Straw return increases crop production by improving soil organic carbon sequestration and soil aggregation in a long-term wheat-cotton cropping system

Straw return is a promising strategy for managing soil organic carbon(SOC)and improving yield stability.However,the optimal straw return strategy for sustainable crop production in the wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)cropping system remains uncertain.The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term(10 years)impact of carbon(C)input on SOC sequestration,soil aggregation and crop yields in a wheat-cotton cropping system in the Yangtze River Valley,China.Five treatments were arranged with a single-factor randomized design as follows:no straw return(Control),return of wheat straw only(Wt),return of cotton straw only(Ct),return of 50%wheat and 50%cotton straw(Wh-Ch)and return of 100%wheat and 100%cotton straw(Wt-Ct).In comparison to the Control,the SOC content increased by 8.4 to 20.2%under straw return.A significant linear positive correlation between SOC sequestration and C input(1.42-7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1))(P<0.05)was detected.The percentages of aggregates of sizes>2 and 1-2 mm at the 0-20 cm soil depth were also significantly elevated under straw return,with the greatest increase of the aggregate stability in the Wt-Ct treatment(28.1%).The average wheat yields increased by 12.4-36.0%and cotton yields increased by 29.4-73.7%,and significantly linear positive correlations were also detected between C input and the yields of wheat and cotton.The average sustainable yield index(SYI)reached a maximum value of 0.69 when the C input was 7.08 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1),which was close to the maximum value(SYI of 0.69,C input of 7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(-1))in the Wt-Ct treatment.Overall,the return of both wheat and cotton straw was the best strategy for improving SOC sequestration,soil aggregation,yields and their sustainability in the wheat-cotton rotation system.

Effects of Combination of Straw Returning and a Microbial Agent on Microorganisms and Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil and Yield of Late Rice

By using red soil and late rice Wufengyou T025 as the tested materials,the influences of straw returning with a microbial agent on the quantity of microorganisms and enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil in fields were studied,and soil productivity was tested with yield and agricultural traits of late rice. The results showed that straw returning with the microbial agent could significantly improve the quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomyces in soil,enhance the activity of sucrase,urease,catalase and cellulase,and improve the number of grains per spike,setting percentage,thousand seed weight and yield of late rice. The combination of rice straw returning and the microbial agent has a good prospect of application.

Effect of Sweet Corn Straw Returning to the Field on Soil Fertility, Yield and Benefit

It is an important way for realizing sustainable development of sweet corn production to stabilize and improve soil fertility of cultivated land in sweet corn production region.Through the test of sweet corn straw directly returning to the field after 6seasons for 3years,the results showed that continuous single application of chemical fertilizer is not conducive to the stability of soil fertility and yield improvement,and implementation of straw returning could receive fertility,improve soil acidic conditions,and enhance the yield of sweet corn.Compared with before the test,the single application of chemical fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus,while the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available potassium decreased by 1.08,1.18 and 2.47mg/kg respectively,and the soil pH decreased by 0.15.Under the same fertilizer conditions,organic matter contents of single and double-season straw returning increased by 0.71 and 1.29g/kg,available nitrogen increased by 17.15 and 28.27mg/kg,available phosphorus increased by 0.96 and 1.73mg/kg,available potassium increased by 2.41 and 5.92mg/kg,the soil pH increased by 0.16 and 0.2.Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the average yields of single and double-season straw returning increased by 7.5%and 11.8%,and their average income increased by 87.3and 117.1yuan of per mu(667m^2)respectively.

Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Additions on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Enzyme Activities Under Rice Straw Returning

The effects of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources on the soil microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and related enzyme activities were studied by the simulation experiment of rice straw returning to the field,and the mechanism of the decomposition of rice straw returning to the field was discussed.Completely randomized experiment of the two factors of the three levels was designed,and a total of nine treatments of indoor soil incubation tests were conducted.Full amount of rice straw was applied to the soil in this simulation experiment and different amounts of brown sugar and urea were added in the three levels of 0(no carbon source and nitrogen source),1(low levels of carbon and nitrogen sources)and 2(high levels of carbon and nitrogen sources),respectively.The results showed that the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to the rice straw could increase the soil carbon content.Compared with T0N0,the microbial biomass carbon of T2N2 was increased significantly by 170.48%;the dissolved organic carbon content of T1N2 was significantly increased by 58.14%and the free humic acid carbon contents of T0N2,T1N1 and T2N0 were significantly increased by 56.16%and 45.55%and 47.80%,respectively;however,there were no significant differences among those of treatments at later incubation periods.The addition of different carbon and nitrogen sources could promote the soil enzyme activities.During the incubation period,all of the soil enzyme activities of adding sugar and urea were higher than those of T0N0 treatment.Therefore,the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to rice straw returning could improve soil microbial biomass carbon content,dissolved organic carbon and soil enzyme activities.

