Effects of Combined Application of Water Retaining Agents and Organic Materials on Water Holding Characteristics of Yellow Brown Soils in Hilly Areas

[Objective] The aim was to reduce fertilizer and water losses caused by surface runoffs in rainy season and provide scientific references for soil moisture in arid season. [Method] The application proportion of complex water-holding organic materials was determined by multi-factor mixture experiment and the curve changes of soil moisture characters were tested to analyze water-holding capacity and water availability of soils. [Result] The initial moisture content of soil with different mixture proportions improved in varying degrees. For example, when water-retention agents reached 0.4% and 0.6% of soil weight, soil moisture contents were 69.0% and70.5%, respectively, which showed significant differences with the control（S0.0）. Soil dehydration terms in different treatments all extended, prolonging in the range of4.6-14 d. [Conclusion] The applications of water-retention agent and organic material would improve water-holding capacity of hills and low mountains, and initial moisture content and dehydration cycle tend to be volatile upon mixture proportion. Therefore,it is necessary to adjust soil fertility, crop species, and irrigation to meet crop demands on fertilizer and water.

Potential Role of Feldspathic Sandstone as a Natural Water Retaining Agent in Mu Us Sandy Land,Northwest China

This paper analyzed the water-retention mechanism of feldspathic sandstone （fine-（〈 1 mm diam.） and gravel-sized （2-3 cm diam.） in Mu Us Sandy Land, Northwest China. The objective of this study is to study the effect of feldspathic sandstone amendment on water retention in sandy land. The results showed that as the proportion of fine feldspathic sandstone in the sandy land soil increased, the soil texture changed from sand to silt loam, the capillary po- rosity gradually increased from 26.3% to 44.9%, and the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased from 7.10 ram/rain to 0.07 mm/min. Feldspathic sandstone gravel formed micro-reservoirs in the sandy land soil, playing the role of a ＇water absorbent＇ and ＇water retaining agent＇ in sandy land. Amendment with feldspathic sandstone can increase water retention in the arable layer of sandy land by 67%. This study provides a theoretical basis for the amelioration of sandy land on a large scale. It can be concluded that amendment with feldspathic sandstone can improve the physical properties of sandy land soil and increase soil water retention.

Effects of Water-Collecting and -Retaining Techniques on Photosynthetic Rates, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Millet Grown in a Semiarid Region

Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to study the effects of plastic ridges and furrow film mulching （plastic film on sowing, as well as plastic film on flat soil and hole sowing） and chemicals （a drought resistant agent and a water- retaining agent） on growth, photosynthetic rate, yield, and water use efficiency （WUE） of spring millet （Setaria italica L.）. The experimental results showed that water-collecting and -retaining techniques can effectively increase soil moisture content, the leaf photosynthetic rate and crop growth. Due to increased soil moisture under the plastic-covered ridge and furrow water-collecting in July and August, dry matter and plant height had a increase at the booting stage （late growth advantage）. However, the plastic-covered flat soil and hole sowing reduced soil evaporation during early growth, the increase of dry matter and plant height appeared at the seedling stage （early growth advantage）. Plastic-covered ridge and furrow sowing supplemented with chemical reagents had significant positive effects on water collection and soil moisture retention. Improvement of soil moisture resulted into the increase of the photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation yield and WUE. The water-collecting and -retaining techniques can improve WUE and enhance crop yield. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the photosynthetic rate under the water-collecting and -retaining techniques was significantly associated with the soil moisture, but had no significant relationship with leaf chlorophyll content. Plastic- covered ridge and furrow sowing supplemented with chemical reagents increased the yield and WUE by 114% and 8.16 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively, compared with the control; while without the chemical reagents the yield and WUE were 95% and 7.42 kg ha-1 mm-1 higher, respectively, than those of the control.

Effects of Nano-carbon Humic Acid Water-retaining Fertilizer on Citrus Growth and the Soil Bacterial Community in Citrus Field

