipolysis, products released by glycometabolism and lipolysis, were also inhibited. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced and the damaged insulin signaling pathway was restored to proper functional level. The glucose uptake of hypoxic adipocytes was promoted and the dysfunction of adipocytes was relieved. These results showed that mangiferin could not only improve the damaged insulin signaling pathway in hypoxic adipocytes, but also ameliorate inflammatory reaction and insulin resistance caused by hypoxia.
