The Major Ore Clusters of Super-Large Iron Deposits in the World, Present Situation of Iron Resources in China, and Prospect

The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces（belts）, such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF）, magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF） as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great oresearching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.

Responses of arid plant species diversity and composition to environmental factors

An oasis is a unique natural landscape in arid and semi-arid areas,significant for regulating regional microclimates and hydrological processes in deserts.However,little is known regarding the response of natural oasis plants communities to various environmental factors.Nineteen sample plots(50 m×50 m)were selected in the Daliyabuyi Oasis in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland based on the location of groundwater monitoring wells and 76 vegetation quadrats(25 m×25 m)were established.A two-way indicator species analysis,Mantel test,detrended correspondence analysis,canonical correspondence analysis(CCA),and hierarchical partitioning were used to provide an in-depth analysis of community classification,species composition,and environmental interpretation of the oasis.A generalized linear model was used to verify the results which showed that the current oasis community could be divided into four types according to the dominant species,which is controlled by soil moisture.Measurement of species composition and distribution of communities showed significant differences between species diversity of individual community types.Variations in groundwater depth affects patterns of species diversity which is sensitive to richness,while the degree of surface water disturbance affects the pattern of species evenness.Moreover,the CCA ordination map showed that community distribution and diversity characteristics have their own preferences in habitat gradients.The study concluded that the species dominance of the community and the composition and distribution are not dominated by a single factor.There are differences in the scale and effect of different water resource types in maintaining community characteristics.

The Metallogenetic Regularities of Lithium Deposits in China

Lithium resources support the development of high-technology industries. China has abundant lithium resources which are mainly distributed in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and Jiangxi. Salt lakes in China have significant lithium reserves, but lithium is mainly produced from hard rock lithium deposits because the extraction from salt lakes requires further improvements. The hard rock lithium deposits mainly occur in granitic pegmatite in the Altay region of Xinjiang and the Jiajika deposit in western Sichuan Province; they mainly formed in the Mesozoic and occurred in a relatively stable stage during orogenic processes. On the basis of the information from 151 lithium deposits or spots, 14 lithium metallogenic series were identified, and granitic pegmatite, granite, and sedimentary types were considered to be the main prediction types of lithium resources. Twelve lithium mineralization belts were divided and a series of maps showing the lithium metallogenetic regularity in China were drawn. We conclude that the hard rock and brine type of lithium resources possibly have a similar lithium source related to magmatism. The mctallogenic features of the lithium in China were related with the distinct history of tectonic-magmatic activity in China. This study benefits the assessment of, and prospecting for, lithium resources in China.

A Preliminary Review of the Metallogenic Regularity of Nickel Deposits in China

The nickel deposits mainly distributed in 19 provinces and autonomous regions in China are 339 ore deposits/occurrences, including 4 super large-scale deposits, 14 large-scale deposits, 26 middle- scale deposits, 75 small-scale deposits, and 220 mineralized occurrences. The prediction types of mineral resources of nickel deposits are magmatic type, marine sedimentary type and regolith type. The formation age is from the Neoarchean to the Cenozoic with two peaks in the Neoproterozoic and the late Paleozoic. The nickel deposits formed in the Neoproterozoic are located on the margin of the North China Block and Yangtze Block, and those formed in the late Paleozoic are mainly distributed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, Emeishan and the Tarim Large Igneous Provinces （LIPs）. Magmatic nickel deposits are mainly related with broken-up continental margin, post-collision extension of the orogenic belt and mantle plume. According to different tectonic backgrounds and main characteristics of magmatism, the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenie series types of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks can be divided into 4 subtypes： （1） the Ni-Cu-Co- PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the broken-up continental margin, （2） the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in mantle plume magmatism, （3） the Ni-Cu-Co- PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the subduction of the orogenic belt, and （4） the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in post-collision extension of the orogenic belt. We have discussed in this paper the typical characteristics and metaliogenic models for Neoproterozoic Ni-Cu-（PGE） deposits related with broken-up continental margin, Cambrian marine sedimentary Ni-Mo-V deposits related with black shale, early Permian Ni-Cu deposits related with post-collision extension of the orogenic belt, late Permian Ni-Cu-（PGE） deposits related with Large Igneous Provinces （LIPs）, and Cenozoic Ni-Au deposits related with regolith. The broken-up continental margin, mantle plume and post-collision extension of the orogenic belt are important ore- forming geological backgrounds, and the discordogenic fault, mafic-ultramafic intrusion, high MgO primitive magma （high-MgO basaltic magma）, deep magmatism, sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation are 6 important geological conditions for the magmatic nickel deposits.

A game theoretical approach for distributed resource allocation with uncertainty

Purpose-The paper aims to build the connections between game theory and the resource allocation problem with general uncertainty.It proposes modeling the distributed resource allocation problem by Bayesian game.During this paper,three basic kinds of uncertainties are discussed.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to build the connections between game theory and the resource allocation problem with general uncertainty.Design/methodology/approach-In this paper,the Bayesian game is proposed for modeling the resource allocation problem with uncertainty.The basic game theoretical model contains three parts:agents,utility function,and decision-making process.Therefore,the probabilistic weighted Shapley value(WSV)is applied to design the utility function of the agents.For achieving the Bayesian Nash equilibrium point,the rational learning method is introduced for optimizing the decision-making process of the agents.Findings-The paper provides empirical insights about how the game theoretical model deals with the resource allocation problem uncertainty.A probabilistic WSV function was proposed to design the utility function of agents.Moreover,the rational learning was used to optimize the decision-making process of agents for achieving Bayesian Nash equilibrium point.By comparing with the models with full information,the simulation results illustrated the effectiveness of the Bayesian game theoretical methods for the resource allocation problem under uncertainty.Originality/value-This paper designs a Bayesian theoretical model for the resource allocation problem under uncertainty.The relationships between the Bayesian game and the resource allocation problem are discussed.

基于基因组序列的3种沙门菌分子血清分型方法比较研究

目的比较3种沙门菌分子血清分型方法,获得一种准确度较高的方法用来替代传统的血清凝集技术用于沙门菌血清型判定。方法对覆盖50个血清型的509株沙门菌提取核酸进行全基因组测序,根据全基因组序列分别利用多位点序列分型(MLST)、SalmonSeroPredicition以及SISTR(Salmonella in silico typing resource)3种方法在线预测获得每株菌的血清型,然后与传统血清凝集获得的血清型进行一致性比较分析,评估每种方法血清型预测的准确度。结果SISTR、MLST以及SalmonSeroPredicition预测血清型的准确率分别为96.67%、93.52%、69.16%。常见沙门菌血清型印第安纳沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌血清型预测正确率最高,为100%,德尔卑沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌血清型预测正确率分别为99.17%、95.74%。3种方法均预测错误的血清型有肠炎沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌和沙门菌的萨拉姆亚种、亚利桑那亚种和双相亚利桑那亚种等;预测错误原因主要是基因序列丢失和鞭毛抗原基因未表达。结论基于基因组序列的SISTR血清型预测方法具有较高的血清型预测准确度,在传统血清凝集难以开展或沙门菌鞭毛基因不表达的情况下,可以替代血清凝集试验进行沙门菌血清型判定。