MT 10 Mutant of Rice with Altered Lateral Root Initiation

Mutants with increased resistance to toxic anxin concentrations were first isolated in rice.The present report describes their isolation,genetics and physiological characterization.

Effect of Exogenous Ammonium on GlutamineSynthetase, Glutamate Synthase, and Glutamate Dehydrogenase in the Root of Rice Seedling

Root biomass of rice seedlings was increased at lower concentration of exogenous NH 4 + , but it was decreased at higher concentration of exogenous NH 4 + . The level of free NH 4 + in the roots was accumulated gradually with the increase of NH 4 + concentration in the nutrient solution. The content of the soluble proteins was essentially constant at higher NH 4 + . The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) were risen with exogenous NH 4 + concentration at the lower NH 4 + concentration range. But the activities of GS and NADH-GOGAT were declined, and the level of NADH-GDH activity was kept constant under higher NH 4 + concentration. The GS/GDH ratio suggested that NH 4 + was assimilated by GS-GOGAT cycle under lower NH 4 + concentration, but NADH-GDH was more important for NH 4 + assimilation and detoxifying NH 4 + to the tissue cells at the higher NH 4 + level. According to the growth and the activity changes of these ammonium-assimilating enzymes of rice seedling roots, 10. 0 μg/mL NH 4 + -N in nutrient solution was more suitable to the rice growth.

Suberin Biopolymer in Rice Root Exodermis Reinforces Preformed Barrier Against Meloidogyne graminicola Infection

Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode(RKN)is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice,and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in conferring a structural barrier against nematode invasion are largely underexplored.Here,we reported a highly-resistant rice germplasm Phule Radha that conferred remarkably lower RKN parasitic fitness in terms of reduced penetration and delayed development and reproduction when compared with susceptible cultivar PB1121.Using histological and biochemical analyses,we demonstrated that an enhanced suberin deposition in the exodermal root tip tissue of Phule Radha compared to PB1121 can effectively form a penetrative barrier against RKN infection,and this preformed barrier in the control tissue did not necessarily alter to a greater extent when challenged with RKN stress.Using qRT-PCR analysis,we showed that a number of suberin biosynthesis genes were greatly expressed in the exodermis of Phule Radha compared to PB1121.In sum,the present study established the role of rice exodermal barrier system in defense against an important soil-borne pathogen.

OsABA8ox2, an ABA catabolic gene, suppresses root elongation of rice seedlings and contributes to drought response

In rice, OsABA8ox encodes abscisic acid(ABA) 8′-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the committed step of ABA catabolism. The contribution of ABA catabolism in root development remains unclear. We investigated the role of OsABA8ox2 in root growth and development and drought response. GUS staining results showed that OsABA8ox2 was expressed mainly in roots at seedling stage and was strongly expressed in the meristematic zone of the radicle. OsABA8ox2 expression in roots was markedly decreased after 0.5 h polyethylene glycol(PEG) treatment and increased after 0.5 h rehydration, implying that OsABA8ox2 is a drought-responsive gene.OsABA8ox2 knockout mediated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system increased drought-induced ABA and indole-3-acetic acid accumulation in roots, conferred increased ABA sensitivity, and promoted a more vertically oriented root system architecture(RSA) beneficial to drought tolerance.OsABA8ox2 overexpression suppressed root elongation and increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Consequently, OsABA8ox2 knockout dramatically improved rice drought tolerance, whereas OsABA8ox2 overexpression seedlings were hypersensitive to drought stress,suggesting that OsABA8ox2 contributes to drought response in rice. Compared with wild type,functional leaves of OsABA8ox2 knockout seedlings showed higher ABA levels, whereas overexpression lines showed lower ABA levels, suggesting that OsABA8ox2, as an ABA catabolic gene, modulates ABA concentration through ABA catabolism. OsABA8ox2 and OsABA8ox3 were both localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, these results indicate that OsABA8ox2 suppresses root elongation of rice seedlings, increases water transpiration, and contributes to drought response through ABA catabolism, and that OsABA8ox2 knockout dramatically improves rice drought tolerance. They highlight the key role of ABA catabolism mediated by OsABA8ox2 on root growth and development. OsABA8ox2, as a novel RSA gene, would be a potential genetic target for the improvement of rice drought tolerance.

