The flow over a backward facing step （BFS） has been taken as a useful proto- type to investigate intrinsic mechanisms of separated flow with heat transfer. However, to date, the open literature on the effect of Rich...The flow over a backward facing step （BFS） has been taken as a useful proto- type to investigate intrinsic mechanisms of separated flow with heat transfer. However, to date, the open literature on the effect of Richardson number on entropy generation over the BFS is absent yet, although the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristic both will receive significant influence caused by the variation of Richardson number in many prac- tical applications, such as in microelectromechanical systems and aerocrafts. The effect of Richardson number on entropy generation in the BFS flow is reported in this paper for the first time. The entropy generation analysis is conducted through numerically solving the entropy generation equation. The velocity and temperature, which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation, are evaluated by the lattice Boltzmann method. It is found that the distributions of local entropy generation number and Bejan number are significantly influenced by the variation of Richardson number. The total entropy gen- eration number is a monotonic decreasing function of Richardson number, whereas the average Bejan number is a monotonic increasing function of Richardson number.展开更多
To better describe the stability of a moist atmosphere,a new Richardson number,the Richardson number in a non-uniformly saturated moist atmosphere（Ri^＊）,is defined in this paper.Ri^＊ is the same as the Richardson ...To better describe the stability of a moist atmosphere,a new Richardson number,the Richardson number in a non-uniformly saturated moist atmosphere（Ri^＊）,is defined in this paper.Ri^＊ is the same as the Richardson number（Ri） except that the generalized potential temperature introduced by Gao et al.in 2004 is used to calculate the Brunt-Vaisala frequency.Then,with outputs from simulations of two heavy rainfall events,Ri^＊ is applied to diagnosing instabilities of rainfall areas.The results show that convective instability is concentrated in the lower troposphere while instability determined by Ri^＊1 is mainly located in the middle and upper troposphere above the rainfall areas.The Ri^＊ is more appropriate than the Richardson number in a dry or uniformly saturated moist atmosphere for describing instability of rainfall areas.Moreover,in the two cases here,instability represented by Ri^＊ emerged a few hours prior to the rainfall occurrence,suggesting that Ri^＊ may be used to indicate the occurrence of rainfall.Thus,Ri^＊ could be a helpful index in estimating rainfall occurrence and development.展开更多
Fifty years ago, Hans A. Panofsky published a paper entitled Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements. In his famous paper, he presented a new profile function for the mean horizontal wind speed ...Fifty years ago, Hans A. Panofsky published a paper entitled Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements. In his famous paper, he presented a new profile function for the mean horizontal wind speed under the condition of diabatic stratification that includes his integral similarity function. With his integral similarity function, he opened the door for Monin-Obukhov scaling in a wide range of micrometeorological and microclimatological applications. In a historic survey ranging from the sixties of the past century down to the present days, we present integral similarity functions for momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor for both unstable and stable stratification, where on the one hand free convection condition and on the other hand strongly stable stratification are addressed.展开更多
为了研究总体理查逊数对可吸入颗粒物PM10(particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10μm)质量浓度的影响,对2007年11月北京南郊观象台的PM10质量浓度资料、地面气象自动站资料和常规无线电探空资料进行了分析。...为了研究总体理查逊数对可吸入颗粒物PM10(particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10μm)质量浓度的影响,对2007年11月北京南郊观象台的PM10质量浓度资料、地面气象自动站资料和常规无线电探空资料进行了分析。统计分析软件采用SPSS 15.0(Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0)。分析结果表明,在北京地区以稳定层结为主的条件下,PM10质量浓度与地面气象要素和总体理查逊数存在很好的规律性。PM10质量浓度与风速和相对湿度显著相关,相关系数分别为原0.65和0.69,通过α=0.01显著性检验;PM10质量浓度与地面至450m层的总体理查逊数存在显著的对数形式非线性关系,决定系数R2=0.42。非线性回归方程的独立样本预测检验显示回归模型可以用于根据无线电探空资料对PM10质量浓度进行预测。展开更多
基于Hgstrm(1996)和Beljaars et al.(1991)的研究工作,沿用Louis et al.(1982)和Launiainen(1995)的思路,本文采用多元回归分析方法,研发了一种采用非迭代方法的湍流通量参数化方案。该方案直接用整体理查森数、空气动力学粗糙度长...基于Hgstrm(1996)和Beljaars et al.(1991)的研究工作,沿用Louis et al.(1982)和Launiainen(1995)的思路,本文采用多元回归分析方法,研发了一种采用非迭代方法的湍流通量参数化方案。该方案直接用整体理查森数、空气动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度对稳定度参数进行参数化,从而避免了通过循环迭代计算Monin-Obukhov长度。该方案不仅有效地节省了CPU计算时间,而且其计算结果与迭代方案(BHH方案)的计算结果非常接近。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51176061 and51006043)the Research Foundation for Out standing Young Teachers of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (No. 2012QN168)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20100142120048)
文摘The flow over a backward facing step （BFS） has been taken as a useful proto- type to investigate intrinsic mechanisms of separated flow with heat transfer. However, to date, the open literature on the effect of Richardson number on entropy generation over the BFS is absent yet, although the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristic both will receive significant influence caused by the variation of Richardson number in many prac- tical applications, such as in microelectromechanical systems and aerocrafts. The effect of Richardson number on entropy generation in the BFS flow is reported in this paper for the first time. The entropy generation analysis is conducted through numerically solving the entropy generation equation. The velocity and temperature, which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation, are evaluated by the lattice Boltzmann method. It is found that the distributions of local entropy generation number and Bejan number are significantly influenced by the variation of Richardson number. The total entropy gen- eration number is a monotonic decreasing function of Richardson number, whereas the average Bejan number is a monotonic increasing function of Richardson number.
