Structures and Characteristics of the Windy Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the South China Sea Region during Cold Surges

An observational analysis of the structures and characteristics of a windy atmospheric boundary layer during a cold air outbreak in the South China Sea region is reported in this paper. It is found that the main structures and characteristics are the same as during strong wind episodes with cold air outbreaks on land. The high frequency turbulent fluctuations （period 〈 1 min） are nearly random and isotropic with weak coherency, but the gusty wind disturbances （1 rain〈period 〈 10 min） are anisotropic with rather strong coherency. However, in the windy atmospheric boundary layer at sea, compared with that over land, there are some pronounced differences： （1） the average horizontal speed is almost independent of height, and the vertical velocity is positive in the lower marine atmospheric boundary layer; （2） the vertical flux of horizontal momentum is nearly independent of height in the low layer indicating the existence of a constant flux layer, unlike during strong wind over the land surface; （3） the kinetic energy and friction velocity of turbulent fluctuations are larger than those of gusty disturbances; （4） due to the independence of horizontal speed to height, the horizontal speed itself （not its vertical gradient used over the land surface） can be used as the key parameter to parameterize the turbulent and gusty characteristics with high accuracy.

Evaluation of Cold Dew Wind Monitoring Precision for Late Rice Based on CLDAS Data in Guangxi

The low temperature process of cold dew wind( from September 19 to 27 in 2011) for late rice production was dynamically monitored by using CLDAS temperature,combined with the background information of rice cultivation from multi-source satellite database together with an reference to the monitoring indexes of cold dew wind disaster to verify the precision of CLDAS data,so as to provide a reference for monitoring chilling damage caused by cold dew wind in late rice production in Guangxi. The results showed that the cold wind dew caused heavy damage to an area of 3 159. 76 km^2,moderate damage to an area of 559. 77 km^2 and light damage to an area of 2 452. 14 km^2. The correlation coefficients between CLDAS inversion temperature and actual temperature of 12 verification meteorological stations were all larger than 0. 93,and the difference in daily average temperature was 0. 3 ℃. The time difference between maximum and minimum temperature provided by CLDAS and corresponding actual temperature from 12 meteorological stations was less than 1 h. The temperature data provided by CLDAS was in accordance with actual temperature data. With an advantage of rapidly,minutely and accurately monitoring the grade distribution of local cold dew wind disaster for late rice,CLDAS can be used in monitoring cold dew wind in late rice production in Guangxi.

Roles of Wind Stress and Subsurface Cold Water in the Second-Year Cooling of the 2017/18 La Nina Event

After the strong 2015/16 El Nino event,cold conditions prevailed in the tropical Pacific with the second-year cooling of the 2017/18 La Ni?a event.Many coupled models failed to predict the cold SST anomalies(SSTAs)in 2017.By using the ERA5 and GODAS(Global Ocean Data Assimilation System)products,atmospheric and oceanic factors were examined that could have been responsible for the second-year cooling,including surface wind and the subsurface thermal state.A time sequence is described to demonstrate how the cold SSTAs were produced in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific in late 2017.Since July 2017,easterly anomalies strengthened in the central Pacific;in the meantime,wind stress divergence anomalies emerged in the far eastern region,which strengthened during the following months and propagated westward,contributing to the development of the second-year cooling in 2017.At the subsurface,weak negative temperature anomalies were accompanied by upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific,which provided the cold water source for the sea surface.Thereafter,both the cold anomalies and upwelling were enhanced and extended westward in the centraleastern equatorial Pacific.These changes were associated with the seasonally weakened EUC(the Equatorial Undercurrent)and strengthened SEC(the South Equatorial Current),which favored more cold waters being accumulated in the central-equatorial Pacific.Then,the subsurface cold waters stretched upward with the convergence of the horizontal currents and eventually outcropped to the surface.The subsurface-induced SSTAs acted to induce local coupled air–sea interactions,which generated atmospheric–oceanic anomalies developing and evolving into the second-year cooling in the fall of 2017.

Spring Cold Bias of SST and Minimal Wind Mixing in the Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue

The authors investigate the relationship between bias in simulated sea surface temperature(SST)in the equatorial eastern Pacific cold tongue during the boreal spring as simulated by an oceanic general circulation model(OGCM)and minimal wind mixing(MWM)at the surface.The cold bias of simulated SST is the greatest during the boreal spring,at approximately 3°C.A sensitivity experiment reducing MWM by one order of magni-tude greatly alleviates cold biases,especially in March-April.The decrease in bias is primarily due to weakened vertical mixing,which preserves heat in the uppermost layer and results in warmer simulated SST.The reduction in vertical mixing also leads to a weak westward current in the upper layer,which further contributes to SST warming.These findings imply that there are large uncertainties about simple model parameters such as MWM at the oceanic surface.

