Differential effects of insecticides on mitochondrial membrane fluidity and ATPase activity between the wolf spider and the rice stem borer

Differential effects of methamidophos and three pyrethroids on ATPase activity and membrane fluidity of mitochondria were investigated between the wolf spider（Pirata subpiraticus（Boes.et Str.））and the rice stem borer（Chilo suppressalis（Walker））.Based on a comparison of LD_（50） values,the toxicities of the tested insecticides were higher to the wolf spider than to the rice stem borer.Cyhalothrin at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） caused inhibition of the mitochondrial Na~＋-K~＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities,and it’s inhibitions on Na＋-K＋-ATPase and Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activities were significantly higher in the wolf spider（44 and 28%）than in the rice stem borer（19 and 11%）.Methamidophos at 1×10^（–4） mmol L^（–1） decreased Ca^（2＋）-Mg^（2＋）-ATPase activity by 16 and 27%in the wolf spider and the rice stem borer,respectively,but no significant effect on the specific activity of Na＋-K＋-ATPase was observed.The DPH（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene）fluorescence polarization values of mitochondrial membranes were not significantly affected by methamidophos in either species.However,cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin induced the values of DPH polarization of mitochondrial membrane increasing with the concentration of cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin from 20 to 100μmol L^（–1） in the rice stem borer and the wolf spider.Effect of ethofenprox on fluidity of the wolf spider and the rice stem borer was contrary.These results suggest that both inhibition of membrane ATPase and changes of membrane fluidity could be appended to the action mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticides.

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer(Chilo agamemnon Bles.)is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production.Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management(IPM)as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach.This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer.Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents.In addition,the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi-cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits.Moreover,both general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation.Based on GCA,4 genotypes(Sakha101,Gz6903-3-4-2-1,Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi)exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance(–0.53,–1.06,–0.18 and–0.49,respectively)indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance.Based on SCA analysis,nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance.Similarly,the cross Giza178
Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity.In addition,seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait.On the other hand,for panicle length,number of primary branches/panicle,panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,seven,four,eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA,respectively.The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance.The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits.The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight,which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant.Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice.It was further supported by biplot analysis,which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation.This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of rice with the spider insecticidal gene conferring resistance to leaffolder and striped stem borer

Immature embryos of rice varieties "Xiushui11" and "Chunjiang 11" precultured for 4d were infected and transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101/pExT7 (containing the spider insecticidal gene). The resistant cant were transferred onto the differentiation medium and plants were regenerated. The transformation frequency reached 56%-72% measured as numbers of Geneticin (G418)-resistant calli produced and 36%-60% measured as numbers of transgenic plants regenerated, respectively. PCR and Southern blot analysis of transgenic plants confirmed that the T-DNA had been integrated into the rice genome. Insect bioassays using T1 transgenic plants indicated that the mortality of the leaffolder (Cnaphalocrasis medinalis) after 7d of leaf feeding reached 38%-61% and the corrected mortality of the striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) after 7d of leaf feeding reached 16%-75%. The insect bioassay results demonstrated that the transgenic plants expressing the spider insecticidal protein conferred enhanced resistance to these pests.

Comparative Efficacies of Next-Generation Insecticides Against Yellow Stem Borer and Their Effects on Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem

