Two Kinds of Waves Causing the Resuspension of Deep-Sea Sediments:Excitation and Internal Solitary Waves

The resuspension of marine sediments plays a key role in the biogeochemical cycle and marine ecology system.Internal solitary waves are considered to be important driving forces of the resuspension of bottom sediments.In this paper,the movement of turbidity currents,the generation and the effects on the bottom bed of internal solitary waves and excitation waves are studied by flume tests and numerical simulations,and the sediment resuspension are analyzed.The results show that the excitation wave can lead to the resuspension of the bottom sediments under all the conditions,while the internal solitary wave can lead to the resuspension of the sediment only under some special conditions,such as high amplitude or large underwater slope.Under the experimental conditions,the change in the near-bottom velocity caused by the excitation wave is close to three times that of the internal solitary wave.

Impact of seepage flow on sediment resuspension by internal solitary waves:parameterization and mechanism

Sediment incipient motion is the first step in sediment resuspension.Previous studies ignored the effect of seepage flow on the mobility of sediment particles and simplified the seabed surface as a rigid boundary.A flume experiment was designed to innovatively divide the seabed into two parts to control the dynamic response of the seabed and control the seepage conditions.In the experiment,the seabed sediments and the amplitude of internal solitary waves(ISWs)were changed to compare and analyze the impact of seepage flow on the sediment resuspension by shoaling ISWs.Moreover,parametric research and verification were carried out.Results indicate that seepage flow can greatly influence fine sand,promote sediment resuspension,and increase the amount of suspension by two times on average.However,seepage flow had a little effect on the suspension of clayey silt and sandy silt.Besides,seepage force was added to the traditional gravity,drag force,and uplift force,and the parameterization of threshold starting shear stress of coarse-grained sediments was developed.The results of this parameterization were verified,and seepage force was critical to parameterization.The threshold starting shear stress was reduced by 54.6%after increasing the seepage force.The physical mechanism of this process corresponded to the vertical reciprocating transient seepage in and out the seabed interface caused by the wave-induced transient excess pore water pressure.This quantitative study on seepage flow for shear stress of coarse-grained sediments induced by ISWs is critical to geohazard assessment.

Submarine Trenches and Wave-Wave Interactions Enhance the Sediment Resuspension Induced by Internal Solitary Waves

Internal solitary waves(ISWs)are nonlinear fluctuations in nature that could cause significant interactions between seawater and the seabed.ISWs have been proven to be an adequate cause of sediment resuspension in shallow and deep-sea environments.In the South China Sea,ISWs have the largest amplitude globally and directly interact with the seabed near the Dongsha slope in the northern South China Sea.We analyzed the water profile and high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data near the Dongsha slope and revealed that submarine trenches have a significant impact on the sediment resuspension by ISWs.Moreover,ISWs in the zone of the wave-wave interaction enhanced sediment mixing and resuspension.The concentration of the suspended particulate matter inside submarine trenches was significantly higher than that outside them.The concentration of the suspended particulate matter near the bottoms of trenches could be double that outside them and formed a vast bottom nepheloid layer.Trenches could increase the concentration of the suspended particulate matter in the entire water column,and a water column with a high concentration of the suspended particulate matter was formed above the trench.ISWs in the wave-wave interaction zone near Dongsha could induce twice the concentration of the bottom nepheloid layer than those in other areas.The sediment resuspension caused by ISWs is a widespread occurrence all around the world.The findings of this study can offer new insights into the influence of submarine trench and wave-wave interaction on sediment resuspension and help in geohazard assessment.

Lake sediment resuspension and caused phosphate release——a simulation study

Intact sediment cores and wet/dried surficial sediments sampled from the two sublakes in Taihu Lake, Meiliang Bay and Wuli Lake, were incubated in the laboratory to determine the effects of resuspension on internal phosphorus loading by simulating different resuspension events. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) release from undisturbed core sediment sampled in the Meiliang Bay and Wuli Lake in July 1998 was 1.53 mg/m(2) and 2.24 mg/m(2) within 4 days, respectively. However during one hour experimental simulation of resuspension, SRP increased by 0.041 mg/L and 0.077 mg/L in die above cores, which indicate that a typical resuspension event in the take would be accompanied by the release of 10.77 mgSRP/m(2) and 23.1 mgSRP/m(2), respectively. The internal phosphorus loading induced by resuspensian is estimated to be 8 - 10 times greater than the release from undisturbed sediment. SRP release from the dried sediments during simulation of resuspension was mainly dependent on the disturbing intensity. Only when the wind strength gets to certain level, the influence of wind speed on phosphorus release appears significant, indicating that an exchangeable P pool, capable of altering equilibrium conditions in the take areas, is built up under strongly wind-exposed resuspension events.