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

Assessment of Cold-Wind Creation and Flow for Improving Urban Amenity

This study is intended to recognize the importance of cold-wind, which is one of the solutions to improve urban amenity, and verify the model that can analyze creation and flow of cold-wind. For this reason, KLAM_21 Model, which was developed by the German’s Meteorological Service, was selected and used for assessment of cold-wind creation and flow. As a result, the followings have been drawn through comparison with measured data and simulated data in the study area;for a mountain area, the simulation result of velocity and direction of wind has been indicated as similar as those in measured data. For a stream area in the city, only wind direction from simulation has been consistent with measured data whereas wind velocity showed a large difference between measurement and simulation. Finally, for the downtown area, wind velocity has shown a lot of differences between simulation result and measured data. Wind direction has also shown a large difference until midnight. But after midnight, model data have become similar as measured data. According to the verification of this study, the model used in this study for using urban-amenity improvement through assessment of creation and flow of cold wind is suitable to analyze the direction of cold wind that is generated in the periphery of the city and the overall flow within the existing urban area. But the results of wind velocity have shown the uppermost limit of the modeling in the simulation. That is, it could not reflect the site characteristics sufficiently. Therefore, if parameters considering the specific regional characteristics are sufficiently reflected, the result of simulations for reliability can be substantially improved.

Wind and Snow Impacts on Urban Space Planning:A Multiphase Numerical Simulation

The wind and snow environment outside the planned space plays a key role in the comfort and safety of the human habitat in severe cold regions. Traditional studies of the external environment of human settlements, however, frequently overlook the combined impacts of wind and snow environments. Furthermore, in urban meteorological studies, it is impossible to accurately assess the wind and snow environment in specific areas or locations. In this study, a refined Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) multiphase flow numerical method was used to simulate a planning space's wind and snow environment. The study classified the Snowstorm Weather Grade(SWG) by incorporating the Snowstorm Weather Index(SWI) to generate calculation results of the wind environment and snow environment. In particular, 150 measurement points in the planning space were chosen for analysis and evaluation of their wind and snow environments. The results demonstrated that the SWI index can effectively correlate to the wind and snow environment calculation results. In addition, the graph of SWI showed that 55% of the measurement points had a moderate wind and snow grade SWI, which exceeds the average grade for the entire region. The practical application shows that the wind and snow environment assessment indexes and technical methods developed in this paper can be successfully applied to wind and snow environment studies in other cold cities.

Optimal Design of Grid-Connected Microgrid System for Cold Chain Logistics Centre in China

The growing interest in energy conservation has inspired companies to seek alternatives to highly polluting fuel electricity generation. This study designed an optimised solar wind power generation system to fulfil the energy requirement of a cold chain logistics centre. This study first conducted a thorough analysis of the clarity indicators and daily temperature positions of the cold chain logistics centre, determined the average daily electricity demand, and proposed an effective design scheme. The energy simulation software, RETScreen 8.0, was used to determine the scale of solar photovoltaic and wind power projects that meet the expected energy needs of the cold chain logistics centre. The results indicated that the estimated annual total energy demand was 833689.2 kWh. The annual power generation of 6 kW from solar photovoltaic projects and 150 kW from wind power projects was found to be enough to meet the expected electricity demand. Solar photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation account for 2.44% and 97.56%, respectively. The hybrid energy system achieved a 96.6% reduction in carbon emissions and provides a reasonable payback period of 6.1 years and an electricity generation of 904368.674 kWh per year. The feasibility of the project and the calculated period of investment return are very reasonable. Therefore, this hybrid renewable energy system provides reliable power by combining energy sources.

Design and Data Analysis of a New Type of Antifreezing Cup-Type Wind Velocity Sensor

In most areas of China, affected by the environment of low temperature and high humidity, the wind speed sensor and wind direction sensor are frozen and cannot output data in autumn, winter or the alternation of winter and spring. In order to solve the freezing situation of the wind sensor, this paper designs a new type of antifreeze wind speed sensor. After meteorology performance testing and field observation tests, the correlation coefficient of the observation data is demonstrated, and the data curve is fitted. The result shows the sensor is stable, and has a good antifreeze effect, the data output is reliable.