The efficacies of some next-generation insecticides against the rice yellow stem borer(YSB),Scirpophaga incertulas(Walk.), and their compatibilities with natural enemies were investigated during 2014 and 2015. Three newer insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, dinotefuran 20% SG, and methoxyfenozide 24% SC, and two commonly used insecticides, carbufuran 5 G and quinalphos 25 EC,were evaluated in the field for their efficacies against YSB and their non-target effects on natural enemies.Application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G at 10.96 kg/hm^2 resulted in the greatest reduction in YSB infestation(deadhearts and whiteheads) and greatest increase of yield compared to the untreated control plots, followed by methoxyfenozide 24% SC at 0.41 L/hm^2, dinotefuran 20% SG at 0.15 kg/hm^2,carbufuran 5 G at 10.96 kg/hm^2, and quinalphos 25 EC at 1.50 L/hm^2. All the insecticides reduced the numbers of predators viz., lady bird beetles, wolf spiders, carabid beetles, earwigs, green mirid bugs, and damselflies. Numbers of adults of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp. were significantly reduced in insecticide-treated plots compared to untreated control plots. In all field trials, the harmful effects of the five insecticides were in the following rank order(least harmful to most harmful): chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G, carbufuran 5 G, dinotefuran 20% SG, methoxyfenozide 24% SC,and quinalphos 25 EC. On the basis of reduction in YSB infestation, increase in grain yield, and compatibility with natural enemies, chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G was proved to be the best of all the insecticides for YSB management system, although the study suggested minimizing its retail price for enhancement of cost effectiveness in farmers' fields.

Mechanism of rice variety resistance to the yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this

广西越冬稻螟种类及其空间分布型研究

【目的】水稻螟虫在广西广泛分布,严重威胁水稻生产,明确广西稻螟的越冬情况及其空间分布型,了解水稻螟虫的种类及分布情况,为其预测预报及科学防治提供依据。【方法】分别在桂东北、桂西北、桂东南、桂西南和沿海地区,共27个市(县)进行越冬螟虫调查,并采用棋盘式取样法,将稻桩带回室内仔细剥查鉴定螟虫种类及数量,分析螟虫种群的空间分布型。【结果】本次越冬调查结果表明,广西越冬螟虫种类有大螟(Sesamia inferens)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)和台湾稻螟(Chilotraea auricilia),其中大螟和二化螟为优势种。三化螟主要分布在纬度23°-25°,其他螟虫在广西越冬未呈现明显规律。空间分布参数表明,除13、20和22号田块大螟呈均匀分布外,其他田块螟虫均呈聚集分布,且聚集度随密度的增加而升高。大部分田块螟虫聚集原因是由环境因素引起的。【结论】在广西,越冬螟虫呈聚集分布,大螟和二化螟为田间越冬优势种群,台湾稻螟次之,三化螟零星发生。

34%乙多·甲氧虫SC防治盘锦稻区二化螟效果初报

研究了34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对盘锦地区水稻田二化螟的防治效果及对水稻的安全性。田间试验结果表明:34%乙多·甲氧虫SC田间用量24 g/667 m^(2)、20 g/667 m^(2),于二化螟卵孵化盛期,即每代次二化螟幼虫为害显状初期开始第一次施药,连施2次,间隔7~10 d,对一代二化螟防效分别为94.6%、88.2%,对二代二化螟防效分别为86.4%、84.7%。对照药剂25%乙基多杀菌素WG田间用量15 g/667 m^(2),240 g/L甲氧虫酰肼SC田间用量28 g/667 m^(2)对一代二化螟的防效分别为97.8%、78.5%;对二代二化螟防效分别为89.8%、69.5%。参试药剂处理区水稻生长正常。综上,34%乙多·甲氧虫SC对二化螟防效较理想,且对水稻安全。

昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂防治水稻二化螟效果研究

为探讨昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂对二化螟的防控效果,设置智能迷婚剂,利用性诱剂进行了田间蛾量调查,并调查了二化螟的危害情况,发现迷向防治区性诱剂引诱的二化螟总量明显低于药剂防治区,同时,迷向防治改变了性诱剂的诱蛾动态.当田间蛾量较大时,药剂防治区的诱蛾量明显高于迷向防治区,且差异具有统计学意义.迷向法防治后,水稻二化螟的危害株率明显降低,防效为92.3%±1.8%,防效明显高于药剂防治区.研究结果表明,昆虫性信息素智能迷婚剂是水稻二化螟的一种高效绿色防控技术,能大量减少化学农药的使用.

