Research Progress on the Association Between Gut Microbiota and Respiratory System Diseases

This paper aims to review the association between gut microbiota and respiratory system diseases, and explore their potential mechanisms and clinical significance. Gut microbiota, as an important microbial ecosystem in the human body, has profound effects on host health. Recent studies have shown that the imbalance of gut microbiota is closely related to the occurrence and development of respiratory system diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. We comprehensively analyzed the current research progress and found that gut microbiota may affect respiratory system diseases through various pathways, including immune regulation, inflammatory responses, and airway mucus secretion. Additionally, environmental factors, lifestyle, and dietary habits are also closely related to gut microbiota and respiratory system health. Understanding the relationship between gut microbiota and respiratory system diseases not only helps to reveal the mechanisms of disease occurrence but also provides a theoretical basis for the development of new treatment strategies. Future research should focus on exploring the types and functions of gut microbiota, conducting clinical trials based on this, investigating the effects of gut microbiota modulation on the treatment and prevention of respiratory system diseases, and providing new directions for personalized medicine.

Primary Lymphoma of Respiratory System (A Report of 11 Cases)

Objective: To analyze the clinical and pathologic features and the treatmentoutcomes of primary lymphoma of respiratory system (PLRS). Methods: The clinical manifestation,imaging changes, pathologic subtypes, treatment and overall survival of 11 patients with PLRS wereanalyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 11 patients diagnosed with PLRS by histopathology, thetumor of 2 patients occurred in trachea and the other 9 in lung. Cough, dyspnea and fever were themost frequent symptoms. Mass or infiltrative changes could be found on the chest X-ray and/or CTscan. Two patients were diagnosed as having Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and 9 having non-Hodgkin'sLymphoma (NHL), including 7 patients with low degree NHL [5 of them (55.6%) were mucosa-associatedlymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma] and 2 with intermediate degree NHL. Of 10 patients undergoingexploratory thoracotomy and surgical treatment, 8 received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 adjuvant ofradiotherapy. The remaining patient was subjected to combined chemotherapy. Both of HL patientssurvived more than 5 years without clinical disease. The median survival of MALT lymphoma and othertype of NHL was 39 months and 34 months respectively. Conclusion: Both the clinical manifestationand imaging changes are non-specific. The diagnosis was made through exploratory thoracotomy (10cases) and fiber-optical bronchoscopy (1 case). MALT lymphoma is the most frequent pathologicsubtype. Majority of patients are diagnosed and treated by surgical resection. The prognosis isacceptable.

A Diagnostic Approach to Diseases in Pig's Respiratory System Based upon SVM Binary Tree

[Objective]To study a diagnostic approach to diseases in pig＇s respiratory system based upon SVM binary tree. [Method] First with the help of clustering theory,the degree of separation based upon the characteristics of diseases is defined. Each time the type of highest degree of separation is isolated to get a decision tree with smaller accumulated errors and SVM binary tree is applied in the diagnostic experiment of four common respiratory diseases. [Result] The method is practicable and can be applied in the diagnosis of pig＇s respiratory diseases at the early stage. [Conclusion] It provides references to the healthy development of pig husbandry in China and increases in breeders＇ incomes.

Research on an active and continuous monitoring system for human respiratory system

Continuous and dynamic measurements of human respiratory parameters are very important for vital diseases of respiratory system during mechanical ventilation. This paper analyzed the structure and mechanical properties of the human respiratory system, and designed an active intervening monitoring micro system for it. The mobile mechanism of the micro system is soft and earthworm-like movement actuated by pneumatic rubber actuator, the measurement and therapy unit of the system is an extensible mechanism with sensors in the front. The micro monitoring system can move in respiratory tract and measure the respiratory parameters in bronchium continuously. Experiments had been done in swine＇s respiratory tract, the results proved that the micro robot system could measure the respiratory parameters in real-time successfully and its movement was smith in swine＇s respiratory tract.

STABILITY AND BIFURCATION OF A HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MODEL WITH TIME DELAY

The stability and bifurcation of the trivial solution in the two_dimensional differential equation of a model describing human respiratory system with time delay were investigated. Formulas about the stability of bifurcating periodic solution and the direction of Hopf bifurcation were exhibited by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem.Furthermore,numerical simulation was carried out.