Effects of Method for Returning Straw to Field on Soil Properties,Straw Decomposition and Nutrient Release

[Objectives]To alleviate the influence of meteorological conditions on soil environment(temperature and water content)and maintain high and stable grain yield.[Methods]Taking Sunzhen Experimental Station of Weinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences as the experimental base,the effects of returning double-crop wheat and corn straw to field(Twm),returning single-crop corn straw to field(Tm),returning single-crop wheat straw to field(Tw)on soil temperature,water content,straw decomposition rate and nutrient release,soil organic matter and bulk density were studied systematically.[Results]Twm treatment could effectively alleviate the effects of meteorological conditions on soil temperature and water content.The decomposition rate of straw treated with Twm was 4.7%higher than that of Tm treatment,3.8%higher than that of Tw treatment,10.5%higher than that of Tm treatment,and the decomposition rate of straw showed a trend of"first fast,then slow and then fast".The release of nitrogen from straw was basically similar to that of straw decay,and the release of potassium and phosphorus increased at first and then remained basically unchanged.The release rate of potassium was the highest,followed by phosphorus and nitrogen.The content of soil organic matter in Twm treatment increased by 11.67%annually,an annual average of 0.998 g/kg.The soil bulk density of Twm treatment decreased by 0.058 g/cm^(3) annually,an annual average of 4.29%.The fundamental reason is that Twm treatment provides conditions(temperature,water content,nutrition)for microbial growth,reproduction,enzyme production and biochemical reaction,and increases the exchange capacity of soil and external water,heat,gas and fertilizer.[Conclusions]It is expected is to help people change their understanding of returning straw to field from"quick harvest"to"fertilizer transformation".

Effects of Different Modes of Returning Farmland to Forest on Physicochemical Properties of Soil in Bashang Area of Northern Hebei Province

[Objective]The research aimed to understand the change rules of physicochemical properties of soil in the different modes of returning farmland to forest.[Method]The physicochemical properties of soil in three different types of returning farmland to forest(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.forest,Caragana korshinskii forest and Ulmus pumila L.forest)were analyzed by taking the enclosed grassland as comparison in Bashang area of northern Hebei Province.[Result]The results showed that there were significant differences among different types.Order of the bulk density of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(1.17 g/cm^3)<U.pumila L.forest(1.24 g/cm^3)<C.korshinskii forest(1.26 g/cm^3)<enclosed grassland(1.61 g/cm^3);order of the total porosity of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(55.29%)>U.pumila L.forest(52.55%)>C.korshinskii forest(51.93%)<enclosed grassland(38.85%);order of the organic matter content of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(3.191%)>C.korshinskii forest(3.128%)>U.pumila L.forest(2.804%)>enclosed grassland(2.536%).[Conclusion]After returning farmland to forest,vegetation played a positive role in physicochemical properties of soil.There were significant differences in physicochemical properties of soil among different modes of returning farmland to forest,and the improvement effect of H.rhamnoides Linn.forest on physicochemical properties of soil was the best.

Effects of long-term straw return on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities in a double-cropped rice paddy in South China

Long-term straw return is an important carbon source for improving soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks in croplands, and straw removal through burning is also a common practice in open fields in South China. However, the specific effects of long-term rice straw management on SOC fractions, the related enzyme activities and their relationships, and whether these effects differ between crop growing seasons remain unknown. Three treatments with equal nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient inputs, including straw/ash and chemical nutrients, were established to compare the effects of straw removal(CK), straw return(SR), and straw burned return(SBR). Compared to CK, long-term SR tended to improve the yield of early season rice(P=0.057), and significantly increased total organic carbon(TOC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in double-cropped rice paddies. While SBR had no effect on TOC, it decreased light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) in early rice and easily oxidizable organic carbon(EOC) in late rice, significantly increased dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and significantly decreased soil p H. These results showed that MBC was the most sensitive indicator for assessing changes of SOC in the double-cropped rice system due to long-term straw return. In addition, the different effects on SOC fraction sizes between SR and SBR were attributed to the divergent trends in most of the soil enzyme activities in the early and late rice that mainly altered DOC, while DOC was positively affected by β-xylosidase in both early and late rice. We concluded that straw return was superior to straw burned return for improving SOC fractions, but the negative effects on soil enzyme activities in late rice require further research.

