Cross-layer resource allocation based on equivalent bandwidth in OFDMA systems

A quality of service（QoS） guaranteed cross-layer resource allocation algorithm with physical layer, medium access control（MAC） layer and call admission control（CAC） considered simultaneously is proposed for the full IP orthogonal frequency division multiple access（OFDMA） communication system, which can ensure the quality of multimedia services in full IP networks.The algorithm converts the physical layer resources such as subcarriers, transmission power, and the QoS metrics into equivalent bandwidth which can be distributed by the base station in all three layers. By this means, the QoS requirements in terms of bit error rate（BER）, transmission delay and dropping probability can be guaranteed by the cross-layer optimal equivalent bandwidth allocation. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm has higher spectrum efficiency compared to the existing systems.

Evaluating indicators of human well-being for ecosystem-based management

Introduction:Interrelated social and ecological challenges demand an understanding of how environmental change and management decisions affect human well-being.This paper out-lines a framework for measuring human well-being for ecosystem-based management(EBM).We present a prototype that can be adapted and developed for various scales and contexts.Scientists and managers use indicators to assess status and trends in integrated ecosystem assessments(IEAs).To improve the social science rigor and success of EBM,we developed a systematic and transparent approach for evaluating indicators of human well-being for an IEA.Methods:Our process is based on a comprehensive conceptualization of human well-being,a scalable analysis of management priorities,and a set of indicator screening criteria tailored to the needs of EBM.We tested our approach by evaluating more than 2000 existing social indicators related to ocean and coastal management of the US West Coast.We focused on two foundational attributes of human well-being:resource access and self-determination.Outcomes and Discussion:Our results suggest that existing indicators and data are limited in their ability to reflect linkages between environmental change and human well-being,and extremely limited in their ability to assess social equity and justice.We reveal a critical need for new social indicators tailored to answer environmental questions and new data that are disaggregated by social variables to measure equity.In both,we stress the importance of collaborating with the people whose well-being is to be assessed.Conclusion:Our framework is designed to encourage governments and communities to carefully assess the complex tradeoffs inherent in environmental decision-making.