The Weather Temperature and Air Pollution Interaction and Its Effect on Hospital Admissions due to Respiratory System Diseases in Western China

Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temperature can impact human health and the thermal stresses can lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses,but also to aggravation of respiratory disease[3-4].Though the independent

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF 5785 CASES WITH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TUMORS

Objective; To study the characteristics and tendency of incidence of patients with respiratory system tumors during the past 23 y in Tianjin. Methods： All data in our research was obtained from the surgical pathology files of Department of Pathology of the general and the Second Hospitals of Tianjin Medical University between 1981 and 2003. All data was analyzed by Spss 11.5 statistics program. The comparisons were made by u-test, P〈0.05 was considered as significant. Results： 1. The detection rate of malignant tumors is significantly higher than that of benign tumors （U=52.68, p=0.000） in respiratory system. 2. The common sites of benign tumors are nose and pharynx, but the common sites of malignant tumors are lung and larynx. 3. The incidence of benign tumors generally peaks between the ages of 40 and 50, but the incidence of malignant tumor generally peaks between the ages of 50 and 60. 4. The commonest histological type of malignant tumors is squamous cell carcinoma, but the commonest histological type of benign tumors is papilloma. 5. The detection rate of malignant lung tumors steadily increased between 1981 and 1999 and increased sharply from 1999 to 2003, but the detection rate of malignant Nasopharyngeal tumors steadily decreased from 1981 to 2003. Between 1981 and 1997, the detection rate of malignant laryngeal tumors steadily increased, followed by a decrease between 1997 and 2003. Conclusion： The detection rate of malignant respiratory system tumors especially lung cancer is gradually increasing. Therefore early prevention and treatment are critical to patients＇ prognosis.

Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis in the respiratory system

Diabetes affects approximately 30 million persons in the United States. Diabetes ketoacidosis is one of the most serious and acute complications of diabetes. At the time of presentation and during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA), several metabolic and electrolyte derangements can ultimately result in respiratory compromise. Most commonly, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia can eventually lead to respiratory muscles failure.Furthermore, tachypnea, hyperpnea and more severely, Kussmaul breathing pattern can develop. Also, hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic pulmonary edema can occur secondary to volume shifts into the extracellular space and secondary to increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries. The presence of respiratory failure in patients with DKA is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Being familiar with the causes of respiratory compromise in DKA, and how to treat them, may represent better outcomes for patients with DKA.

Monitoring of Respiratory Infections in the Intensive Area of Respiratory System Disease

Respiratory infections are the most frequent nosocomial infections after those urinaries and surgicals. We analysed respiratory infection incidences in patients treated with different kinds of respiratory assistance (non-invasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation trough tracheostomy), studying 640 patients recovering in the intensive area of respiratory disease from 2010 to 2013. We had 113 cases of respiratory infections: 42.5% in patients of non-invasive ventilation group and 57.5% of patients treated with invasive ventilation with a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The patients treated with non-invasive ventilation showed a lower incidence of nosocomial respiratory infections. Prevention guidelines are important to reduce nosocomial infections frequency.

CARDIOGUI: An Interface Guide to Simulate Cardiovascular Respiratory System during Physical Activity

This paper aims at the presentation of an interface to simulate cardiovascular respiratory system. The authors are interested in the resolution of optimal control problem related to the performance of a 30 years old woman. The results show in the most case the determinant parameters of cardiovascular respiratory system reach the equilibrium value due to its controls that is heart rate and alveolar ventilation.

The Effectiveness of 6 Months Hydrotherapy Program Based on Halliwick Concept on the Respiratory System of Down Syndrome Children

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a hydrotherapy program on FVC, FEV, PEF, RR and SaO2 on children with Down syndrome over six months and to compare it with a conventional respiratory physiotherapy program. Eighteen children, with Down Syndrome, aged 6 - 11 years (9.53 ± 0.454), divided into two groups of nine, the intervention group (IG), that participated in the hydrotherapy program and the control group (CG) participated in the classical physiotherapy program. We calculated mean values of FVC, FEV, PEF, RR and SaO2 before and after six months intervention for both groups. There was a statistically significant improvement in all factors for both groups. However, were statistically more significant for the intervention group (IG). Based on a specific protocol of intervention in the water and at the same time with a group of children who participated in a similar program of classical respiratory physiotherapy, it was found to be statistically more important than the second group in improving respiratory function. We recommend the use of hydrotherapy as a complementary therapy that should be part of the weekly program of these children in addition to the existing treatments they attend.