Effects of CO_2 laser on chromosomal aberration in the root tip cells of rice

Seeds of japonica rice cv.Zhenuo 2 with twodifferent physiological states(dry seeds withwater content 13% and wet seeds soaked in thewater for 36 h)were irradiated by COlaser infour different power-densities and durations re-spectively.The treatment irradiated with 200GY ofCo γ-rays was considered as control.The flesh root tips were cut and fixed inCarnoy’s fluid for cytological examination.

盐碱胁迫水稻根系研究

我国盐碱地面积约为1×108 hm2,其中可利用的盐碱地约0.37×108 hm2,盐碱地是重要的耕地后备资源,开发利用潜力巨大。开发种稻是盐碱地改良和利用的有效措施,水稻根系研究对挖掘盐碱水田增产潜力具有重要意义。本文概述了国内外盐碱胁迫水稻根系的研究现状,重点从盐碱胁迫对水稻根系表型、抗逆生理及产量形成的影响等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域未来发展进行了展望。以期多角度全面解析盐碱胁迫水稻根系逆境形态和生理机理,明确土壤-根系-产量的互作机制,基于优良种质资源结合育种技术构建理想根系构型,为挖掘盐碱地水稻增产潜力提供参考。

水田搅浆方式对水稻根系生长及产量的影响

为揭示水田不同搅浆方式对寒区水稻根系形态结构和生理活性的影响及其与产量形成之间的关系,本研究以龙粳31为试验材料,设置旱平免搅浆(HP)、水平地免搅浆(SP)、常规搅浆(CK)3种搅浆方式进行对比试验,对各生育期水稻根系形态结构指标、根系生理活性指标、干物质量及产量进行测定。结果表明:水稻根系形态指标在抽穗扬花期趋于稳定,与CK相比,HP处理下的总根长、根表面积、根体积和平均直径分别显著增加14.1%、8.79%、7.16%和4.06%,SP处理下仅总根长显著增加6.43%。水稻根系生理活性指标在抽穗扬花期达到最大值,与CK相比,HP和SP分别使根系氧化活力显著增加16.1%和5.51%,根系伤流强度显著增加10.2%和5.74%。同时,与CK相比,HP和SP的水稻产量分别显著提高7.65%和4.03%。综上所述,HP能够明显改善根系形态,促进根系生长,提高根系生理活性,进而促进水稻植株地上部生长和产量的增加。

Studies on the Mechanism of Single Basal Application of Controlled-Release Fertilizers for Increasing Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This paper was to explore the mechanism of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers for increasing yield of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Pot trials and cylinder trials were carried out from 2002 to 2005 to study the influences of single basal application of 3 controlled-release fertilizers on the changes of soil available N, root development, senescence and lodging resistance at late growth stages. Results showed that at 30 days after fertilization, single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers coated with vegetal-substance （CRF1） and polymer materials （CRF3） increased soil available N to 12.0 and 147.9%, respectively, in comparison to split fertilization of rice-specific fertilizer （RSF1）. Treatments of the two CRFs obviously benefited the development of root system, resulting in greater rice root weights with extensive distribution and higher root activity. In addition, the two CRF treatments, in comparison to RSF1, enhanced chlorophyll consents of the flag leaves to 9.5 and 15.5%, and soluble protein up to 89.7 and 108.0% respectively. Application of the two CRFs also made the base of rice stems strong and large, declined the proportion of shoot and root, increased root depth index. Though relatively low K rate, single basal application of the CRF3 coated with NH4MgPO4 could also promote the development of root system, enhance root activity and some physiological functions of flag leaves. Based on these results, it was concluded that major mechanisms for increasing rice yield by single basal application of the CRFs should be attributed to grater soil available N supply, superior development of root systems, better nutrient absorption capacity, slower senescence and enhancement of lodging resistance at late stages.

Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Growth of the Root System Occurs via Auxin Signaling Modification and Variations in the Expression of Cell-Cycle Genes in Rice Seedlings Exposed to Cadmium Stress

The link between root growth, H2O2, auxin signaling, and the ceil cycle in cadmium （Cd）-stressed rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghua No. 11） was analyzed in this study. Exposure to Cd induced a significant accumulation of Cd, but caused a decrease in zinc （Zn） content which resulted from the decreased expression of OsHMA9 and OsZIP. Analysis using a Cd-specific probe showed that Cd was mainly localized in the meristematic zone and vascular tissues. Formation and elongation of the root system were significantly promoted by 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole （AT）, but were markedly inhibited by N,N＇. dimethylthiourea （DMTU） under Cd stress. The effect of H2O2 on Cd-stressed root growth was further confirmed by examining a gain-of-function rice mutant （carrying catalasel and glutathione-S-transferase） in the presence or absence of diphenylene iodonium. DR5-GUS staining revealed close associations between H2O2 and the concentration and distribution of auxin. H2O2 affected the expression of key genes, including OsYUCCA, OsPIN, OsARF, and OslAA, in the auxin signaling pathway in Cd-treated plants. These results suggest that H2O2 functions upstream of the auxin signaling pathway. Furthermore, H2O2 modified the expression of cell-cycle genes in Cd-treated roots. The effects of H2O2 on root system growth are therefore linked to auxin signal modification and to variations in the expression of cell-cycle genes in Cd-stressed rice. A working model for the effects of H2O2 on Cd-stressed root system growth is thus proposed and discussed in this paper.

Nuclear translocation of OsMADS25 facilitated by OsNAR2.1 in reponse to nitrate signals promotes rice root growth by targeting OsMADS27 and OsARF7

Nitrate is an important nitrogen source and signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and development.Although several components of the nitrate signaling pathway have been identified,the detailed mechanisms are still unclear.Our previous results showed that OsMADS25 can regulate root development in response to nitrate signals,but the mechanism is still unknown.Here,we try to answer two key questions:how does OsMADS25 move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus,and what are the direct target genes activated by OsMADS25 to regulate root growth after it moves to the nucleus in response to nitrate?Our results demonstrated that OsMADS25 moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of nitrate in an OsNAR2.1-dependentmanner.Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing,chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR,yeast one-hybrid,and luciferase experiments showed that OsMADS25 directly activates the expression of OsMADS27 and OsARF7,which are reported to be associated with root growth.Finally,OsMADS25-RNAi lines,the Osnar2.1 mutant,and OsMADS25-RNAi Osnar2.1 lines exhibited significantly reduced root growth compared with the wild type in response to nitrate supply,and expression of OsMADS27 and OsARF7 was significantly suppressed in these lines.Collectively,these results reveal a new mechanismby which OsMADS25 interacts with OsNAR2.1.This interaction is required for nuclear accumulation of OsMADS25,which promotes OsMADS27 and OsARF7 expression and root growth in a nitratedependent manner.

不同浓度微生物菌剂对水稻幼苗生长的影响

近年来,我国对水稻生产的需求与日俱增,根际促生菌(PGPR)是改善土壤肥力、促进作物生长的重要因子.开发水稻微生物肥料利于水稻绿色生产.通过浸种促生、盆栽促生、复合菌株田间促生实验,验证根际促生菌对水稻的促生作用.通过浸种促生实验分析不同的菌液及浓度对水稻的促生效果.结果显示,单菌OD_(600)=0.5的菌液对水稻的促生效果最好,混合菌液的促生效果高于对照组,但相比单菌OD_(600)=0.5的效果差异不明显.通过盆栽促生实验、复合菌株田间促生实验证明,经OD_(600)=0.5菌液处理后的水稻对茎鲜质量、根鲜质量、总根长度、根尖数等指标均有明显的促生长效果.得出在OD_(600)=0.5浓度下的单菌LZP02和混菌对水稻的促生效果较好.研究将为水稻微生物肥料的开发和利用奠定理论依据,对提高水稻产量和农业可持续发展具有重要意义.