Temporal and spatial changes of suspended sediment concentration and resuspension in the Yangtze River estuary

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls spatial distribution of SSC.

The observations of seabed sediment erosion and resuspension processes in the Jiaozhou Bay in China

In estuarine and coastal areas, the seabed is in a constant process of dynamic change under marine conditions.Seabed sediment erosion and resuspension are important processes that safely control the geological environment. Field tripod observations conducted in the Jiaozhou Bay in China are reported, to investigate the effects of hydrodynamic conditions on the erosion and resuspension processes of the seabed. The observational results show that the maximum shear stress created by tidal currents can reach 0.35 N/m2, which is higher than the wave-induced shear stress during fair weather conditions. A seabed erosion frequently occurs during the flood tide, whereas a seabed deposition occurs during ebb tide. Waves can produce a bottom shear stress approximately equivalent to that induced by currents when the local wind reaches Force 4 with a speed of 5 m/s.When the wind reaches 7 m/s and the significant wave height reaches 26 cm, waves play a more significant role than currents in the dynamic processes of the seabed sediment resuspension and lead to a high value of turbidity that is approximately two to eight times higher than that in fair weather. These analyses clearly illustrate that periodic current-induced sediment erosion and resuspension are dominant in fair weather, whereas episodic high waves are responsible for significant sediment resuspension. Additional work is needed to establish a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms of sediment dynamics in the Jiaozhou Bay.

Sediment Deposition and Resuspension in Mouth Bar Area of the Yangtze Estuary

A comprehensive analysis is conducted based on observations on topography, tidal current, salinity, suspended sediment and bed load during the years of 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989. 1996, and 1997 in the Yangtze Estuary. Results show that the deformation of tidal waves is distinct and the sand carrying capacity is large within the mouth bar due to strong tidal currents and large volume of incoming water and sediments. Owing to both temporal and spatial variation of tidal current, deposition and erosion ore extremely active. In general a change of up to 0.1 m of bottom sediments takes place during a tidal period. The maximum siltation and erosion are around 0.2 m in a spring to neap tides cycle. The riverbed is silted during flood when there is heavy sediment load, eroded during dry season when sediment lo:ld is low. The annual average depth of erosion anti siltation on the riverbed is around 0.6 m. In particular cases, it may increase to 1.4 m to 2.4 m at some locations.

Phosphorus Bioavailability in a Phosphorus-Abundant System under Repeated Sediment Resuspension Conditions

Variation of bioavailable phosphorus(BAP) concentrations,i.e.,the sum of dissolved total phosphorus(DTP) and bioavailable particulate phosphorus(BAPP),was investigated in a phosphorus(P)-abundant system as influenced by repeated sediment resuspension.The overlying water and sediments in the studied system collected from a city canal,with the initial BAP concentration about 0.679 mg·L-1 in the overlying water.The sediments were disturbed with rotating blade once every day for 30 days in the experimental system.Concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP),DTP,and total phosphorus(TP) in overlying water and algal available phosphorus(AAP),total phosphorus(Tot-P) in suspended particles were determined in diminishing frequency.It was found that the BAP decreased rapidly in the beginning few days in the sediment resuspension system,and then kept decreasing gradually at a low level,compared with the static conditions.This was mainly attributed to the sharp decrease of DIP.It is suggested that repeated sediment resuspension plays a significant role in phosphorus migration and converting it to more stable forms.

THE RESUSPENSION RATE OF SEDIMENTS IN 32°N SECTION ON THE EAST CHINA SEA

This research on the influence of sediment resuspension on the flux of materials in the margin of the East China Sea showed that the sediment resuspension rates, was 47.40%-79.18% in the surface layers, and 72.75%-96.96% in the bottom layers.The research confirmed that the Changjiang River runoff and the eddy area upwelling flow near 125°E were two important factors affecting the sediment resuspension in summer; the transformation of DOC to POC through the flocculation in the transitional region (123°-124°E) was also confirmed by comparison of the resuspension rate. The sediment resuspension was shown to be influenced by the seasonal factor, especially in the surface layer.