A review on numerical studies of airflow dynamics and particle deposition in human respiratory system Author links open overlay panel

Accurate assessment and prediction of airflow dynamics and particle deposition in the human respiratory tract are essential for human health,involving inhaled drugs for treating various diseases and toxic particles that can cause illnesses.This intricate process involves complex multiphase flow with distinct respiratory characteristics.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)acts as a bridge,overcoming the limitations of in vivo and in vitro experiments and providing a means to fully comprehend and reveal the fundamental mechanisms of respiratory flow and particle behavior on a microscopic scale.This paper provides a comprehensive overview and concise summary of recent advancements in the numerical simulation of airflow and particle deposition in the human respiratory tract.Particularly,it summarizes the transition of respiratory tract models from segmented models to emerging physiological characteristic models and whole-lung airway models,and the latest developments on the effects of key factors such as geometric variations,respiratory patterns,and particle physical/chemical properties on respiratory flow and particle deposition.A notable focus of this review is on emerging physiological characteristics models and their associated complex airflow and particle dynamics inside it.The paper concludes with recommendations for future research to further advance the development of this field.

Effects of respiratory muscle training on post-stroke rehabilitation:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Stroke often results in significant respiratory dysfunction in patients.Respiratory muscle training(RMT)has been proposed as a rehabilitative intervention to address these challenges,but its effectiveness compared to routine training remains debated.This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effects of RMT on exercise tolerance,muscle strength,and pulmonary function in post-stroke patients.AIM To systematically assess the efficacy of RMT in improving exercise tolerance,respiratory muscle strength,and pulmonary function in patients recovering from a stroke,and to evaluate whether RMT offers a significant advantage over routine training modalities in enhancing these critical health outcomes in the post-stroke population.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,a comprehensive search across PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,and the Cochrane Library was conducted on October 19,2023,without temporal restrictions.Studies were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on various forms of RMT,control groups,and outcome measures[including forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV),peak expiratory flow(PEF),maximal inspiratory pressure(MIP),maximal expiratory pressure(MEP),and 6-min walking test(6MWT)].Only randomized controlled trials(RCTs)were included.Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool.Statistical analyses,including those using the fixed-effect and random-effects models,sensitivity analysis,and publication bias assessment,were performed using Review Manager software.RESULTS A total of 15 RCTs were included.Results indicated significant improvements in MIP(12.51 cmH2O increase),MEP(6.24 cmH2O increase),and various pulmonary function parameters(including FEV1,FVC,MVV,and PEF).A substantial increase in 6MWT distance(22.26 meters)was also noted.However,the heterogeneity among studies was variable,and no significant publication bias was detected.CONCLUSION RMT significantly enhances walking ability,respiratory muscle strength(MIP and MEP),and key pulmonary function parameters(FEV1,FVC,MVV,and PEF)in post-stroke patients.These findings support the incorporation of RMT into post-stroke rehabilitative protocols.

Carbocysteine as Adjuvant Therapy in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Patients without Underlying Chronic Conditions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: This study aims to systematically examine the existing evidence regarding the clinical benefits of carbocysteine as an adjunctive treatment in acute bronchopulmonary and otorhinological processes. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: An electronic search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, and the European Clinical Trial Register, with the search dated to May 2023. Bibliographic references from other literature reviews and meta-analyses were also reviewed. The search was limited to randomized clinical trials published in any language and year. It was completed by cross-checking the references of the located articles. Methods: Inclusion criteria covered studies assessing systemic or inhaled carbocysteine, regardless of dosing regimen. Concomitant medication use was acceptable if balanced between intervention and control groups. Authors independently extracted data, resolving disagreements through consensus. Methodological quality assessment relied on critical reading of each study. Dichotomous variables were analyzed using odds ratio (OR), and a final effect size was calculated. Statistical significance was established when confidence intervals did not cross the neutral value. Heterogeneity was assessed via the X2 test and I2 index. Results: Out of 318 initially identified studies, 4 met inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis for poor general condition yielded an OR of 0.45 in favor of intervention, p = 0.013, with non-significant heterogeneity. Cough events showed a percentage of 15.8% for carbocysteine vs. 27.2% for placebo. On the seventh day, expectoration rates were 18.37% for carbocysteinevs 33.3% for placebo. Conclusions: The observed clinical benefits align with carbocysteine’s mucoactive and muco-regulatory properties, complemented by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Carbocysteine stands out among mucolytic agents. In the context of persistent infectious diseases, the study emphasizes the need for further exploration of carbocysteine’s therapeutic potential as an adjunctive treatment for acute respiratory infections. These findings underscore its significance in the evolving landscape of respiratory healthcare.