[Objective] In order to reveal the effects of reducing the amount of novel nano-carbon humic acid water-retaining fertilizer(CSF) on soil microbial community structure and citrus growth. [Method]In this study,conventional fertilization was as the control(KC1) in Wanzhou citrus orchard of Three Gorges Reservoir area. CSF reductions by 0%(KC2),10%(KC3),20%(KC4),30%(KC5) and 40%(KC6) were used to analyze the changes of soil bacterial community structure,citrus yield and quality. [Result]The results showed that the observed species,Shannon index,Chao1 index and PDwholetree of KC6 were higher than those of KC1,and were the same as KC2. The abundance of Xanthomonadaceae was the highest in KC5. Compared with KC1,the Xanthomonadaceae in KC3,KC4 and KC6 was significantly decreased,and the levels of Nitrosomonadaceae and Pseudomonasaceae were higher than that of KC1 after the treatment of KC6. Sphingomonas in different reduction treatments was lower than that of KC1,but Burkholderia and Pseudomonas were significantly higher than those of KC1. It was found that the similarity among treatments was small after bacterial community similarity clustering analysis,and citrus yield increased somewhat after CSF fertilization reduction.When CSF fertilization reduced by 30%,citrus yield increased by 4. 50%. When CSF fertilization reduced by 40%,citrus yield decreased by4. 14%. After CSF fertilization,citrus quality did not change significantly in CSF conventional fertilization and reduction of 10% and 40%,while significantly decreased in 20% and 30% of fertilization reduction. [Conclusion] CSF fertilization reduction changed the diversity of soil bacterial community structure and the yield and quality of citrus.

Ice-and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-reining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to desWoy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during eazthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using iceand cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation （CGF）. Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and slrength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain consmactious of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these iceand cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.

Effects of Nano-Carbon Water-Retaining Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency of Tuber Mustard

The effects of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer on yield,quality of tuber mustard,and fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied with the field experiments compared to the local tuber mustard fertilizer with equal amount of effective composition. The results showed that the yield of tuber mustard was 50 670-56 496 kg/ha in treatments of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 10%-40%,and compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer,the average yield was increased by 94. 8%. The yield increasing rate of tuber mustard was 93. 0%in treatment of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 30%. The average fertilizer utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was 54% and 39. 7%,respectively,the average increment of fertilizer utilization efficiency was 36% and 37%,respectively compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer. Especially in treatment of reducing nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer by 30%,the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency was increased by 64% and 56%,respectively. By comprehensive comparison,it was found that nano-carbon waterretaining fertilizer and the treatment of 30% reduction could significantly improve the yield of tuber mustard and fertilizer utilization efficiency,and have popularization and application value in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

An Overview of Recently Developed Coupled Simulation Optimization Approaches for Reliability Based Minimum Cost Design of Water Retaining Structures

This paper reviews several recently-developed techniques for the minimum-cost optimal design of water-retaining structures (WRSs), which integrate the effects of seepage. These include the incorporation of uncertainty in heterogeneous soil parameter estimates and quantification of reliability. This review is limited to methods based on coupled simulation-optimization (S-O) models. In this context, the design of WRSs is mainly affected by hydraulic design variables such as seepage quantities, which are difficult to determine from closed-form solutions or approximation theories. An S-O model is built by integrating numerical seepage modeling responses to an optimization algorithm based on efficient surrogate models. The surrogate models (meta-models) are trained on simulated data obtained from finite element numerical code solutions. The proposed methodology is applied using several machine learning techniques and optimization solvers to optimize the design of WRS by incorporating different design variables and boundary conditions. Additionally, the effects of several scenarios of flow domain hydraulic conductivity are integrated into the S-O model. Also, reliability based optimum design concepts are incorporated in the S-O model to quantify uncertainty in seepage quantities due to uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity estimates. We can conclude that the S-O model can efficiently optimize WRS designs. The ANN, SVM, and GPR machine learning technique-based surrogate models are efficiently and expeditiously incorporated into the S-O models to imitate the numerical responses of simulations of various problems.

充气式橡胶坝的模型试验及有限差分研究

橡胶坝的挡水性能优越,兼具实用性与景观性,被广泛用在城市河流挡水闸坝和溢流坝等领域。充气式橡胶坝相比充水橡胶坝,安装和拆卸更为方便,但目前充气式橡胶坝采用查表法进行粗略设计,过程复杂且存在误差。鉴于此,设计大比尺模型试验测试充气式橡胶坝在充气、挡水条件下的坝袋截面形状和袋体张拉力分布特点。基于有限差分软件建立充气式橡胶坝的力学模型,通过大比尺模型试验和现行设计规范验证了该模型的准确性。分析充气式橡胶坝在挡水过程中横截面几何形状及尺寸、张拉力与上游水位及内部气压之间的关系。结果表明:坝袋宽度B、接地宽度b随上游水位增大呈非线性增加;坝袋高度H、横截面面积A随上游水位增大呈非线性减小。设计工况下,坝袋高度H、横截面面积A随气压增加呈非线性增大,坝袋宽度B、接地宽度b随气压增大呈非线性减小;坝袋张拉力与气压呈正比关系。基于Chapman-Richard曲线模型对设计工况下的几何尺寸、张拉力与内部气压间的关系进行拟合,提出橡胶坝简化设计计算公式,可用于充气式橡胶坝的设计计算。

