Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus

Equine infectious anemia virus(EIAV)is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research.An attenuated EIAV vaccine,which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques,is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date.Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle.However,viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation.The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process,which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1).EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses,making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors.In this review,we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV.The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions.In addition,we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.

Difficulties and Restricting Factors of the Current Wisdom Pension Operation in China

At present, China＇s basic old-age insurance system has been established and develop gradually. To learn advanced endowment service concept and method, meet the demand of higher level of pension services has become the new target and task of the urban pension service system development. The appearance of Wisdom endowment concept is to resolve the diverse endowment risk of the elderly, and meet a higher level elderly pension service demand. However, wisdom pension in our country is still in its infancy, its further development is facing many difficulties. As to these difficulties, the author of this paper will analyze from four aspects, the system, the object, technology, talent, and put forward some suggestions for promoting the development of the wisdom of endowment respectively, and make wise pension industry in China can better meet the diverse needs of the elderly for pension, and construct a harmonious society of＂sense of security＂.

Analysis on the Factors Restricting the Entrepreneurship Quality Education for the Young Peasant Workers Back to Hometown in Yunnan Province and the Related Strategies

Entrepreneurship quality education is not only the standpoint and focus of entrepreneurship education, but also the key point in entrepreneurship education. In this paper, based on three aspects （the educated, the subjects implementing education, and external environment）, the main factors restricting the entrepreneurship quality education for the young peasant workers back to hometown in Yunnan province are analyzed, and also the governmental strategies of a clear purpose and a powerful applicability are further explored.

Restricting factors of the development of SEA in China

＂Environmental Impact Assessment Law of P. R. China＂ was promulgated on Oct. 28^th, 2002 and has been put into effect on Sep 1^th, 2003. This paper puts forward some important factors which restrict the development of Strategic Environmental Assessment according to the preliminary practices of SEA in China. These restricting factors are： （1） potential resistance from some departments; （2） poor cooperation between different departments; （3） limited availability of information resources （4） lack of well-developed SEA methods; （5） difficulties in public participation. The primary thought to solve these problems were proposed at policy and technique level.

Antiviral factors and their counteraction by HIV-1: many uncovered and more to be discovered

Extensive studies on HIV-1 have led to the discovery of a variety of structurally and functionally diverse innate defense factors that target various steps of the retroviral replication cycle.Some of them,such as APOBEC3,tetherin,and SERINC5,are well established.Their importance is evident from the fact that HIV-1 uses its accessory proteins Vif,Vpu,and Nef to counteract them.However,the list of antiviral factors is constantly increasing,and accumulating evidence suggests that innate defense mechanisms,which restrict HIV-1 and/or are counteracted by viral proteins,remain to be discovered.These antiviral factors are relevant to diseases other than HIV/AIDS,since they are commonly active against various viral pathogens.In this review,we provide an overview of recently reported antiretroviral factors and viral countermeasures,present the evidence suggesting that more innate defense mechanisms remain to be discovered,and discuss why this is a challenging but rewarding task.

Present Situation and Promoting Strategies of Maca Industry in Yunnan

Maca is an important health-care product. Recently, maca industry devel- ops fast in Yunnan Province, but still falls behind of foreign industries, due to dis- advantages of being late starter and poor economy. In the research, maca industry development was analyzed in terms of production bases, processing enterprises, dis- tribution in dominant areas, planting and processing technology system, and eco- nomic benefits, and the restriction factors were explored. Finally, some measures were proposed, including reinforcement of organization and leading roles in a macroscopic way, giving supports to financial investment, broadening financing chan- nels, speeding up construction of raw material production bases, improving modern science and technology development, establishing technology support system, culti- vating leading enterprises, building marketing system, and supervision on product eualitv.

The Development Status quo and Strategy of Aquatic Vegetables in Hunan

This paper reviews the development of aquatic vegetable production and research in Hunan. The advantages of aquatic vegetable industry in Hunan are discussed in detail on its location, brand, market, planting and processing. And the development strategies of the above-mentioned industry are further analyzed in the paper, such as variety resources, breeding and industrialization.