Exploration of Therapeutic Measures and Clinical Efficacy for Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children

Objective:To explore the treatment strategies and clinical effects for recurrent respiratory infections in children.Methods:From May 2022 to May 2024,100 pediatric patients with recurrent respiratory infections were selected in this study and evenly divided into two groups.The control group(50 patients)was treated with conventional therapy supplemented with budesonide,while the observation group(50 patients)received pidotimod treatment in addition to the control group’s treatment.Subsequently,the duration of clinical symptom improvement,respiratory function enhancement,serological index changes,reinfection status,and parental satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results:In terms of clinical symptoms,the observation group showed significantly shorter durations of fever reduction,cough relief,tonsil swelling reduction,and disappearance of fine wet rales compared to the control group(average reduction times were 1.6 days,2.3 days,2.1 days,and 1.9 days,respectively,P<0.05).Regarding respiratory function,the observation group experienced a 12%increase in peak expiratory flow rate variability,a 0.6-liter increase in lung capacity,a 0.7-liter increase in forced lung capacity,and a 0.5-liter increase in forced expiratory volume in the first second after treatment,all significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).Serological testing revealed that interferon-γand interleukin-2 levels increased by 15%and 18%,respectively,while interferon-α,interleukin-5,and interleukin-4 levels decreased by 10%,12%,and 9%,respectively,in the observation group,showing significant differences compared to the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,the reinfection rate in the observation group(10%)was significantly lower than that in the control group(30%),with an average reduction of two reinfections within one year and a 3.2-day shorter infection control time(P<0.05).In terms of parental satisfaction,the observation group achieved 95%,significantly higher than the 70%in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The addition of pidotimod to conventional therapy for pediatric patients with recurrent respiratory infections can significantly alleviate clinical symptoms,promote the recovery of respiratory function,regulate serological indicators,effectively reduce the risk of reinfection,and improve parental satisfaction.This method deserves widespread clinical application.

Protective mechanism of quercetin in alleviating sepsis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments

BACKGROUND:Sepsis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)has a high mortality rate,and no effective treatment is available currently.Quercetin is a natural plant product with many pharmacological activities,such as antioxidative,anti-apoptotic,and anti-inflammatory effects.This study aimed to elucidate the protective mechanism of quercetin against sepsis-related ARDS.METHODS:In this study,network pharmacology and in vitro experiments were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of quercetin against sepsis-related ARDS.Core targets and signaling pathways of quercetin against sepsis-related ARDS were screened and were verified by in vitro experiments.RESULTS:A total of 4,230 targets of quercetin,360 disease targets of sepsis-related ARDS,and 211 intersection targets were obtained via database screening.Among the 211 intersection targets,interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor(TNF),albumin(ALB),AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT1),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)were identified as the core targets.A Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis revealed 894 genes involved in the inflammatory response,apoptosis regulation,and response to hypoxia.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis identified 106 pathways.After eliminating and generalizing,the hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1),TNF,nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB),and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor signaling pathways were identified.Molecular docking revealed that quercetin had good binding activity with the core targets.Moreover,quercetin blocked the HIF-1,TNF,NF-κB,and NODlike receptor signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced murine alveolar macrophage(MH-S)cells.It also suppressed the inflammatory response,oxidative reactions,and cell apoptosis.CONCLUSION:Quercetin ameliorates sepsis-related ARDS by binding to its core targets and blocking the HIF-1,TNF,NF-κB,and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways to reduce inflammation,cell apoptosis,and oxidative stress.

Recent progress of respiratory inhalation drug delivery systems

With the influence of many factors such as the aging of the population,the younger smokers,and the serious air pollution,the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is increasing year by year.In the treatment of respiratory diseases,clinical intervention is still mainly based on drug control of pulmonary symptoms.However,systemic drugs have disadvantages such as many adverse reactions and severe systemic side effects.In recent years,the research and development of local drug delivery systems for the respiratory tract has brought new changes to the treatment of respiratory diseases.Locally delivered drugs can directly act on the airways and have the characteristics of fast onset,good curative effect and small side effects.It is a simple,efficient and safe treatment method,which has a very significant effect,and has become a hot topic of current research and promotion.This paper briefly reviews the development track and latest research progress of respiratory local drug delivery systems at home and abroad,in order to provide reference for clinical workers in drug selection and application.