丙烯酸基高吸水性树脂的研究进展

介绍了高吸水性树脂的制备方法以及各种方法的优缺点。概述了不同的改性材料对高吸水性树脂吸水保水性能的影响,并给出了增加比表面积、分子量、活性基团数量、适当的中和度和交联度等方法来提高吸水保水能力。总结了高吸水性树脂在环境治理、建筑材料和农林业三个领域的应用。对高吸水性树脂性能的进一步改善进行了展望,开发低成本、可降解的高吸水性树脂仍是亟需解决的难题。

黏性细尾砂料浆流变特性初步研究

为探究黏性细尾砂料浆流变特性,以某金矿细尾砂料浆为研究对象,借助流变仪、pH计、ICP-OES、Zeta电位仪多种手段开展料浆保水性、触变性研究,分析了金矿细尾砂料浆流变特性,探讨了料浆从层流到紊流的转变及扩展度与流变参数的关系。结果表明:①细尾砂的黏土矿物成分含量高和比表面积大的特点是影响料浆保水性、触变性、流动性以及层流—紊流转变的重要内因;②黏土矿物溶出碱阳离子使电动电位下降引起吸附水膜厚度降低,但共用吸附水膜的细尾砂颗粒间吸引力也因此增强,促进絮网结构形成和发展,使絮网结构强度提高,絮网内包裹水量因此增加,再加上较大比表面积使水膜面积增加,导致料浆吸附水量增加;③细尾砂黏土矿物成分越多,比表面积越大,被破坏的絮网结构恢复重建越困难,触变性越明显,通过增加剪切速度和降低料浆浓度可弱化触变性;④细尾砂料浆属于宾汉塑性体,黏土矿物和较大比表面积有助于使料浆维持层流,使料浆屈服应力、刚度系数增加和扩展度降低,扩展度同时受屈服应力和刚度系数控制且遵循负幂函数关系。

NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)复合保水剂对凡纳滨对虾虾肉保水效果的影响

【目的】探究复合添加NaHCO_(3)、KHCO_(3)两种无磷保水剂的添加量和浸泡时间对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)虾肉保水能力的影响。【方法】通过不同添加质量分数(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)的NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)两种保水剂及浸泡时间单因素实验,分析NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)对凡纳滨对虾虾肉pH、浸泡增重率、蒸煮损失率等指标的变化;并对NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)联合使用时的添加质量分数和作用时间进行响应面优化,确定最佳添加量及浸泡时间;以电位、水分分布、微观结构等指标分析不同保水剂对虾肉蛋白的内在影响。【结果】单因素实验结果表明,添加NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)能有效提升虾肉保水效果,且均在添加质量分数为2.0%时保水效果最佳。浸泡6~15 h间,虾肉pH和浸泡增重率变化较小。响应面优化结果表明,NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)添加量存在交互影响,复合添加1.5%NaHCO_(3)和1.5%KHCO_(3),浸泡9 h后虾肉有较高的浸泡增重率(22.65%)和适宜的pH(8.06)。保水剂对蛋白的影响表明,复合保水剂添加主要通过促进虾肉蛋白的电位增加、自由水增加、分子解离及凝胶结构的形成来提高虾肉的保水能力,其保水能力强于添加质量分数0.5%复合磷酸盐组。【结论】联合添加使用质量分数1.5%NaHCO_(3)与质量分数1.5%KHCO_(3)并浸泡9 h处理,可增加虾肉肌原纤维蛋白分子电位、增强虾肉蛋白凝胶网络结构、改变虾肉内部水分分布,对提升虾肉保水能力有明显作用。

新型矿用EMI降尘剂对煤尘的润湿特性研究

随着矿井机械化开采程度的提高,煤尘产生量也随之增大。针对煤矿井下作业环境中的粉尘污染日益严重的问题,通过测定含不同质量分数绿色高效生物降尘剂(EMI)溶液的表面张力,并以不同粒径煤尘与EMI溶液的接触角、煤尘润湿速度、煤尘吸湿量及保水性为指标,研究了不同质量分数的EMI溶液对不同粒径煤尘的润湿效果。实验结果表明:随着溶液中EMI降尘剂的质量分数增大,煤尘的接触角逐渐减小,煤尘完全沉降所需时间逐渐下降,吸湿量逐渐增大,保水性逐渐增强,且失水后煤样的板结性较大。通过分析得出EMI润湿煤尘的作用机理:降低水的表面张力;增加溶液润湿性;减少水分流失;提高溶液的抗蒸发性。

