Composition of Rice Stem Borers in Western Rice Areas of Sichuan Province and New Characteristics of Their Occurrence and Damage

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the composition of rice stem borers in western Sichuan Province and the characteristics of their occurrence and dam- age. [ Method ] Rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province were composed of Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza itwertulas and Sesamla inferens. C. sup- pressalis was the dominant population in most rice areas in western flee areas in Sichuan Province. T. incertulas had distribution and damage in Longquan, Qingbai- jiang and some rice areas, showing increasing trend of spread. The population of S. inferens was the minimum, but it caused serious damage in late period of rice. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for proposing effective control measures against rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province.

Differential effects of insecticides on mitochondrial membrane fluidity and ATPase activity between the wolf spider and the rice stem borer

Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.

Relationship between Resistance of Rice Stem Borer and Insecticide Use Intensity in South China

[Objective] This study aimed to survey the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer in South China. [Method] The data includes 19 counties from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province from 1991 to 2010. A fixed effect model was established to evaluate the effect of insecticide use intensity on the resistance of rice stem borer. [Result] The regression results suggest that one-period lagged total number of insecticide sprays has significant effect on the infestation level of rice stem borer. [Conclusion] Although rice stem borer is a migratory rice pest, insecticide use intensity has significant effect on the resistance level of rice stem borer in South China.

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production.Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management(IPM)as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach.This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer.Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents.In addition,the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi-cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits.Moreover,both general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation.Based on GCA,4 genotypes(Sakha101,Gz6903-3-4-2-1,Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi)exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance(–0.53,–1.06,–0.18 and–0.49,respectively)indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance.Based on SCA analysis,nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance.Similarly,the cross Giza178
Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity.In addition,seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait.On the other hand,for panicle length,number of primary branches/panicle,panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,seven,four,eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA,respectively.The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance.The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits.The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant.Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice.It was further supported by biplot analysis,which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation.This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.

Expression Characteristics and Borer Resistance of Bt Gene of Transgenic cry1C~* Super Japonica Rice

[Objective] The paper was to study the expression characteristics and borer resistance of Bt gene of Songjing 9 （1C^＊）. [Method] With super japonica rice Songjing 9 as the receptor, transgenic crylC^＊ super japonica rice Songjing 9 （1C^＊） regulated by ubi promoter was created by agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Ten strains of transgenic super japonica rice formed from different transformation events were planted in the field; the Tt-mRNA of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet at booting stage were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR; the Bt protein content of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet and harvested brown rice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）; the white head rate damaged by Chilo suppressalis was manually investigated. [Result] The Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content of various organs and Bt protein content of mature brown rice at booting stage of Songjing 9 （1C^＊） significantly differed among strains; there was no correlation relationship in Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content between leaf and stem-sheath, between leaf and young spikelet, and between stem-sheath and young spikelet; there was no relation between Bt-mRNA or Bt protein content of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet and Bt protein content of brown rice; there was positive correlation between Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content in the same organ such as leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet at booting stage; such strains as Songjing 9 （1C^＊）, whether the Bt gene expression was high or low, showed good resistance against C.suppressalis. This indicated that there were differences in Bt gene expression in different strains of transgenic cry1C^＊ super japonica rice or different organs of the same strain; there was no relation in Bt gene expression among different organs; the Bt-mRNA and protein content of the same organ usually had consistent expression; the Bt gene expression of various organs had nothing to do with the Bt protein content of brown rice. [Conclusion] The Bt gene and its expression cassette can meet the requirement of cultivating japonica rice varieties against stem borers.

Mechanism of rice variety resistance to the yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this

Development of lepidopteran pest-resistant transgenic japonica rice harboring a synthetic cry2A* gene

A synthetic cry2A^＊ gene enco ding Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt） δ-endotoxi n that resi st ance to lepidopteran pest was transformed into japonica rice variety Jijing 88, which is the most widely cultivated variety in Jilin Province, Northeast China, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 106 independent transformants overexpressing cry2A^＊ gene driven by ubiquitin（Ubi） promoter was produced. Three single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were finally selected based on the results of PCR analysis, se gregation ratio of Bast a resistance, and Southern hybridiza tion analyse s. RT-PCR and enzyme linke dimmune sorbent assay（ELISA） revealed that cry2A^＊ transcripts and protein were highly expressed in these lines. The high level of Cry2A^＊ protein expression resulted in high resistance to rice striped stem borer as evidence d by insect feeding bioassays. Our results demonst rate that cry2A^＊ transgenic japonica rice confers resistance to the rice striped stem borer in the laboratory conditions.