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon(SOC)and its labile fractions,as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon(OC)associated with water-stable aggregates(WSA).Moreover,the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration.The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA.Corn straw was returned in the following depths:(1)on undisturbed soil surface(NTS),(2)in the 0–10 cm soil depth(MTS),(3)in the 0–20 cm soil depth(CTS),and(4)no corn straw applied(CK).After five years(2014–2018),soil was sampled in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C(WEOC),permanganate oxidizable C(KMnO4-C),light fraction organic C(LFOC),and WSA fractions.The results showed that compared with CK,corn straw amended soils(NTS,MTS and CTS)increased SOC content by 11.55%–16.58%,WEOC by 41.38%–51.42%,KMnO4-C and LFOC by 29.84%–34.09%and 56.68%–65.36%in the 0–40 cm soil depth.The LFOC and KMnO4-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes.Compared with CK,soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%–40.48%in the 0–20 cm soil depth.The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00%of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK.No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period,indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure,and would not decline crop production.

Effects of the combined application of organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizer on soil aggregate carbon and nitrogen:A 30-year study

To understand the long-term effects of combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C(SOC) and total N(TN), we conducted a 30-year field experiment with a wheat–maize rotation system on the Huang-HuaiHai Plain during 1990–2019. The experimental treatments consisted of five fertilizer regimes: no fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizer only(NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw(NPKS), chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM), and 1.5 times the rate of NPKM(1.5NPKM). The NPK, NPKS, and NPKM treatments had equal N inputs. The crop yields were measured over the whole experimental duration. Soil samples were collected from the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm) and subsoil(20–40 cm) layers for assessing soil aggregates and taking SOC and TN measurements. Compared with the NPK treatment, the SOC and TN contents increased significantly in both the topsoil(24.1–44.4% for SOC and 22.8–47.7% for TN) and subsoil layers(22.0–47.9% for SOC and 19.8–41.8% for TN) for the organically amended treatments(NPKS, NPKM and 1.5NPKM) after 30 years, while no significant differences were found for the average annual crop yields over the 30 years of the experiment. The 0–10 cm layer of the NPKS treatment and the 20–40 cm layer of the NPKM treatment had significantly higher macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(19.8 and 27.0%) than the NPK treatment. However, the 0–10 and 20–40 cm layers of the 1.5NPKM treatment had significantly lower macroaggregate fraction mass proportions(–19.2 and –29.1%) than the control. The analysis showed that the higher SOC and TN in the soil of organically amended treatments compared to the NPK treatment were related to the increases in SOC and TN protected in the stable fractions(i.e., free microaggregates and microaggregates within macroaggregates), in which the contributions of the stable fractions were 81.1–91.7% of the increase in SOC and 83.3–94.0% of the increase in TN, respectively. The relationships between average C inputs and both stable SOC and TN stocks were significantly positive with R2 values of 0.74 and 0.72(P<0.01) for the whole 40 cm soil profile, which indicates the importance of N for soil C storage. The results of our study provide key evidence that long-term combined organic and chemical nitrogen fertilization, while maintaining reasonable total N inputs, benefited soil C and N storage in both the topsoil and subsoil layers.

Impact of Different Landscaping Waste Biochar Return-to-soil Modes on Plant Growth

Processing landscaping waste into biochar has been just initiated in China, biochar as a new soil improver has attracted wide concern home and abroad. This paper applied the pilot experiment method, and took Tulbaghia violacea and Malus micromalus cv. "American" as the test flower and tree to explore the impact of different biochar return-to-soil modes on plant growth. It was found that biocharcoveredsoil promoted the growth of both species efficiently, and relieved the poor growth, compared with the control group, biochar-covered-soil reduced yellow leaves, dead leaves and poor growth vigor of T.violacea by 47.8%, 20% and 100%, respectively, and it reduced poor growth, dead branch rate and root tiller germination of M. micromalus cv. "American" by 80%, 62.5% and 50%. The results showed that biocharcoveredsoil was better than biochar-mixing-soil.