Effects of Early-stage Phased Rehabilitation Training on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

[Objectives]To systematically evaluate the effects of early-stage phased rehabilitation training on the oxygenation index,ICU length of stay,duration of mechanical ventilation,and occurrence of complications(ventilator-associated pneumonia,pressure ulcers,delirium)in ARDS patients,thus contributing evidence for the clinical application of early-stage phased rehabilitation training.[Methods]The China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,and other databases were searched.Literature screening,data extraction,and systematic analysis of the included studies were performed using Revman software.[Results]Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving a total of 860 patients were included in this review.The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared to the traditional rehabilitation training group,the early-stage phased rehabilitation training group demonstrated a significant increase in the oxygenation index of ARDS patients[SMD=1.18,95%CI(1.01,1.35),P<0.01],with statistically significant differences.Furthermore,there were significant reductions in ICU length of stay[SMD=-0.70,95%CI(-0.90,-0.50),P<0.01],duration of mechanical ventilation[SMD=-1.15,95%CI(-1.36,-0.94),P<0.01],and occurrence of complications[OR=0.16,95%CI(0.10,0.26),P<0.01],all of which were statistically significant.[Conclusions]Early-stage phased pulmonary rehabilitation training for ARDS patients effectively improves the oxygenation index,shortens ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation,and reduces complications.These findings support the clinical application and promotion of early-stage phased rehabilitation training.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Yinqiao Anti-Epidemic Formula in Regulating Mucosal Immune System of Respiratory Tract

[Objectives]To explore the molecular mechanisms of Yinqiao anti-epidemic formula(YQAEF)in regulating mucosal immune system of respiratory tract.[Methods]The active components of YQAEF were obtained from the TCMSP database,and RMIS targets were obtained from the GeneCards database.A"YQAEF components-RMIS targets-pathways"network was constructed by analyzing the above data to screen core targets for molecular docking verification.A mouse model of acute upper respiratory tract infection(AURI)was developed.Based on the experimental models,the key pathway target genes screened by network pharmacology were verified in vivo.[Results]The main active components of YQAEF involved in the regulation of the RMIS included quercetin,acetic acid,and raffinose.Key targets,such as angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE),galactosidase alpha(GLA),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2),Serpin Family E Member 1(SERPINE1),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)and important viral infection and endocrine resistance signaling pathways were included in the regulation of the RMIS with YQAEF.Molecular docking assays showed that the key targets had good binding activities with the components of YQAEF.Based on the results of network pharmacology,key target proteins in ACE,GLA,MMP2,SERPINE1,and MPO were selected for experimental verification.The results showed that ACE/ACE2 and MPO expressions were increased in the oral and throat mucosa of the AURI mice.Under YQAEF treatment,the expression levels of ACE/ACE2 and MPO were decreased.[Conclusions]This study revealed the mechanism of YQAEF in the regulation of RMIS,which is associated with multiple components,targets,and pathways.Further experiments confirmed that YQAEF interfered with MPO and ACE/ACE2 signaling pathways to regulate the RMIS in the oral and throat mucosa tissue of mice with AURI,and provide a new direction for exploring the potential antiviral mechanism of YQAEF.

Plasma Metabonomics of Human Adenovirus-infected Patients with Pneumonia and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective Human adenovirus(HAdV)infection is common and can develop to serious conditions with high mortality,yet the mechanism of HAdV infection remains unclear.In the present study,the serum metabolite profiles of HAdV-7-infected patients with pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)were explored.Methods In total,35 patients were enrolled in the study following an outbreak of HAdV-7 in the army,of whom 14 had pneumonia and 21 had URTI.Blood samples were collected at the acute stage and at the recovery stage and were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics.Results Over 90% of the differential metabolites identified between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients were lipids and lipid-like molecules,including glycerophospholipids,fatty acyls,and sphingolipids.The metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched were primarily the lipid metabolism pathways,including sphingolipid metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and linoleic acid metabolism.The sphingolipid metabolism was identified as a significantly differential pathway between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients and between the acute and recovery stages for the pneumonia patients,but not between the acute and recovery stages for the URTI patients.Ceramide and lactosylceramide,involved in sphingolipid metabolism,were significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the URTI patients with good discrimination abilities[area under curve(AUC)0.742 and 0.716,respectively;combination AUC 0.801].Conclusion Our results suggested that HAdV modulated lipid metabolism for both the patients with URTI and pneumonia,especially the sphingolipid metabolism involving ceramide and lactosylceramide,which might thus be a potential intervention target in the treatment of HAdV infection.