广西越冬稻螟种类及其空间分布型研究

【目的】水稻螟虫在广西广泛分布,严重威胁水稻生产,明确广西稻螟的越冬情况及其空间分布型,了解水稻螟虫的种类及分布情况,为其预测预报及科学防治提供依据。【方法】分别在桂东北、桂西北、桂东南、桂西南和沿海地区,共27个市(县)进行越冬螟虫调查,并采用棋盘式取样法,将稻桩带回室内仔细剥查鉴定螟虫种类及数量,分析螟虫种群的空间分布型。【结果】本次越冬调查结果表明,广西越冬螟虫种类有大螟(Sesamia inferens)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)和台湾稻螟(Chilotraea auricilia),其中大螟和二化螟为优势种。三化螟主要分布在纬度23°-25°,其他螟虫在广西越冬未呈现明显规律。空间分布参数表明,除13、20和22号田块大螟呈均匀分布外,其他田块螟虫均呈聚集分布,且聚集度随密度的增加而升高。大部分田块螟虫聚集原因是由环境因素引起的。【结论】在广西,越冬螟虫呈聚集分布,大螟和二化螟为田间越冬优势种群,台湾稻螟次之,三化螟零星发生。

性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治水稻二化螟应用效果

为优化水稻二化螟的生物防治策略,提高害虫的生物防治效率,将性信息素诱控与田间释放赤眼蜂两项生物防治方法协同应用,探索两个单项防治技术联合应用效果,并比较分析生物防治与化学防治的应用效果。结果表明,性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防控效果远高于两项技术单独应用,仅比化学防治效果略低,适宜田间推广应用。

昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂防治水稻二化螟效果研究

为探讨昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂对二化螟的防控效果,设置智能迷婚剂,利用性诱剂进行了田间蛾量调查,并调查了二化螟的危害情况,发现迷向防治区性诱剂引诱的二化螟总量明显低于药剂防治区,同时,迷向防治改变了性诱剂的诱蛾动态.当田间蛾量较大时,药剂防治区的诱蛾量明显高于迷向防治区,且差异具有统计学意义.迷向法防治后,水稻二化螟的危害株率明显降低,防效为92.3%±1.8%,防效明显高于药剂防治区.研究结果表明,昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂是水稻二化螟的一种高效绿色防控技术,能大量减少化学农药的使用.

34%乙多·甲氧虫SC防治盘锦稻区二化螟效果初报

研究了34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对盘锦地区水稻田二化螟的防治效果及对水稻的安全性。田间试验结果表明:34%乙多·甲氧虫SC田间用量24 g/667 m^(2)、20 g/667 m^(2),于二化螟卵孵化盛期,即每代次二化螟幼虫为害显状初期开始第一次施药,连施2次,间隔7~10 d,对一代二化螟防效分别为94.6%、88.2%,对二代二化螟防效分别为86.4%、84.7%。对照药剂25%乙基多杀菌素WG田间用量15 g/667 m^(2),240 g/L甲氧虫酰肼SC田间用量28 g/667 m^(2)对一代二化螟的防效分别为97.8%、78.5%;对二代二化螟防效分别为89.8%、69.5%。参试药剂处理区水稻生长正常。综上,34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对二化螟防效较理想,且对水稻安全。

含Cry1Ab和Xa21基因抗病虫水稻选育研究及其田间表现

以稳定遗传的含Cry1Ab基因的抗虫水稻品种镇稻88和含Xa21基因的抗白叶枯病水稻品种圣稻301为亲本进行杂交,利用选择标记基因(bar基因和gus基因)和Southern杂交分析研究了转基因在杂交后代中的遗传分离规律和遗传稳定性。实验结果表明,在杂交后代中选择标记基因bar基因和gus基因分别与抗性基因Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因紧密连锁并协同表达。Basta抗性检测和GUS活性的组织化学染色检测显示,Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因在F2代中遵循9∶3∶3∶1的孟德尔遗传规律,F3代的部分株系中Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因已稳定纯合;对F3代和杂交亲本的Southern杂交分析表明,Cry1Ab基因和Xa21基因可稳定地遗传。通过田间选育,获得了农艺性状优良的双抗(抗螟虫、白叶枯病)转基因水稻新品系SK-1、SK-2、SK-3,3个品系均对二化螟和白叶枯病菌表现出显著的抗性,产量高于镇稻88和圣稻301近20%,品质与镇稻88和圣稻301相近,部分指标优于这两个品种。