Fine Sediment Resuspension Dynamics in Moreton Bay

A comprehensive field study has been undertaken to investigate sediment resuspension dynamics in the Moreton Bay, a large semi-enclosed bay situated in South East Queensland, Australia. An instrumented tripod, which housed three current meters, three OBS sensors and one underwater video camera, was used to collect the field data on tides, currents, waves and suspended sediment concentrations at four sites （Sites 1, 2, 4, and 5） in the bay. Site 1 was located at the main entrance, Site 2 at the central bay in deep water, and Sites 4 and 5 at two small bays in shallow water. The bed sediment was fine sand （ d5o = 0.2 ram） at Site 1, and cohesive sediment at the other three sites. Based on the col- lected field data, it is found that the dominant driving forces for sediment resuspension are a combination of ocean swell and tidal currents at Site 1, tidal currents at Site 2, and wind-waves at Sites 4 and 5. The critical bed shear stress for cohesive sediment resuspension is determined as 0.079 Pa in unidirectional flow at Site 2, and 0. 076 Pa in wave-induced oscillatory flow at Site 5.

A new method for the estimation of fine-sediment resuspension ratios in estuaries-taking the turbidity maximum zone of the Changjiang(Yangtze) estuary as an example

Based on the principle of conservative matter removal in estuary,a new method is proposed for estimating the ratio of sediment resuspension in estuaries with fine suspended sediments in the turbidity maximum zone(TMZ) of the Changjiang(Yangtze) estuary during 2005.Results show that there was a range of 18.7%±27.9% to 73.9%±22.5% per annum of total suspended particulate matter(SPM),with an average of 49.2%.Nearly half of the particulate matter in the TMZ originates from sediment resuspension.This indicates that sediment resuspension is one of the major mechanisms involved in formation of the TMZ.Compared with traditional method for calculating these ratios in the estuary,this new method evaluates the dynamic variation of SPM content carried by river runoff from the river mouth to the ocean.The new method produced more reliable results than the traditional one and could produce a better estimation of resuspension flux for particulate matter in estuaries.

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器中粉尘颗粒的重悬浮特性

高温气冷堆的蒸汽发生器是一回路中关键的能量转换单元,也是放射性石墨粉尘沉积的主要场所。为了研究石墨粉尘的重悬浮特性,采用数值模拟方法计算高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器中的流场及换热温度场分布,基于颗粒多层递推模型和Rock'n'roll重悬浮模型建立多层微细颗粒重悬浮模型,结合数值模拟和多层微细颗粒重悬浮模型探讨气流摩擦速度、沉积层数、颗粒大小以及蒸汽发生器不同区域对石墨粉尘重悬浮特性的影响。结果表明:在蒸汽发生器各管段,流体的气流摩擦速度在换热管的迎风点和背风点附近处最小,在靠近内套管侧的点附近和靠近外套管侧的点附近最大;在气流的带动下,发生重悬浮的颗粒比例随颗粒沉积层数的增加而递减;粒径较小的颗粒更不容易发生重悬浮,需要达到一定的速度后才会发生“扬起”,在相同的气流摩擦速度条件下,粒径较大的颗粒起重悬浮率更大;反应堆运行功率越大,发生重悬浮的颗粒越多;相同功率水平下,从过冷段、泡核沸腾段、膜态沸腾段直至过热段发生重悬浮的颗粒比例依次逐渐增多。

核反应堆中气溶胶颗粒再悬浮行为研究进展

在核反应堆中,微细的粉尘颗粒通常是放射性物质的重要载体,严重事故下沉积在壁面上的颗粒在瞬态气流作用下发生的再悬浮行为是反应堆放射性源项分析的重要内容。发生再悬浮的颗粒通常呈现单层或多层的颗粒沉积结构,从物理过程来说,单层颗粒的再悬浮过程取决于气流对颗粒的气动力以及壁面对颗粒的黏附力,而多层颗粒再悬浮过程还与沉积颗粒层的结构、颗粒与颗粒之间的内聚力等密切相关,此外,在核反应堆中,冷凝液滴带来的毛细力以及高温烧结导致的烧结力等作用使得颗粒的再悬浮过程更加复杂。本文首先介绍了颗粒再悬浮的几种运动模式以及影响因素,再从颗粒受力分析的角度介绍了再悬浮过程中主要的作用力和作用特点,然后介绍了目前研究颗粒再悬浮的方法以及发展出来的各种计算模型,最后总结了目前压水堆、高温气冷堆以及聚变堆中颗粒再悬浮研究的进展。

Investigation on the influence of vortex generator on particle resuspension

The vortex generator(VG)and its well-known effect in flow optimization are widely studied and employed across different engineering sectors.However,while the same working principles of VG may be well suited for the applications on surface-cleaning technologies,such promising potential is hardly,if any,explored in the published literature.Therefore,in the present study,the influence on flow-induced particle resuspension brought by a rectangular vG in a channel flow is investigated with the help of highfidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations.Substantial increases of particle removal forces and resuspension rates are discovered in long,strip-like regions with reduced boundary-layer thickness resulted from the vG-induced vortices,and the enhancement effect is especially significant for configurations with the VG installed at a greater angle of attack.It is also shown that while the resuspension enhancements on the lower and the upper surfaces of the channel exhibit distinct statistical characteristics,having a VG in the channel improves the overall particle-removing capability of the channel flow by introducing higher surface-averaged removal forces and particle resuspension rates.Last but not least,the increase of resuspension rate is especially significant for the smaller,micron-scale particles which are otherwise hardly disturbed by a VG-less channel flow,and such resuspension-enhancement effectgenerally subsides with increasing particle size.