基金Supported by Wuhan Institute of Heavy Rain,China Meteorological Administration,under Grant No.IHR2008K03the Scientific Research Fund of Nanjing University of Iuformation Science & Technology.
文摘To better describe the stability of a moist atmosphere,a new Richardson number,the Richardson number in a non-uniformly saturated moist atmosphere（Ri^＊）,is defined in this paper.Ri^＊ is the same as the Richardson number（Ri） except that the generalized potential temperature introduced by Gao et al.in 2004 is used to calculate the Brunt-Vaisala frequency.Then,with outputs from simulations of two heavy rainfall events,Ri^＊ is applied to diagnosing instabilities of rainfall areas.The results show that convective instability is concentrated in the lower troposphere while instability determined by Ri^＊1 is mainly located in the middle and upper troposphere above the rainfall areas.The Ri^＊ is more appropriate than the Richardson number in a dry or uniformly saturated moist atmosphere for describing instability of rainfall areas.Moreover,in the two cases here,instability represented by Ri^＊ emerged a few hours prior to the rainfall occurrence,suggesting that Ri^＊ may be used to indicate the occurrence of rainfall.Thus,Ri^＊ could be a helpful index in estimating rainfall occurrence and development.
基金the National Science Foundation for funding Dillon Amaya’s project work in summer 2012 through the Research Experience for Undergraduates(REU)Program,grant AGS1005265
文摘Fifty years ago, Hans A. Panofsky published a paper entitled Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements. In his famous paper, he presented a new profile function for the mean horizontal wind speed under the condition of diabatic stratification that includes his integral similarity function. With his integral similarity function, he opened the door for Monin-Obukhov scaling in a wide range of micrometeorological and microclimatological applications. In a historic survey ranging from the sixties of the past century down to the present days, we present integral similarity functions for momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor for both unstable and stable stratification, where on the one hand free convection condition and on the other hand strongly stable stratification are addressed.
文摘为了研究总体理查逊数对可吸入颗粒物PM10(particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10μm)质量浓度的影响,对2007年11月北京南郊观象台的PM10质量浓度资料、地面气象自动站资料和常规无线电探空资料进行了分析。统计分析软件采用SPSS 15.0(Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0)。分析结果表明,在北京地区以稳定层结为主的条件下,PM10质量浓度与地面气象要素和总体理查逊数存在很好的规律性。PM10质量浓度与风速和相对湿度显著相关,相关系数分别为原0.65和0.69,通过α=0.01显著性检验;PM10质量浓度与地面至450m层的总体理查逊数存在显著的对数形式非线性关系,决定系数R2=0.42。非线性回归方程的独立样本预测检验显示回归模型可以用于根据无线电探空资料对PM10质量浓度进行预测。
文摘基于Hgstrm(1996)和Beljaars et al.(1991)的研究工作,沿用Louis et al.(1982)和Launiainen(1995)的思路,本文采用多元回归分析方法,研发了一种采用非迭代方法的湍流通量参数化方案。该方案直接用整体理查森数、空气动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度对稳定度参数进行参数化,从而避免了通过循环迭代计算Monin-Obukhov长度。该方案不仅有效地节省了CPU计算时间,而且其计算结果与迭代方案(BHH方案)的计算结果非常接近。
