Conduction pathways of resource endowment affecting carbon intensity:Based on interprovincial data in China

By establishing a mathematical model and a basic analytical framework for the impact of resource endowments on carbon intensity,a traditional panel model without spatial panel effects was firstly constructed,a Durbin-Wu-Hausman test was conducted,and the model was set as a fixed-effects model based on the statistical values;secondly,the traditional panel model without spatial effects was estimated,and LM tests and robustness tests were conducted on the regression residuals.The LM test was then used to remove the fixed effect terms by the de-meaning method,and the Matlab 7.0 software was used to estimate the model.The stepwise introduction of variables was used to observe the effect of each variable on economic growth and to analyze the relationship between the magnitude and significance of the regression parameters of each variable.Finally,the path of conduction effect of resource endowment through mediating variable sinfluencing economic growth and carbon emissions,and thus carbon intensity,was constructed.The conclusion is that carbon intensity is inversely proportional to economic growth for a given level of carbon emissions.Therefore,if resource endowment promotes economic growth through mediating variables,it will lead to a decrease in carbon intensity,which is conducive to the achievement of emission reduction targets;conversely,if resource endowment hinders economic growth through mediating variables,it will lead to an increase in carbon intensity,which is not conducive to the achievement of emission reduction targets.

Relationship between Economic Development,Resource Endowment and Soybean Export Dependability

The dependability of world major soybean exporters was measured and its influencing factors were analyzed through constructing the export output elasticity indicator.It was found that since 2010,among the world major soybean exporters,the dependability of Brazil,India,Russia and Ukraine increased,the dependability of Argentina and Paraguay dropped,while that of Canada,the USA and Uruguay was basically stable.Among the influencing factors of the dependability,the increase in international soybean prices and abundance of cultivated land resources are helpful for increasing the dependability,while the increase of population and improvement of economic development will reduce the dependability.China should reduce its dependence on countries with low export dependability,and actively develop production cooperation with import source countries to promote their dependability.

Location Choice or Industrial Enterprises in China： Market Potential, Resource Endowment and Tax Burden

Using a New Economic Geography OVEG） model, this paper investigates the effect of market potential, natural resource endowment and tax burden on the location distribution of industrial enterprises in China. By applying data from 2000 to 2010 of 286 Chinese cities, this paper conducts an empirical analysis on the location of industrial enterprises of different time periods, regions and ownership systems. The results indicate that greater domestic market potential and international market demand are favorable to fostering or introduction of new enterprises. It also shows that coastal cities with better resource endowment are more attractive to corporate investment, while cities in interior regions have heavy and highly differentiated industrial tax burdens, which is unfavorable to the attraction of enterprises. In comparison, infrastructure and wage of cities have no obvious effect on enterprises＇ location choice. When it comes to enterprises of different ownership, domestic market potential and international market demand all have significant positive effects on the location distribution of foreign-funded enterprises, private enterprises and enterprises with investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, while the level of urban industrial tax burden has an opposite effect. We find that the NEG model has a relatively strong explanatory power to the location of industrial enterprises in China.

Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities

Improving the efficiency with which natural resources are utilized is an indispensable for achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the utilization efficiency of energy, water, and land, we established a comprehensive natural resource utilization efficiency index(NRUEI). We then calculated the 2016 index for 165 cities in China,and investigated what caused it to vary. We found three main results:(1) the NRUEI varied greatly across China and there were significant positive correlations between urban energy utilization efficiency(EUE), water utilization efficiency(WUE) and land utilization efficiency(LUE);(2) the NRUEI showed a significant positive correlation with a city’s population size,economy(Gross Domestic Product(GDP)), and the level of urban social development(GDP per capita);(3) cities in East China have the highest natural resource utilization efficiency,while cities in Northeast China have the lowest. These results indicate that China’s increasing urban development is associated with rising natural resource utilization efficiency and that the city’s endowment of natural resources is an important factor affecting that efficiency. Further, the results showed that the determinants of a city’s NRUEI differed in large and small cities. Lastly, our results suggest that improving EUE is key for improving NRUEI in urban China, and different efficiencies can be improved intertwined. A major takeaway of this study is that there is great potential for improving natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities and we include city-specific suggestions for efficiency improvements.