Development of lepidopteran pest-resistant transgenic japonica rice harboring a synthetic cry2A* gene

A synthetic cry2A^＊ gene enco ding Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt） δ-endotoxi n that resi st ance to lepidopteran pest was transformed into japonica rice variety Jijing 88, which is the most widely cultivated variety in Jilin Province, Northeast China, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 106 independent transformants overexpressing cry2A^＊ gene driven by ubiquitin（Ubi） promoter was produced. Three single-copy homozygous transgenic lines were finally selected based on the results of PCR analysis, se gregation ratio of Bast a resistance, and Southern hybridiza tion analyse s. RT-PCR and enzyme linke dimmune sorbent assay（ELISA） revealed that cry2A^＊ transcripts and protein were highly expressed in these lines. The high level of Cry2A^＊ protein expression resulted in high resistance to rice striped stem borer as evidence d by insect feeding bioassays. Our results demonst rate that cry2A^＊ transgenic japonica rice confers resistance to the rice striped stem borer in the laboratory conditions.

应用植保无人机释放稻螟赤眼蜂防治水稻二化螟技术研究

为推广以虫治虫绿色防控技术,减少水稻田化学农药的使用,提高赤眼蜂释放效率,降低防治成本。采用单因素随机区组设计和二因素完全随机化设计,完成了不同放蜂量、放蜂器投放数量、放蜂量和放蜂器投放数量组合3个试验,调查卵块寄生率、校正寄生率、相对防效和产量等相关指标。结果表明,应用植保无人机释放稻螟赤眼蜂防治水稻二化螟,释放量45万头/hm^(2),放蜂器投放数量90个/hm^(2),分3次平均释放,每次释放间隔5 d,卵块寄生率62.8%,校正寄生率60.0%,防治效果67.7%,产量和挽回产量损失率分别为11186.4 kg/hm^(2)和6.0%。

我国水稻螟虫发生及治理研究进展

水稻螟虫是我国水稻生产过程中的重要害虫种类之一,其为害范围广,所造成的经济损失巨大,且在我国主要稻区呈现逐年加重的发生趋势。本文重点以二化螟为例,概述了近年来水稻螟虫发生与为害现状、抗药性演化、抗螟水稻种质资源挖掘与品种创制、水稻螟虫生理生化与毒理学研究及新型杀螟药剂研发、水稻螟虫寄生蜂资源及其利用、水稻螟虫生态调控技术等方面的主要研究成果,以期为深入了解我国水稻螟虫发生为害及其治理研究现状提供依据,并为水稻螟虫的可持续控制与水稻绿色生产的实践提供帮助。

无人机定点投放稻螟赤眼蜂防治水稻二化螟效果初报

为明确无人机投放稻螟赤眼蜂大面积统防统治水稻二化螟技术的应用效果,在盘锦市大洼区设置133 hm^(2)试验田,开展此项技术的应用效果研究。试验区内,于一代二化螟成虫羽化始盛期开始放蜂,共放蜂3次,每次间隔5~6 d,随机取点调查结果表明,稻螟赤眼蜂对二化螟卵寄生率分别为56.55%、89.55%、91.55%。水稻穗期虫伤株率0.78%,显著低于空白对照区的5.82%,防治效果为86.60%。初步明确无人机定点投放赤眼蜂技术能够有效控制水稻二化螟。

3种杀虫剂对水稻二化螟的防治效果研究

为了明确3种杀虫剂(40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、34%乙多·甲氧虫悬浮剂和9%甲维·甲虫肼悬浮剂)对水稻二化螟的防治效果,开展了田间试验。结果表明,3种药剂对水稻二化螟的防效均较好。药后14 d,3种药剂对水稻二化螟的防效均在97%以上。药后28 d,9%甲维·甲虫肼悬浮剂对水稻二化螟的防效最高,为90.79%;34%乙多·甲氧虫悬浮剂次之,防效为88.98%;40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防效为85.80%。3种供试药剂均对水稻生长安全,且对捕食性天敌蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽无明显影响。因此,这3种药剂均可以用于水稻二化螟的防治。

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm2,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。