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm2,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。

利用香根草诱杀水稻螟虫的技术及效果研究

盆栽和田间试验结果表明，水稻螟虫有明显偏爱在香根草上产卵的特性，利用香根草作为诱集植物来治理水稻螟虫可以大大压缩施药面积和用药量，有一定的经济效益和显著的生态效益，利用香根草治理水稻螟虫的最佳种植时期为3月底至4月初、种植面积应为稻田总面积的6％-10％。

不同栽培方式对水稻主要病虫害发生的影响

对旱育免耕抛栽、小苗机插、盘育免耕抛栽、油林免耕套播、常规栽插等5种栽培方式下水稻主要病虫害的发生程度与规律进行了初步研究。结果表明:油林免耕套播可抑制水稻苗瘟和叶瘟的发生,5种栽培方式对穗颈瘟和纹枯病的发生程度有一定影响,对稻曲病的发生没有影响;小苗机插偏方式下二化螟的发生较轻,其它4种方式之间发生程度没有显著差异。

两种选择性农药的使用对刺激三化螟产卵及水稻生化影响的研究

扑虱灵、吡虫啉是选择性杀虫剂,主要目标是同翅目昆虫。经2年3个代次的试验研究,结果表明,非目标害虫三化螟幼虫取食2种农药处理的秀水63,其后代成虫产卵量显著高于对照,刺激了三化螟产卵。但这种效应又与水稻品种有关,对三化螟有中等抗性的镇稻2号不明显。另外,低龄幼虫(1龄)处理后刺激成虫产卵比高龄幼虫(3龄)处理更明显。生化测定表明,扑虱灵、吡虫啉处理后,水稻植株的草酸含量有一定下降,叶片光合速率显著下降,还原糖除扑虱灵在秀水63外,均有显著增加,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶因水稻品种和农药而异。

水稻二化螟性信息素技术:大量诱捕二化螟的防治效果研究

应用二化螟性信息素 (3种主要组分为 Z11- 16 - Ald,Z13- 18- Ald和 Z9- 16 - Ald,剂量为 30 0 μg)对 6 0 hm2早稻田的越冬代和第一代二化螟成虫进行了大面积诱捕 ,田间采用绿色水盆诱捕器 ,布设密度为 2 5个 /hm2。对照区为 2 4 hm2种植者使用化学农药代替性信息素防治的水稻田 ,结果表明诱捕区的卵块数比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 74 .39% ;第一代二化螟成虫的发生量较对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 6 1.4 1% ;诱捕区田间稻丛的百株枯鞘率、枯心率和白穗率比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率分别为 70 .90 %、5 7.0 1%和 4 4 .30 % ;诱捕区未使用农药 ,但防治效果好于对照区 (平均施药 1.2 4次 )

水稻二化螟发生规律及防治的初步研究

水稻二化螟Ｃｈｉｌｏｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｌｉｓ（ｗａｌｋｅｒ）近年来在吉林省暴发性大发生。该虫在吉林省一年发生１代，以幼虫在稻草茎、稻茬内越冬。越冬幼虫６月中、下旬化蛹，７月上旬为羽化盛期，产卵高峰期为７月中旬；７月中、下旬为幼虫为害盛期，为害期长达２个月。田间小区药剂筛选试验表明：２０％三唑磷乳油１５００ｍＬ／ｈｍ２防效显著。在施肥量相同的情况下，施肥时期对二化螟的发生为害更为重要。

氯虫苯甲酰胺防治稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟的大田示范试验

2008-2009年在江西、浙江、安徽、湖北、湖南、江苏、四川等7省进行20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC防治稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟大田示范试验。结果表明:施药后7d氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果为90.2%～100.0%,药后14d对稻纵卷叶螟的保叶效果为82.9%～96.8%,均高于对照药剂5%氟虫腈SC药后7d杀虫效果和药后14d的保叶效果;施药后21d氯虫苯甲酰胺对二化螟的杀虫效果和保苗(穗)效果分别为89.0%～96.9%、82.8%～96.0%,均高于对照药剂5%氟虫腈SC和48%毒死蜱EC药后21d的杀虫效果和保苗(穗)效果;氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟有很好的防治效果,可在生产上大面积推广使用。