Effects of Long-term Return of Milk Vetch(Astragalus sinicus)on Soil Nutrients and Microorganism Communities in Double-rice Cropping Field

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus)on soil nutrients and microorganisms in paddy fields after returning to the field.[Methods]Three treatments,no fertilization,single application of chemical fertilizers and milk vetch return combined with chemical fertilizers,were set up to determine soil nutrient contents and the quantity of microorganisms,respectively.[Results]The return of milk vetch combined with chemical fertilizers could significantly increase the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen in the paddy soil,while the contents of available potassium and available phosphorus decreased.Milk vetch return combined with chemical fertilizers could significantly increase the quantity of soil microorganisms in the paddy field.[Conclusions]The return of milk vetch can be used as a feasible measure to improve soil fertility.

玉米秸秆堆腐还田对黑土区土壤性状的影响

本研究针对东北地区秋冬季节气候寒冷特点和秸秆堆腐还田的实际操作需求,开展秸秆堆腐还田试验。在秋季玉米收获之后进行田间堆腐试验,期间连续监测环境温度、降水、秸秆堆温度、秸秆失重率等指标。离田玉米秸秆经过腐熟后作为肥料还田,连续施用3年,检测土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤孔隙度、土壤容重等指标。在基本农田和棚室保护地进行为期2年的应用试验。结果表明:120 d秸秆失重率达到31.53%。施用腐熟秸秆3年,土壤有机质提高了4.06~6.31 g/kg、土壤中碱解氮提高了15.08~27.35 mg/kg、速效磷提高了18.11~21.95 mg/kg、速效钾提高63.97~89.93 mg/kg;土壤容重降低了0.10~0.14 g/cm^(3)、土壤田间持水量提高了7.51%~9.24%(V/V)、土壤孔隙度提高了3.69%~5.27%(V/V),且差异显著(P≤0.05)。基本农田和棚室保护地应用试验中,速效养分与有机质有所增长,土壤容重与田间持水量变化显著。逐年施用腐熟秸秆对于提高土壤有机质含量、速效养分具有显著作用。同时,施用腐熟秸秆能够降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度与田间持水量,改善土壤板结问题。腐熟秸秆在改良与保育黑土性质方面具有良好的作用。

秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响

为明确秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响,设置秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)和秸秆不还田翻耕(FD)3个处理,测定土壤含水量、水分特征曲线、容重、硬度、土壤三相比及结构稳定性等参数。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖还田可显著提高春季耕层(0~30 cm)土壤含水量,较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增幅为11.17%~150.84%;不同处理耕层土壤在水吸力中吸力段土壤含水量变化曲线平滑,秸秆覆盖还田处理具有较高的土壤持水性。(2)秸秆还田能显著提高土壤水分有效性,与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆覆盖还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤田间持水量提高4.85%~11.03%,土壤凋萎系数提高10.85%~18.00%;秸秆翻埋还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤重力水增加9.65%~80.73%。秸秆翻埋还田提升了土壤供水能力,土壤比水容量较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增加4.8%~10.0%。(3)与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆还田降低了收获后土壤紧实度,降低幅度为0.18~0.31 MPa;秸秆覆盖还田增加表层土壤容重,降低土壤孔隙度,促进三相结构趋于合理,显著增加土壤结构稳定性。(4)皮尔森相关分析表明,三相比R值与结构距离(r=0.73*)、土壤容重(r=0.70*)相关性显著,在一定范围内三相比R值的增加有利于改善并促进土壤结构稳定。综上可知,东北黑土农田实施秸秆还田是提高春季土壤含水量、增强土壤持水性、提升土壤供水能力、调节土壤紧实性、调控土壤三相比、改善土壤结构和提高土壤宜耕性的有效措施。

秸秆粉构建隔离层方式对土壤氮磷淋溶阻控效应研究

为控制氮磷面源污染提供理论基础,研究了秸秆粉构建隔离层方式对土壤氮磷淋溶阻控效应。通过盆栽辣椒试验,设置空白对照(T1)、单层深埋(T2)、双层深埋(T3)、单层深埋+土壤混合(T4)、土壤混合(T5)五种处理,构建秸秆隔离层,在不同时间点取淋溶水,测试淋溶水中氮磷含量,明确不同秸秆构建隔离层方式对土壤氮磷淋溶的阻控效应。结果表明,T4明显比其他处理和对照表现出阻截氮磷淋溶效应的优势,全氮、总磷、有效磷、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮累积淋溶量分别比对照减少了50.6%、42.64%、25.8%、11.4%、65.6%、46.9%,同时增加辣椒生物量10.54%。四种处理均表现出阻截氮磷淋溶效应的趋势,但程度各有不同,具体应用到实际农业生产中还需进一步研究。