水稻二化螟性信息素技术:大量诱捕二化螟的防治效果研究

应用二化螟性信息素 (3种主要组分为 Z11- 16 - Ald,Z13- 18- Ald和 Z9- 16 - Ald,剂量为 30 0 μg)对 6 0 hm2早稻田的越冬代和第一代二化螟成虫进行了大面积诱捕 ,田间采用绿色水盆诱捕器 ,布设密度为 2 5个 /hm2。对照区为 2 4 hm2种植者使用化学农药代替性信息素防治的水稻田 ,结果表明诱捕区的卵块数比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 74 .39% ;第一代二化螟成虫的发生量较对照区有明显下降 ,下降率为 6 1.4 1% ;诱捕区田间稻丛的百株枯鞘率、枯心率和白穗率比对照区有明显下降 ,下降率分别为 70 .90 %、5 7.0 1%和 4 4 .30 % ;诱捕区未使用农药 ,但防治效果好于对照区 (平均施药 1.2 4次 )

二化螟温带和亚热带地理种群的滞育特征与抗寒性差异

研究了二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]北京和福州两个地理种群滞育诱导、低温存活、过冷却点和滞育幼虫抗寒生理指标的变化。结果表明,北京种群在22℃、25℃和28℃下滞育诱导的临界光周期分别为13h55min、13h44min和13h6min,显著长于福州种群的12h35min、12h30min和12h25min。采自于北京的田间种群滞育幼虫过冷却点达-15.13℃,显著低于北京实验种群(-8.28℃)和福州实验种群(-7.60℃),表明自然环境的调节与诱导作用和滞育幼虫的抗寒性高度相关。在-25℃～-10℃测试范围内,随着温度下降,二化螟滞育幼虫的死亡率明显上升,但不同种群的死亡率有明显差异。在相同低温下北京实验种群的半致死时间(LT50)长于福州种群,表明随着地理纬度的上升,二化螟种群的耐寒性增强。二化螟滞育与非滞育幼虫的体重差异显著,滞育幼虫体内含水量低于非滞育幼虫,但蛋白质及糖的含量均高于非滞育幼虫,表明幼虫体内蛋白质、糖和水含量与抗寒性密切相关。

基于L-M优化算法的水稻螟虫预测模型及其初步应用

农村稻区水稻螟虫发生量与多种气候因素相关,各因素之间存在相互作用,是非线性系统。神经网络能有效地描述非线性模型多输入和不确定的特性。传统的BP网络在训练时易陷入局部极小点从而导致训练时间长、收敛速度慢,采用Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法(简称L-M算法)能克服其缺点。在MATLAB中应用L-M算法对辽宁盘锦田间稻区进行水稻螟虫发生量的仿真预测,试验结果表明L-M优化算法的预测精度和收敛速度明显提高,为稻区防控虫害和精确喷药提供参考,具有实用价值。

水稻二化螟性信息素技术:粘胶诱捕器、性诱剂保存期和剂量(英文)

对不同剂量、不同保存期的性诱剂和几种常见诱捕器进行了田间诱蛾效果比较研究。结果表明 ,诱芯所含的性诱剂的剂量以 30 0μg为宜 ;在低温条件下保存 1年对其诱蛾效果影响不大 ;泥盆诱捕器的诱蛾效果不理想 ,粘胶诱捕器的诱蛾效果也不及水盆诱捕器 ,但操作较为方便 ;在田间设置时 。

二化螟水稻类群与茭白类群成虫羽化节律和交配节律研究

比较研究了二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)水稻类群与茭白类群成虫的羽化和交配节律 ,研究结果表明 :两类群的羽化节律大体一致 ;但交配节律存在明显差异 :水稻类群成虫的交配高峰出现在熄灯后 4 5h ;茭白类群成虫的交配高峰出现在熄灯后 7 0～ 7 5h。

二化螟性诱剂和诱盆设置技术的研究

通过对二化螟性诱剂水盆诱捕器及其设置高度比较研究，结果表明：诱捕器的口径大小以２４ｃｍ为佳，绿色水盆的诱蛾量比其他颜色的要大；在越冬代诱捕中，诱盆的高度在２０ｃｍ左右效果较好；性诱剂离水面的高度对二化螟雄蛾的诱捕有一定影响，其高度在０５～１０ｃｍ的诱蛾量最高。