冷能梯级利用的港口多能微网双层不确定性经济调度

为有效挖掘港口液化天然气(LNG)冷能利用的低碳灵活性潜力,充分发挥多时间尺度协同优化效应,提出一种考虑LNG冷能梯级利用的港口多能微网(MEMG)鲁棒-随机双层不确定性经济调度模型。首先,考虑LNG深冷-中冷-浅冷等各个温区的低碳灵活性潜力,建立低温碳捕集-冷能发电-直接冷却的冷能梯级利用模型,并以此为基础形成捕集-存储-利用协同的碳处理流程。其次,根据等概率逆变换生成考虑预测误差时序相关性的风电场景,并基于Wasserstein距离的0-1规划模型进行场景削减。再次,针对风电预测误差随时间尺度增加而增大的特性,构建多时间尺度优化的鲁棒-随机双层不确定性经济调度模型,上层通过分布鲁棒优化保证日前预调度决策鲁棒性,下层通过随机优化保证日内滚动调度决策经济性。最后,仿真结果表明,所提考虑冷能梯级利用的鲁棒-随机双层调度模型在解决日前长时间尺度预测精度低与日内短时间尺度易陷入局部最优矛盾的同时,可赋予港口MEMG更多经济性、低碳性及供电灵活性。

王有鹏教授治疗寒地儿童荨麻疹的临证经验

王有鹏教授基于对寒地地域特点及小儿生理病理特点认识,立足临床实践,对寒地儿童荨麻疹的诊疗具有独到见解。王有鹏教授从发病邪气、脏腑、体质三个层面总结其病因病机为风邪主导,寒、热、湿邪兼杂为患;肺脾肾三脏虚损,心肝亢盛为本;同时受先天禀赋及体质因素的影响。根据寒地儿童荨麻疹发病特点将其分为风邪袭表证、湿热蕴肤证、肺脾气虚证,治疗以调和脏腑为本,祛除病邪为标,运用合方随证施治,同时兼顾调体养护,防患于未然,可取得较好疗效。

毛以林教授运用经络辨证治疗项痹经验

经络辨证是中医学辨证理论体系中重要的辨证方法。毛以林教授临床善于运用经络辨证治疗各种复杂病证,认为项痹的经络辨证多与足太阳膀胱经、手太阳小肠经、足少阳胆经、手少阳三焦经、足少阴肾经及督脉密切相关。基本病机主要有寒侵太阳、营卫凝遏;少阳气郁、气血失和;肾虚失养、髓减骨空;督阳不振,筋懈骨惰。治疗上以祛风散寒、温经止痛;和解气郁、疏利经气;补肾壮骨、填精益髓;温振督阳、益肾补督。随证治之,疗效颇佳。

桂枝葛根汤联合循经走罐法治疗神经根型颈椎病的效果观察

目的 分析桂枝葛根汤联合循经走罐法对神经根型颈椎病(风寒阻络证)的治疗价值。方法 回顾性分析126例于2021年5月至2023年6月天津市南开区中医医院诊治的神经根型颈椎病患者资料,均属风寒阻络证,以2021年5月至2022年3月诊治的63例患者为对照组,以2022年4月至6月诊治的63例患者为观察组,对照组行常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加桂枝葛根汤联合循经走罐法治疗。经4周治疗后,比较两组病情程度相关评分,颈椎活动度,血流动力学及临床疗效。结果 治疗后,观察组颈椎病临床评价量表(CASCS)评分明显较对照组高,简化McGill疼痛问卷量表(SF-MPQ)及颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)评分明显较对照组低(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组颈椎活动角度明显较对照组大(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组基底动脉阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)明显较对照组低,平均血流速度(Vm)明显较对照组高(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组、对照组总有效率分别为92.06%、77.78%,观察组明显较高(P<0.05)。结论 桂枝葛根汤联合循经走罐法治疗神经根型颈椎病(风寒阻络证),能促进病情改善,增大颈椎活动范围,调节血流动力学指标。

红外热像技术辅助下探讨中药薰药治疗风寒湿痹型膝骨关节炎的临床研究

目的:观察中药熏药治疗风寒湿痹型膝骨关节炎(Knee Osteoarthritis,KOA)患者的临床疗效,并采用医用红外热成像仪进行疗效系统评价。方法:根据随机数字表法将60例风寒湿痹型KOA患者分为治疗组与对照组,对照组予口服艾瑞昔布片,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上配合柳州市中医医院中药验方进行膝部中药熏药治疗。治疗8周后,比较两组治疗前后膝周疼痛视觉模拟评分法(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)评分、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数量表(Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index,WOMAC)评分、超敏C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率、经络穴位皮温等的变化情况。结果:治疗组与对照组VAS评分和WOMAC评分及炎症因子水平较治疗前均显著降低(P<0.01),治疗组VAS评分和WOMAC评分及炎症因子水平均低于对照组(P<0.01);两组治疗后主要穴位均温显著高于治疗前(P<0.01),且治疗组较对照组的均温改善显著(P<0.01);治疗组愈显率显著高于对照组,两组患者的愈显率进行比较,P<0.05。结论:中药验方熏药治疗方案能改善风寒湿痹型KOA患者的证候和有效缓解疼痛,显著降低KOA评分和提高相应经络穴位的红外皮温,并通过红外热像技术得到证实,可为临床适宜技术推广与应用提供可靠的临床数据和值得借鉴的研究思路。