The Dual Model for Tourism Resource Productivity Improvement

For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the "Great Leap Forward" which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand.

Water Resource and Regional Economic Growth Study Based on Panel Data

Empirical analysis to the relationship between water resource scarcity degree and economic growth were done by building relationship model between water resource scarcity degree and regional economic growth with provincial panel data of 30 provinces during 2000-2009. The analysis results show that, in water resource scarcity regions, the shortage of water resource is the key factor of restricting economic development. In order to alleviate the shortage of water resource and meet the needs of economic development to water resource, it is necessary to speed up the establishment of water right trading market and finally achieve the goal of water-saving and regulation of water resource by economic leverage. The specific countermeasures include： first, comprehensively considering the endowment difference of water resource when carrying out industrial planning and layout; second, speeding up the establishment of water right trading market and revising water-saving incentive mechanism; third, increasing fiscal transfer payment ability to the provinces of outputting water resource; fourth, strengthening industrial guidance, making moderate industrial transfer and population movement; fifth, paying attention to science, technology and education investment, to improve utilization efficiency of water resource.

An analysis of major scientific problems and research paths of Gulong shale oil in Daqing Oilfield, NE China

After the preliminary basic research on the problems encountered during the production period of Gulong shale oil in the Songliao Basin, NE China, and the scientific exploration, the special characteristics of Gulong shale oil in terms of reservoir space, phase distribution, flow pattern, and mineral evolution are proposed. The main results are as follows :(1) The source of organic matter, mechanism of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, and key factors affecting shale oil abundance;(2) The types and structural characteristics of the reservoir and their contribution to porosity and permeability;(3) The mineral origin and evolution of minerals and their influence on reservoir availability, sensitivity, and compressibility;(4) The rock mechanical characteristics and fracture propagation law of Gulong shale;(5) The shale oil products, phase change law and main control factors of adsorption and desorption conversion of Gulong shale oil;(6) The mechanism of shale oil-liquid, solid-liquid gas interaction and enhanced oil recovery. Three key research suggestions are proposed to realize the large-scale economic utilization of the Gulong shale oil as follows:(1) Deepen research on the mechanism of oil and gas generation and discharge, storage and transportation, to guide the selection of geological sweet spots of shale oil;(2) Deepen research on the compressibility and fracture initiation mechanism to support the selection of engineering sweet spots and optimization of engineering design;(3) Deepen research on the fluid interaction mechanism under reservoir conditions, os us to guide the optimization of development schemes and the selection of EOR technologies. A successful development of Gulong shale oil requires global experts and scholars to contribute multidisciplinary innovative ideas and technical ideas to solve production problems.

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

Conditions and Paths of Transformation of Agricultural Producing Methods in China

This paper analyzes the origin of the traditional small-scale peasant economy in China,introduces the development basis of traditional agriculture and the constraints of traditional agricultural development. Then it analyzes the possibility of transformation caused by the change of constraints according to the possibility of resource endowment changes and the possibility of changes in economic foundations and political cultural foundations. And finally based on the analysis of constraints,it is concluded that the development of China's future needs to focus on small-scale farmers,large-scale planting households,cooperatives and a small number of enterprises,and put forward three paths to developing modern agriculture which are large scale land operation,the professional cooperation of farmers,and the large scale production processes.

Geographical Space Distribution of China's Oil and Gas Industry:Characteristics and Drivers

Here, the geographical space distribution of the oil and gas industry in China is comprehensively investigated using the overal Moran’s I index and local Moran’s I index. We found that China’s oil and gas industry development from 2000 to 2010 has a differentiated geographical space distribution upstream （extractive industry） but not downstream （reifning industry）. To analyze upstream and downstream states a spatial econometrics model （SEM） was used to identify inlfuential factors resulting from the spatial concentration of the oil and gas industry. An external effect is the key factor promoting the spatial concentration of the upstream industry in China;governmental economic policy is another important factor.