Influence of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy addition on the grain size of AZ91 alloy

The mechanical properties of castings depend on the grain size.There is evidence that titanium and boron(Al-5Ti-1B master alloy)affect the grain size of magnesium alloys.Here,the influence of the addition of 0-1 wt.%of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the grain size of AZ91 magnesium alloy was investigated.Melting of the alloy was performed in steel and corundum crucibles.To study the effect of cooling rate on grain size,cylindrical samples were cast in steel and fireclay molds.The Al-5Ti-1B master alloy addition did not change the phase composition of the AZ91 alloy.This study demonstrates that the addition of Al-5Ti-1B did not contribute to the grain refinement of the AZ91 alloy,but rather led to its coarsening for samples cast in both the steel and fireclay molds.Increasing the holding time after the addition of the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy from 15 to 110 minutes also did not lead to significant grain coarsening.The mechanical properties of the AZ91 alloy samples slightly improved after Al-5Ti-1B addition.

Analysis on Function Orientation and Development Countermeasures of New Agricultural Business Entities

Along with the rapid advance of industrialization and urbanization process, fostering new agricultural business entities become inevitable for agricultural transformation and the construction of agricultural modernization in China. The status of the new agricultural business entities determines the level of modern agricultural development. In recent years, new agricultural business entities have grew rapidly. However, there are still many problems including the difficulties in financing loans, inadequate agricultural insurance system, bad implementation of agricultural subsidies, jagged agricultural talents and so on. In order to foster new agricultural business entities, countermeasures should be carried out to ensure financial support, perfect the agricultural insurance, strengthen the level of agricultural subsidies, strive to develop the degree of specialization agricultural operators and so on.

Examining the properties and therapeutic potential of glial restricted precursors in spinal cord injury

In the aftermath of spinal cord injury,glial restricted precursors（GRPs） and immature astrocytes offer the potential to modulate the inflammatory environment of the injured spinal cord and promote host axon regeneration.Nevertheless clinical application of cellular therapy for the repair of spinal cord injury requires strict quality-assured protocols for large-scale production and preservation that necessitates long-term in vitro expansion.Importantly,such processes have the potential to alter the phenotypic and functional properties and thus therapeutic potential of these cells.Furthermore,clinical use of cellular therapies may be limited by the inflammatory microenvironment of the injured spinal cord,altering the phenotypic and functional properties of grafted cells.This report simulates the process of large-scale GRP production and demonstrates the permissive properties of GRP following long-term in vitro culture.Furthermore,we defined the phenotypic and functional properties of GRP in the presence of inflammatory factors,and call attention to the importance of the microenvironment of grafted cells,underscoring the importance of modulating the environment of the injured spinal cord.

Constraints on Problems of Rural Surplus Manpower Capital Transfer in China

In recent years, researches on rural human capital are of great concern, but for how to effectively use the rural human capital is scanty, and thus, the transfer of rural human capital becomes a kind of way to solve rural human capital utilization. A portion of China rural human capital has been successful transferred, however, because of the restrain of their conditions, they can only be engaged in some low level work. In China rural areas, there are a lot of rural human capitals who are not successful transferred. How to successfully transfer the rest of this part rural human capital and how to make them play roles will be an important task. In this paper, according to the practical situations, we first defined the rural human capital, and then briefly summarized the importance of human capital transfer. At last, we found out the restriction factors of rural human capital transfer in China, and put forward some suggestions and measures to solve the problems.

Present situation and countermeasure research of economic structure of Shaanxi Province

Economic structure is a significant factor impacting economic growth and economic growth quality. In this paper, the present status of economic structure of Shaanxi Province is analyzed, and available primal problem is indicated. There have been a lot of problems in economic structure of Shaanxi Province, mainly including slow tertiary industry development, comparatively grave unbalance of light and heavy industries proportion, lagged development in high and new technology industries, high industry convergence degree, low scale effect, slow agriculture expanding and so on. Meanwhile, homologous countermeasure is given in this text： we should develop tertiary industry with tourism as the leading role energetically to promote industrial hierarchy, impulse structural rationalization of foreign trade through international cooperation and competition, accelerate the industrialization, promote industrial structure upgrade, develop the high and new technology industries quickly, accelerate the promotion of industry scale effect and expedite expansion of industry colony. We should also develop superior industry, reduce industry convergence degree, and develop the agriculture energetically to promote the industrialization and modernization of agriculture. These points are given in the interest of supplying gist and reference to government in industrial structure adjusting and policy making.

The Analysis of＂House-for-Pension＂ in China

As China has entered the aging society, the social and family are facing an increasing pressure in pension system. To explore diversified pension model for China has become the key to solve this problem. In 2013 the state council issued an document named Opinions to Speed Up the Derelopment of Pension Services, which clearly put forward that the government should promote the elderly housing reverse mortgage endowment insurance pilot ＂. ＂To implement housing endowment＂, practiced successfully in European and American countries, has proved a good way to solve the problem of lack of pension. This paper makes a analysis of the model, including the necessity,some practice and restricting factors promoting in our country, so as to explore countermeasures and Suggestions of the feasibility.