Elevated CO_(2) increases soil redox potential by promoting root radial oxygen loss in paddy field

Soil redox potential(Eh)plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of soil nutrients.Whereas its effect soil process and nutrients'availability under elevated atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and warming has seldom been investigated.Thus,in this study,a field experiment was used to elucidate the effect of elevated CO_(2) concentration and warming on soil Eh,redox-sensitive elements and root radial oxygen loss(ROL).We hypothesized elevated CO_(2) and warming could alter soil Eh by promoting or inhibiting ROL.We found that soil Eh in the rhizosphere was significantly higher than that of non-rhizosphere.Elevated CO_(2) enhanced soil Eh by 11.5%,which corresponded to a significant decrease in soil Fe^(2+)and Mn^(2+)concentration.Under elevated CO_(2),the concentration of Fe^(2+)and Mn^(2+)decreased by 14.7%and 13.7%,respectively.We also found that elevated CO_(2) altered rice root aerenchyma structure and promoted rice root ROL.Under elevated CO_(2),rice root ROL increased by 79.5%and 112.2%for Yangdao 6 and Changyou 5,respectively.Warming had no effect on soil Eh and rice root ROL.While warming increased the concentration of Mn^(2+)and SO_(4)^(2-)by 4.9%and 19.3%,respectively.There was a significant interaction between elevated CO_(2) and warming on Fe^(2+)and Mn^(2+).Under elevated CO_(2),warming had no effect on the concentration of Fe^(2+)but decreased Mn^(2+)concentration significantly.Our study demonstrated that elevated atmospheric CO_(2) in the future could increase soil Eh by promoting rice root ROL,which will alter some soil nutrients'availability,such as Fe^(2+)and Mn^(2+).

水稻颖花根活量与籽粒灌浆结实的关系

1986—1990年,在群体水培、大田及盆栽条件下,对不同类型水稻品种、不同氮素处理的根量、活力、籽粒灌浆结实、物质积累与分配等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)水稻品种间根量差异较大,主要由上层根量不同所致;(2)结实期平均根系活力随品种伸长节间数的增加呈下降趋势,与根量呈负相关;(3)不同生育期氮素处理对根量的影响以前期最大、中期次之、后期最小;(4)生育前期缺氮下层根系活力下降幅度较大,中期缺氮上层根系活力下降幅度较大,后期则因稻体含氮水平而异;(5)结实期颖花根活量与籽粒的灌浆强度、结实率、粒重均呈极显著正相关,提高颖花根活量能显著地提高净同化率,并促进同化产物向籽粒和根系输送,较少地滞留在叶内。认为增加颖花根活量是提高水稻结实率和粒重的有效途径。并对水稻高产栽培途径进行了探讨。

水稻根系的空间分布及其与产量的关系

选择9个水稻品种,在水稻生长根系最旺盛的抽穗期进行取样,研究高产水稻群体的根系空间分布特征.结果表明:不同水稻品种的根系体积和质量的总量存在差异.各品种水稻根系的体积和质量均随土层深度增加而下降,但主要分布在土壤耕作层(0～20cm),且表层(0～10cm)占80%以上.其垂直分布可用指数模型、乘幂模型、对数函数、多项式函数表示,相关系数都在0.9以上.上层根(0～10cm)质量与产量之间没有显著的相关关系,而下层根质量(10cm以下)与产量之间呈显著正相关关系,相关系数达0 7258.研究认为,从整株根系和高产的角度来看,适当减少表层根系,培育和增加深层根系的比例有利于促进水稻产量的提高.