东北半干旱黑土区玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组分的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对无秸秆还田(CK)、秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量及其结构特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,FM处理0~40 cm土层SOC含量提高7.87%~29.54%,FG处理0~30 cm土层SOC含量增加1.91%~18.61%,30~40 cm土层SOC含量降低7.67%;FM和FG处理0~40 cm土层土壤WSOC含量分别提升13.42%~39.42%和0.28%~26.34%。(2)通过WSOC三维荧光光谱发现,各土层CK(Ex/Em=300/34、Ex/Em=300/340、Ex/Em=240/340、Ex/Em=300/340)处理WSOC荧光特征峰为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质荧光峰;FM(Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/435)和FG(Ex/Em=270/440、Ex/Em=270/435、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/430)处理为类腐殖酸类物质荧光特征峰,腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;荧光区域积分表明,FM和FG处理类腐殖酸类物质(Ⅴ)和富里酸类物质(Ⅲ)的积分百分比分别较CK增加12.18%~27.39%、11.98%~30.72%和3.96%~5.73%、2.99%~5.40%。(3)土壤WSOC包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=340/435,270/435)组分为类腐殖酸类物质,C2(Ex/Em=290/345,240/345)组分为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质;F max值结果表明,0~40 cm土层的C1组分相对含量表现为FM>FG>CK,表明秸秆翻埋还田更有助于土壤中营养物质含量增加和形成更高分子量的有机物。综上,不同秸秆还田方式均可提升SOC和土壤WSOC含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强土壤的供肥能力,翻埋还田处理提升作用更为显著。

秸秆还田及不同比例控失尿素对华北平原小麦产量及潮土性质影响

为探讨不同控失尿素比例和秸秆还田对华北平原小麦产量及潮土化学性质的影响,本研究以华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以秸秆还田为主区,控失尿素比例为副区。秸秆还田模式设秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆不还田(S0)2种;控失尿素比例设不施肥(CK)以及控失尿素占总施氮量比例为0、40%、70%和100%(LCU0、LCU40、LCU70、LCU100)5个处理。在作物收割后进行产量测定,并采集0~20 cm耕层土壤进行常规土壤养分含量测定。结果表明:与S0处理相比,S1处理显著提高土壤有机质和速效钾含量。控失尿素显著提高土壤硝态氮含量,其他土壤养分含量无显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下,施用化肥显著降低了土壤pH值。控失尿素比例为70%时土壤养分含量最高。秸秆还田对小麦产量及吸氮量无显著影响,控失尿素对小麦产量及吸氮量增加具有极显著影响。在所有处理中,S1-LCU40处理的籽粒和秸秆产量最高,籽粒产量达7009.26 kg·hm^(-2),秸秆产量达11361.38 kg·hm^(-2)。秸秆还田对土壤氮素依存率具有显著影响,不同比例控失尿素对氮素收获指数具有显著影响,对氮肥表观利用率、土壤氮素依存率具有极显著影响。控失尿素比例为40%或70%时氮素吸收利用指标较优。综上,在华北平原潮土区,秸秆还田与40%控失尿素比例配施可以显著提升土壤供氮能力,提高小麦产量和氮素吸收与利用指标,是较为适宜的管理措施,但其机理及长期效应还需进一步研究。

我国土壤消毒机械的研发与应用

土壤处理机械是土壤消毒的核心技术。综述了在国家重点研发计划等项目的资助下,我国突破了一系列技术瓶颈,研发了固态、液态和火焰消毒技术。土壤消毒秸杆还田一体机采用偏心结构和反旋土壤提升技术,作业深度可至40 cm土层,在相同用量下,相比手撒棉隆,草莓增产60.4%,生姜增产26.9%~53.1%。采用土壤消毒秸杆还田一体机相同构造的土壤提升技术,研发了以天然气或丁烷作为燃料的火焰消毒机,箱体温度400~600℃,持留2~3 s,处理后对土壤根结线虫防效可达到100%,对杂草的防效在86.6%以上。火焰消毒对土壤病原真菌的防效为63.2%~80.8%,研发的小型广角电喷式注射消毒机,具有左右摇摆结构,使土壤消毒机械转弯时仍能均匀施药。我国独创的这3种施药机械在山东、安徽、河北、云南等地得到了广泛的应用,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。