A Study on Enterprise Strategy Based on Industry Innovation in Electric Generating Set Manufacture Industry

Restrictive factors of Chinese generating set equipment manufacturing industry innovation includes technical introduction restraint, system restraint, enterprise resources, ability restraint and resources disperser restraint. In the future, based on industrial innovation, generating set manufacture enterprise＇s strategic choice, strategies on industry innovation of Chinese generating set manufacturing industry are proposed. There are a lot of means can help, as well as developing many kinds of clean energies and realizing industrial reforming, extending service pattern, promoting industry innovation level, enhancing ability of enterprise＇s continuous development and accelerating industry＇s innovation.

A Study of Evaluation System of Restricting Factors in Training Students' Qualities

This paper studies evaluation system of restricting factors in training students’ qualities by modern mathematical method of analysis hierarchy process and principal factor analysis, and to build up a mathematical model of evaluation system.

The Restrictome of Flaviviruses

Flaviviruses are a genus of mostly arthropod-borne RNA viruses that cause a range of pathologies in humans.Basic knowledge on flaviviruses is rapidly expanding,partly due to their status as frequent emerging or re-emerging pathogens.Flaviviruses include the dengue,Zika,West Nile,tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses(DENV,ZIKV,WNV,TBEV and YFV,respectively).As is the case with other families of viruses,the success of productive infection of human cells by flaviviruses depends in part on the antiviral activity of a heterogeneous group of cellular antiviral proteins called restriction factors.Restriction factors are the effector proteins of the cell-autonomous innate response against viruses,an immune pathway that also includes virus sensors as well as intracellular and extracellular signal mediators such as type I interferons(IFN-I).In this review,I summarize recent progress toward the identification and characterization of flavivirus restriction factors.In particular,I focus on IFI6,Schlafen 11,FMRP,OAS-RNase L,RyDEN,members of the TRIM family of proteins(TRIM5α,TRIM19,TRIM56,TRIM69 and TRIM79α)and a new mechanism of action proposed for viperin.Recent and future studies on this topic will lead to a more complete picture of the flavivirus restrictome,defined as the ensemble of cellular factors with demonstrated anti-flaviviral activity.

Molecular modeling of human APOBEC3G to predict the binding modes of the inhibitor compounds IMB26 and IMB35

APOBEC3G(A3G)is a host cytidine deaminase that incorporates into HIV-1 virions and efficiently inhibits viral replication.The virally encoded protein Vif binds to A3G and induces its degradation,thereby counteracting the antiviral activity of A3G.Vif-mediated A3G degradation clearly represents a potential target for anti-HIV drug development.Currently,there is an urgent need for understanding the three dimensional structure of full-length A3G.In this work,we use a homology modeling approach to propose a structure for A3G based on the crystal structure of APOBEC2(APO2)and the catalytic domain structure of A3G.Two compounds,IMB26 and IMB35,which have been shown to bind to A3G and block degradation by Vif,were docked into the A3G model and the binding modes were generated for further analysis.The results may be used to design or optimize molecules targeting Vif–A3G interaction,and lead to the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.

A novel IFNbeta-induced long non-coding RNA ZAP-IT1 interrupts Zika virus replication in A549 cells

Zika virus(ZIKV) infection can cause severe neurological diseases including neonatal microcephaly and GuillainBarre syndrome. Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs) are the by-products of the transcription process, which are considered to affect viral infection. However, it remains largely unexplored whether host lncRNAs play a role in ZIKV infection. Here, we identified a group of human lncRNAs that were up-regulated upon ZIKV infection and were dependent on the type I interferon(IFN) signaling. Overexpression of lncRNA ZAP-IT1 leads to an impairment of ZIKV infection. Correspondently, deficiency of ZAP-IT1 led to an enhancement of ZIKV infection.We further confirmed that ZAP-IT1, an intronic lncRNA with total 551 nt in length, is mainly located in the nuclear upon ZIKV infection. Knockout of ZAP-IT1 also led to the increase of dengue virus(DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), or vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV) infection. Mechanically, we found that the antiviral effect of ZAP-IT1 was independent of the type I IFN signaling pathway. Therefore, our data unveiled that host lncRNA ZAP-IT1 induced by the type I IFN signaling, showed robust restriction on ZIKV infection, and even on DENV, JEV, and VSV infection, which may benefit the development of antiviral therapeutics.