水稻一次性施用控释肥料增产机理探讨

目的探讨水稻一次性施用控释肥增产机理。方法采用盆栽试验和网箱试验,研究了3种控释肥对土壤速效氮含量、水稻根系生长发育、后期衰老和抗倒伏能力的影响。结果与专用肥分次施用处理比较,一次性施用等养分的植物素包膜控释肥(CRF1)、高分子材料包膜尿素复混肥(CRF3)显著提高了土壤速效氮含量,移栽30d以后平均含量分别高出12.0%和147.9%;明显促进根系生长,根系数量大、分布深广、活力增强;灌浆后期旗叶叶绿素含量分别提高9.5%和15.5%,可溶性蛋白提高89.7%和108.0%,CAT酶活性明显增加;茎基部粗壮,根深指数大,茎根比降低。即使施用低钾含量的磷酸铵镁包膜控释肥CRF2也能促进根系发育、提高根系活力、增强旗叶生理功能。结论水稻一次性施用控释肥增产主要机理表现为显著提高了氮素供应水平,明显促进水稻根系生长发育,强化根系吸收养分能力,延缓后期衰老速度,并显著改善了水稻抗倒伏能力。

水稻群体根系特征与地上部生长发育和产量的关系

通过大田试验与网袋法相结合,研究了目前生产上推广的10个典型水稻品种群体根系特征与地上部及产量的相关关系.结果表明:根质量在各生育期均与地上部质量、总质量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,根活力与分蘖期地上部各性状和成熟期产量呈显著正相关关系,而抽穗期和成熟期的根冠比均与产量呈极显著负相关关系,相关系数分别达- 0 86 16和- 0 8890 .以产量最大化为目标。

水稻根系在根袋处理条件下对氮养分的反应

通过大田试验对 1 0个水稻品种根系与产量的关系研究表明 ,抽穗期和成熟期根冠比与产量呈极显著的负相关关系 ,相关系数分别为 - 0 .861 6和 - 0 .8889。随之在大田试验基础上选择根冠比大的品种粳籼89,设计水分和养分能自由通过 ,而根系不能穿过的根袋 ,根袋从小到大不同 ,以便产生不同大小的水稻植株根冠比。通过水培实验研究在根袋处理后对不同养分条件的反应。水培液设 3种氮素养分水平 ,即2 0 mg/kg,40 mg/kg,60 mg/kg。结果表明 ,在不同氮素养分条件下 ,经过根袋处理后在抽穗期根系干重都有下降趋势 ,根冠比显著降低 ,而根系活性吸收面积在抽穗期有不同程度的增加 ,茎鞘贮存性碳水化合物含量明显增加 ,叶绿素含量则无明显影响。在抽穗期较大的根袋处理根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积及所占比例与对照相比增加效果较为明显 ,而较小的根袋处理根系吸收的能力降低 ,根系吸收能力大小顺序为 :大袋 >中袋 >对照 >小袋。随养分浓度的增加 ,不同根袋处理在抽穗期的根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积有下降的趋势。较大的根袋处理在 2 0 mg/kg和 60 mg/kg氮素养分条件下能适当减少根系直径 ,增强根系的活性吸收比例 ,从而提高根系的活力 ;

水稻根系育种的意义与前景

针对目前水稻育种的理论与实践中,主要考虑地上部分的形态、生理性状,而对根系这一重要的营养吸收、物质合成器官的有关性状未能开展明确的育种改良的现状,论述了开展根系育种对改良和提高水稻的品种特性,提高产量和品质的重要性、迫切性以及前景。

控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征和衰老的影响

采用微区和小区试验的方法,研究了控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征及对根系衰老过程中膜脂过氧化产物和活性氧清除酶活性的影响。研究表明,施用控释氮肥,明显地增加杂交水稻生育后期的根干重、根长和根长密度,而根半径减小;提高根系活力和吸收面积,使杂交水稻生育后期根系中MDA含量降低和SOD、POD和CAT的活性提高。控释氮肥中,氮的逐渐释放,可减少具有强烈伤害的活性氧产物速率及其累积数量,提高活性氧清除酶的活性,在很大程度上延缓了杂交水稻生育后期根系的衰老和吸氮能力的衰退。