模拟扰动条件下太湖表层沉积物磷行为的研究

利用恒温震荡器构筑的模拟扰动环境 ,研究了太湖水 -沉积物界面的磷释放和吸附行为 .结果表明 :表层沉积物的磷酸盐释放作用在模拟扰动条件下并不十分明显 ,在低强度的扰动条件下未观察到释放现象 ,模拟高强度扰动后 ,出现一个相对较强的释放过程 .最大释放时沉积物上覆水浓度约为低强度扰动时的 3倍 .最大释放时间 (Tmax)可能受磷酸盐形态分布的不同而有所差异 .相比较而言 ,磷酸盐的吸附作用表现得十分明显且迅速 ,沉积物上覆水磷酸盐浓度在 0 .5h后分别由 0 .2 2 9mg/L和 0 .2 15mg/L下降为 0 .0 5mg/L和 0 .0 13mg/L .可以看出当上覆水磷酸盐浓度较高时 ,吸附作用的强度远大于释放作用 .在 2 5℃ ,模拟中等强度 ( 10 0rpm)的模拟扰动条件下 ,当初始磷酸盐浓度为 1.0 1mg/L时 ,梅梁湾和五里湖的表层沉积物吸附容量分别为每克干重吸附0 .0 4 2mg和 0 .0 50mg磷酸盐 .这种较高的吸附能力对浅水湖泊的磷酸盐缓冲作用能起到积极作用 .

太湖波动特征分析

浅水湖泊中,富营养化程度除了依赖于外源输入外,内源释放亦是举足轻重,而底泥中的内源释放主要源于风强迫作用下形成的水面波动和底层湖流产生的剪切作用,并且波浪产生的切应力远大于底层湖流产生的切应力。此外,湖岸边界处的波浪作用够侵蚀岸堤,造成泥沙堆积而由此导致航道淤积,波浪作用引起的对水体中营养盐的水平和垂直输送会造成整个湖体中不同地区的水质差异,这也是太湖蓝藻水华爆发具有季节性和区域性的原因之一。本文基于在太湖北部、中部和南部利用波浪仪所观测的数次波浪数据,分别计算了平均波、有效波和1 10大波的周期、波高和波长及其由波浪产生的切应力,并利用验证后的浅水波浪模式,对太湖中冬、夏季盛行风作用下的易悬浮区域做了计算,发现夏季东南风作用下,西北沿岸带由其水浅和风的吹程较大而易引起的底泥悬浮,而冬季受西北风影响时易悬浮区域位于太湖东南部。

太湖底泥蓄积量和可悬浮量的计算

基于 2 0 0 2年对太湖底泥分布的调查数据 ,利用最优插值法计算了整个太湖不同区域的底泥厚度。结果表明 ,太湖底泥总蓄积量大约在 1 8 5 7亿m3,有泥区面积占整个水面积的47 5 %左右。此外 ,利用Shields方法 ,计算了太湖表层 1m内不同深度上底泥悬浮的临界切应力值 ,采用SMB浅水波动模式 ,计算了夏季受东南风和冬季受西北风影响下的波切应力 ,确定了不同风速情况下所能引起的底泥悬浮量。计算结果发现 ,上述何种风向情况下 ,能产生悬浮的临界风速大约在 5— 6m/s,当风速大于临界风速时 ,悬浮量随着风速的增加而增加 ;若风速达到 2 0m/s时 ,所能引起的最大悬浮量约为 2 75亿m3。

沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物生长的影响研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了沉积物再悬浮对苦草(Vallisnerianatans)和马来眼子菜(Potomogetonmalaianus)2种沉水植物生长的影响.为期10周的实验发现,有沉积物再悬浮的处理组中,苦草的生物量显著低于对照组中(没有沉积物再悬浮)苦草的生物量;同样,沉积物再悬浮对苦草的分蘖和块茎数也产生了明显的影响;马来眼子菜的生物量和分蘖数同样受到了沉积物再悬浮的影响,但影响程度小于苦草.因此,沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的生长、繁殖具有的抑制作用,但这种作用因种类不同而有所差异.