麦粒灸配合透刺疗法治疗风寒证周围性面瘫的临床疗效研究

目的:探讨麦粒灸配合透刺疗法治疗风寒证周围性面瘫(PFP)的效果。方法:选取2021年1月—2022年12月收治的风寒证PFP患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组采用针刺治疗,观察组采用麦粒灸配合透刺疗法,比较两组治疗效果、Sunybrook面神经功能、House-Brackmann(H-B)面神经功能分级、不良反应。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组Sunybrook面神经评分高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组H-B分级均优于治疗前,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗期间均无不良反应发生。结论:麦粒灸配合透刺疗法治疗风寒证PFP患者效果满意,可促进面神经功能恢复,且安全性好。

葛根汤联合中药热敷治疗神经根型颈椎病风寒阻络证临床观察

目的 观察葛根汤联合中药热敷治疗神经根型颈椎病风寒阻络证的临床效果。方法 选取吉林省吉林中西医结合医院骨伤科2021年7月—2022年7月收治的90例神经根型颈椎病风寒阻络证患者,运用掷硬币法分为2组,各45例。对照组用葛根汤治疗,观察组使用葛根汤加中药热敷治疗,比较2组颈椎功能障碍评分、临床疗效、颈肩疼痛程度评分。结果 治疗后,对照组总有效率低于观察组(P<0.05);观察组的颈椎功能障碍评分与颈肩疼痛程度评分更低(P<0.05)。结论 葛根汤联合中药热敷治疗神经根型颈椎病风寒阻络证临床效果较好,优于单一使用葛根汤治疗的方式,有较高临床应用价值。

甘草附子汤对风寒湿痹型痛风性关节炎小鼠的治疗作用及机制

目的探讨甘草附子汤(Licorice aconite decoction,LA)对风寒湿痹型痛风性关节炎小鼠的治疗作用及机制。方法将40只ICR小鼠随机分为空白组(CON)、模型组(MOD)、非布司他组(Febuxostat,FBX,8 mg/(kg·d))和甘草附子汤组(LA,6.4 g/(kg·d))。同时建立风寒湿痹型痛风性关节炎小鼠模型,持续2周。观察小鼠关节肿胀情况;检测小鼠血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平;检测肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD)水平;采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平;HE染色观察小鼠踝关节组织病理学情况;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测小鼠踝关节组织中核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)、蛋白激酶B(threonine protein kinase,AKT)、TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白表达水平。结果FBX组、LA组小鼠关节肿胀度均有不同程度的显著降低(P<0.05)。与MOD组比较,FBX组和LA组血清UA浓度、MDA、XOD、TNF-α、IL-1β水平降低(P<0.05),CAT、SOD水平显著升高(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,与CON组比较,MOD组小鼠关节炎性细胞浸润明显;与MOD组比较,FBX组和LA组炎性细胞浸润减轻,细胞形态相对光滑完整。Western blot结果显示,与MOD组比较,FBX组和LA组关节组织中NF-κB、AKT、TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论甘草附子汤对风寒湿痹型痛风性关节炎小鼠具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过改善模型小鼠体内氧化应激状态,抑制NF-κB/AKT信号通路激活,下调下游炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β表达,达到减轻小鼠关节炎症的效果。

湖南省常德市一次寒露风天气过程分析

寒露风对农作物生产影响较大,由于低温,晚稻花粉粒无法正常成熟和受精,水稻易出现空粒。在灌浆前期若晚稻遇到大风低温天气,会产生倒伏现象,并阻碍其灌浆过程,导致减产。因此,从环流角度分析寒露风的成因、根据天气变化特点预测寒露风天气的发生、对农业生产进行指导,能够有效减少农作物的损失。本文基于2022年10月4日至9日湖南省常德市发生的强寒露风天气过程,利用ERA-5再分析资料和站点观测资料,从大气环流角度分析了此次寒露风的成因。研究结果表明,此次寒露风天气过程是在长江流域长时间较同期高温干旱的背景下,高纬度冷高压迅速南移伴随的强冷空气南下所致。由于2022年10月3日前副热带高压偏北,南方气温较高,日平均气温达到30℃以上;而在之后冷空气南下时副热带高压迅速南撤,冷空气控制常德地区,温度急剧下降;日平均气温在15℃以下,由此导致剧烈降温;同时因为常德地区较为干旱,因此2022年10月4日之后常德地区出现了较长时间的低温少雨天气。研究结果对常德市的寒露风预报具有一定科学意义。

基于数据挖掘方法分析阮岩治疗儿童变应性鼻炎的用药规律

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