保水剂与氮肥配施对雪茄烟抗旱性相关理化性状的影响

为探讨保水剂与氮肥配施对雪茄烟不同时期抗旱性的影响,本试验以雪茄烟品种德雪一号为材料,通过盆栽方式研究干旱条件下不同浓度保水剂与不同用量氮肥配施对雪茄烟抗旱性相关生理生化指标的影响,并对其进行相关性分析、主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价。结果表明,与对照相比,保水剂和氮肥配施处理均可提高雪茄烟叶的叶绿素含量,保证叶绿素的正常合成和降解;均可显著增强雪茄烟叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低叶片MDA含量,减少烟叶中过氧化物的产生,降低其膜脂过氧化损伤;均可显著提高雪茄烟叶脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,促进雪茄烟叶片渗透调节物质积累,增强水分调控能力。保水剂用量4 g/株、氮肥用量4.29 g/株处理(A1B2)效果最好,可显著增强雪茄烟品种德雪一号的抗旱性。本结论可为干旱且土壤保水保肥性能较差地区优质雪茄烟栽培提供理论依据和参考。

渗透各向异性土层中考虑挡墙厚度的基坑稳态渗流解析解

本文对考虑厚度挡墙支护下渗透各向异性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则区域,采用坐标变换将渗透各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,对各区域利用叠加法和分离变量法推导得到二维稳态渗流场、挡墙上水压力以及坑底出逸比降的显式解析解。对比保角变换和积分变换方法,本文解渗流场计算结果连续且无奇异点,且基坑水头和挡墙两侧水压力分布情况与数值软件分析一致性较好,说明本文解析解的正确性和优越性。本文解与不同计算方法得到的挡墙水压力结果对比分析发现,挡墙厚度d、竖直与水平向渗透系数比α对挡墙上水压力的影响不可忽略。分析α、d对挡墙底部水压力及出逸比降的影响,随着α和d的增大,基坑外侧挡墙底部水压力增大,基坑内侧挡墙底部水压力减小;随着α和d的逐渐减小,坑底出逸比降不断增大;当α和d较小时,考虑一维渗流情况得到的出逸比降安全性较低,且随着α和d的减小与本文解析解差距越来越大。

不同施肥措施对宁化油茶园土壤理化性质及叶绿素含量的影响

肥料对油茶的生长与品质起着重要的作用。以福建省宁化县紫色土油茶园为研究对象,在大田实验中设置施复合肥与施保水性微生物有机肥的对比实验,研究不同施肥措施对土壤肥力及油茶生长的影响。研究结果表明:1)保水性微生物有机肥与传统复合肥在短期内都能增加土壤养分、提升土壤微生物活性。2)与传统复合肥对比,保水性微生物有机肥在短期内能更高效地增加土壤养分,土壤有机质提升了12.4%,全氮与全碳分别提升了160.8%与231.63%。3)保水型微生物有机肥与传统复合肥相比,具有更好的保水效果,且对土壤pH也具有缓冲作用,可有效解决水土流失区的土壤保水问题。合理利用当地鸡粪作为保水型微生物有机肥为基底,可以有效解决禽类粪便的土壤污染问题,对促进当地农民增收均具有重要意义。