二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响

为探讨二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田两种栽培措施及其相互作用对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,按照两种不同翻耕起垄方式(一次性翻耕起垄和先翻耕晒垡再二次翻耕起垄)与是否稻草还田进行随机区组设计,在湖南宜章县烤烟种植区进行田间试验,分析比较各处理间的土壤养分和烟叶产质量差异。结果表明,与一次性翻耕起垄(T1+T2)和无稻草还田(T1+T3)相比,二次翻耕起垄(T3+T4)和稻草还田(T2+T4)能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高烟叶糖碱比、氮碱比以及烟叶产量、产值和生产效益,并且两者表现出显著的相互作用;此外,二次翻耕起垄还能显著提高烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,并显著降低烟碱含量,使得糖碱比和氮碱比更趋合理。在感官评吸方面,稻草还田能显著提高烟叶感官评吸质量。从生产效益上分析,由于二次翻耕增加了生产成本,对于基础地力较好的砂质土壤,开展一次性翻耕起垄结合稻草还田可获得更好的经济效益。研究结果为湖南烟稻轮作区烤烟种植提供了科学参考依据。

玉米秸秆还田下深松年限对土壤有机碳含量及胡敏酸结构特征的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田结合耕作措施下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对CK(不深松+不秸秆还田)、NFG(不深松+每年秸秆还田)、EFG(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)、TFG(隔两年深松+每年秸秆还田)和SFG(连年深松+每年秸秆还田)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及胡敏酸(HA)结构特征进行分析。结果表明:与CK相比,EFG处理0~10 cm土层的SOC、HA含量和PQ值分别显著增加25.23%、16.19%和4.27%,FA含量降低4.55%。10~20 cm土层,EFG处理的SOC含量最高,较CK增加13.18%;SFG处理的HA和FA含量较CK提高最多,增幅分别为13.27%和32.74%。通过HA三维荧光图谱发现,与CK(Ex/Em=270/455,270/460)相比,EFG(Ex/Em=280/455,270/465)处理下0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层中的HA荧光峰波长均有红移现象。土壤胡敏酸中包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=270/280)和C2(Ex/Em=440/515)同为类腐殖酸物质,胡敏酸整体腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;其中EFG和TFG处理的C2组分所占比例最高,分别为28.59%和31.38%。各处理的C1和C2组分F_(max)值均较CK有所增加,即腐殖化程度增加。综上所述,EFG处理(隔一年深松+每年秸秆还田)通过提升土壤有机碳及腐殖酸类物质含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强了土壤的供肥能力,为黑龙江黑土区较佳的耕作技术措施。

秸秆还田配施化肥下麦田土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化

为了探明长期秸秆还田下配施化肥对麦田土壤酶活性的影响及其主要驱动因子,以持续4年的广水长期定位试验为依托,设置秸秆(S,用量为6000 kg/hm^(2),其他处理用量相同)、秸秆+施100%N(S100N,纯N用量为187.5 kg/hm^(2),其他施肥处理用量按此用量折算)、秸秆+施80%N(S80N)、秸秆+施60%N(S60N)、秸秆+施80%N+菌剂(S80Nm,秸秆腐熟菌剂用量为30 kg/hm^(2))、秸秆+施60%N+菌剂(S60Nm,菌剂用量同S80Nm)6个处理,测定了土壤酶活性、土壤理化性质及小麦产量。结果显示,与S相比,S100N和S80N小麦产量分别显著提高182.82%和179.55%(P<0.05);秸秆腐熟菌剂的添加对土壤理化性质和小麦产量的效果不显著。与S100N相比,S80N增加了土壤磷酸酶(Phos)、硫酸酯酶(Sul)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-木糖苷酶(βX)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(αG)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)的活性;冗余分析(RDA)显示秸秆还田条件下,土壤有机质和碱解氮的含量是土壤酶变化的主要影响因子。因此,从减肥增效角度来看,S80N是提升土壤质量较适宜的管理措施。