高寒矿区环境材料混施下土壤改良及工程应用研究

为了解决高寒矿区土地复垦中表层土壤结构差、水土流失和土壤肥力低下等问题,以青海威斯特铜矿为例,通过土壤培养模拟正交设计试验,研究了混施羊板粪(A)、TG改良剂(B)、保水剂(C)3种材料对土壤改良的效果,并筛选出一种效果最佳的混合比例。正交极差结果表明:羊板粪对土壤有机质、土壤密度、孔隙度和全盐含量的影响较强,TG改良剂对pH的影响较强,保水剂对田间持水量的影响较强。综合极差分析和主成分分析结果得,处理1(A含量6 g/kg,B含量1.85 g/kg,C含量0.06 g/kg)为改良土壤理化性能最优组合。通过冗余分析得出,羊板粪和TG改良剂对土壤理化性质的差异性解释最好。有机质、土壤田间持水量和孔隙度与环境材料的相关性较强。有机质与羊板粪呈正相关,孔隙度和田间持水量与保水剂、TG改良剂呈正相关。pH、全盐含量和土壤密度与环境材料的相关性较小。孔隙度和田间持水量正相关性强,二者与有机质呈负相关。综合考虑,土壤有机质最优组合A3B3C2和土壤其他理化性能最优组合A1B1C1,通过中值法得到高寒矿区土壤基质恢复最优配方结果为A2B2C1.5,即A含量12 g/kg,B含量3.7 g/kg,C含量0.09 g/kg为最优配比。通过工程应用,总结出以“边坡修整、挂椰网/铁丝网、挂生态棒、设置排水沟、客土筛分、客土喷播、铺设保水毯、养护管理及监测”为主的技术应用流程,将试验配方研究和工程应用进行了结合。3种环境材料工程应用结果表明,土壤理化性质和生物量也得到明显改善。此研究为解决青藏高海拔矿区土壤肥力和结构的恢复提供参考,对水土保持产生重要意义。

巷旁充填留巷顶板结构分析与围岩控制技术

为研究沿空留巷顶板结构特征及其支护技术,基于弹性力学薄板理论,建立了沿空留巷顶板悬板结构模型,推演了两种边界条件下悬板主应力表达式,构建了应力比例系数作为薄板破坏判据,研发了沿空留巷巷内顶板斜拉锚索加强支护、巷旁超高水材料复合支护技术。研究结果表明:锚网索支护沿空留巷过程中实施超前预裂切顶,顶板可形成悬板结构,该结构随上覆顶板运动可形成一对边简支一对边自由和一对边固支简支一对边自由两种悬板形式;在矿山压力作用下两种悬板破坏部位不同,可以此作为布置顶板斜拉锚索的依据;顶板斜拉锚索对悬板起悬吊和水平挤压作用。现场试验结果证明了理论分析的可靠性。

大采高松软煤层柔性充填沿空留巷技术应用研究

针对梁北矿厚煤层沿空留巷围岩稳定性问题,本文提出“预裂切顶-超前加固-高水充填”三位一体沿空留巷围岩协同控制技术。通过室内试验、理论分析、工程类比、数值模拟等方法,确定了梁北矿21051东工作面机巷沿空留巷预裂切顶、超前加固和高水充填支护参数。现场监测结果表明:梁北矿21051东工作面沿空留巷在滞后工作面120 m范围内围岩变形呈增长趋势,120 m后趋于稳定,最终变形量在可控范围,留巷取得成功。相关技术方法可为类似矿井沿空留巷工程提供一定参考。

预制粉蒸鮰鱼菜品研制及复合保水剂处理后冷冻对鮰鱼品质的影响

为探究粉蒸鮰鱼的预制工艺,以斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉块为研究对象,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定粉蒸鮰鱼最优工艺条件的各组分添加量为食盐1.5%,鸡汁1%,姜汁2%在4℃下腌制15 min,然后按100∶30的比例裹上浸泡15 min的米粉蒸制10 min。在此条件下对斑点叉尾鮰鱼肉块进行不同预处理,之后对3组样品的感官评分、营养组成、色泽、质构和电子鼻测定结果的差异进行分析,对比出冷冻及保水剂处理后冷冻鮰鱼块贮藏品质的变化。结果表明,浸泡+冷冻组的粉蒸鮰鱼肉的感官评分、基本组成、色泽与新鲜组差别不大,挥发性成分有一定差异,嫩度显著降低。

两种保水剂对高寒区燕麦生长发育和产量的影响

为探索不同保水剂对高寒区旱作燕麦生长发育和产量的影响,对两种类型的保水剂K(颗粒型保水剂)和F(粉末型保水剂)设置4个施用量:1(11.25 kg/hm^(2))、2(22.5 kg/hm^(2))、3(33.75 kg/hm^(2))、4(45 kg/hm^(2)),以不施保水剂CK为对照,研究不同类型保水剂在不同施用量下对燕麦生长发育、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:随着颗粒型保水剂施用量的增加,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中K2处理最好,与CK相比,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高32.6%和6.27%,经济效益提高31.4%;随着粉末型保水剂施用量的增加,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量均呈增加趋势,其中F4处理最好,与CK相比,种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高34.7%和6.69%,经济效益提高27.4%。相关性和通径分析表明,燕麦种子产量与单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和单株穗粒重均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,处理K2(22.5 kg/hm^(2))与F4(45 kg/hm^(2))均可提高高寒区燕麦产量,K2处理经济效益最高。