Cognitive Interpretation of Confucian Righteousness

According to traditional Confucianism,righteousness means obligation,goodness,courtesy,and responsibility.As a basic component of Confucian thoughts,it is closely related to other Confucian virtues,like benevolence,courtesy,filial piety,faith,etc.Meanwhile,righteousness was practiced and proved to be significant in governing a country in several states of Pre-Qin period.It still works nowadays.In connotation,righteousness not only means ethical order between human beings,but also highlights the value system stressing morality,still it underlines humane responsibility of obligation being intrinsic quality.Therefore,righteousness plays an important role in modern society.Apart from helping to establish favorable profit conception to promote individual realm of life,it also helps to promote an upright and clean social environment and build harmonious socialist society.

Abraham’s Conception of God and Righteousness Through Faith

Abraham was justified by God because of his faith alone before he received the sign of circumcision which was then kept by the Israelites,his descendants.According to Paul and later Luther,justified Christians who were not born as Jews are similar to Abraham,although they more specifically believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior.Without any creeds of Judaism or Christianity,Abraham’s conception of God was not deep and abstract as today’s theology allows,but his experience was recorded in the Genesis by Moses under oral tradition and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.Many present Christians worldwide hold that despite their own limited understanding of God and his revelation in the Bible which has been fully written,they are justified or may be justified,so they are comparable to Abraham.The righteousness of God never changes.Not only can we comprehend the gradual revelation of God in the Bible,but we also can study the consistence of faith and righteousness in the Old and New Testament through Abraham,and thus we can better understand the justification faith through grace of Luther who holds a realistic view on the concept of church as does Paul.Compared with the faith defined by Aquinas who represents the medieval standard,the one defined by Luther is more consistent with what the Apostle Paul teaches.In conclusion,the paper supports the translation of the Bible with realism.

Tao, Virtue, Benevolence, Righteousness and Propriety:On the Core Values of Shu School

The core concepts of Confucianism were developed over the change of the times by Confucian scholars after Zi Si and Mencius, and have formed their respective structures: The three great principles of "benevolence, wisdom and bravery," and the self-cultivation model of "benevolence, righteousness and propriety" by Confucius. Following Confucius, Zi Si vigorously advocated the five virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sage."Mencius initiated the four cardinal virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom."Xun Zi often constructed the collocation of "benevolence and righteousness, rites and music, and loyalty and trustworthiness."Dong Zhongshu finally developed the five constant virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness."In a simple, clear, practical and feasible way, the core values of Confucianism have won support among the people and have had an impact on Chinese society for more than two thousand years. Being open and inclusive, the connotation of Confucianism took advantage of the strengths of different schools of philosophy in ancient China, and adopted changes from philosophies with positive attitudes. The Bashu area, in the southwest of China, has inherited the tradition of adhering to the Tao(natural order of the Universe) and valuing morality. Shu scholars have creatively built the core values of "the Tao, virtue, benevolence, righteousness and propriety," and developed a characteristic branch of philosophy above and beyond the Confucian scholars of the Central Plains. This concept stems from Yan Junping of the Western Han Dynasty, promoted by Yang Xiong, developed by Zhao Rui of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shangying and Su Dongpo of the Song Dynasty, and Lai Zhide of the Ming Dynasty, then further developed by Liu Yuan and Duan Zhengyuan of the Qing Dynasty, and formed the persistent system of core values of the Shu School. Compared with the values of orthodox Confucianism, the core values of the Shu School have the functions of"a unity of metaphysics and physics"and"a combination of theory and practice,"which remedy the lack of Confucianism's ultimate concern for ontology and the lack of Taoism's realistic concern for practicality.

The Viewpoint of Righteousness and Benefit in China's Diplomacy:Learning from the Traditional and Building the Contemporary

The contemporary viewpoint of righteousness and benefit,proposed by President Xi Jinping of China in 2013,initially originated from the traditional concept during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period over 2000 years ago.On the evolution,traditional views are usually individual-and domestic-level based;feudal kings were assumed the subject(dominant stakeholder)of practice with the people objects(passive takers);the subject and object enjoyed a hierarchical relationship in the domestic society.The contemporary concept focuses fully on the international level,viewing Chinese state as the subject and its neighbors(as well as some developing countries)as objects;they maintain an equal relationship in the international community.The upgraded analysis level and the changed subject and object as well as the altered relationship between them drive China's diplomacy to practice the contemporary righteousness-benefit viewpoint.Nowadays,the group of subject players expanded to include not only Chinese government but also Chinese enterprises,whose responsibilities still need additional clarification.For China case,the government is assumed to take the major responsibility in practicing righteousness,with enterprises for benefit.Subjects and objects enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship with each other;China,as the subject of practicing righteousness,naturally has the expectations to get righteousness in return from the objects.The contemporary viewpoint of righteousness and benefit will work as a practicing guidance to China's diplomacy,entailing a working mechanism to put it into practice.If implementation of such viewpoint fails to take route,correction mechanism from economic side will be needed as war is not always considered the ideal way.

Between Incomprehensible Evil and a Moral Code of Honor: The Rescuing of the Albanian Jews During the Holocaust

The Holocaust,also known as the Shoah,was the tragic and devastating event of the genocide of European Jews during World War II.Between 1941 and 1945,Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe.The Jews and other racial minorities were rounded up across Europe and slaughtered by the German Nazi regime.Little was done to save,and rescue jews during that dark period,that is why the story of Albania,a small country in the Balkans,in which the entire country protected the Jewish community is so remarkable(Savich,2002).This paper will try to examine the heroic rescuing efforts made by the people of Albania during the holocaust while focusing on the Albanian moral code of honor known as“Besa”.This paper will also provide an overview of the impacts of those action.

The Implication of “I Am the Alpha and the Omega” to Internet Institutes

It is extremely fearful for the pestilences covering our Earth. Does that mean the “World End” is around the corner? For the so-called “Atheists” originally proposed by Karl Max and Friedrich Engels, “there is a Beginning, there must be an End”, meaning our Earth will finally no longer exist in the entire Universe by colliding with the other planet. According to Holly Bible, however, Jesus, will send out his angels to separate the wicked from the righteous and throw the former into the fiery furnace. For such a special time-period, many useful ideas or outcomes can be acquired by the Internet Institutes.

Upholding Justice while Pursuing Interests:Community-Based Labor Sharing Incentive of Chinese Classical Enterprises-A Case Study Based on Shanxi Merchants Qiaojiazihao

The modern equity incentive system,which takes shareholders’interests first as the logic of governance,is based on material reward and short-term behavior,making it difficult to fundamentally build an economic interest community between enterprises and employees.How to avoid opportunistic behavior in equity incentive and stimulate employees’prolonged sense of organizational identity for enterprise sustainability is an important governance problem of modern enterprises.Based on the theory of social embeddedness,this study uses constructing grounded theory to explore the incentive theory of Qiaojiazihao,which means an exceptional family business owned and run in Shanxi Province but well known throughout China by a family surnamed Qiao in the Qing Dynasty.Qiaojiazihao takes the Confucian community thought as its foundation of social values,the Confucian concept of righteousness and interests as its business ethics,and the social factors,such as emotion and trust,are embedded in its economic organization.The labor sharing incentive thus forms the pathway to Geo-cultural community-social identity community-economic interests community.On this basis,it abstracts the internal mechanism of value generation-system coupling-interest strengthening as the logic of the community-based labor sharing incentive of Chinese classical enterprises.This study deepens the understanding of the equity incentive system of Chinese classical enterprises,and is enlightening for revising the institutional logic of rational calculation of equity incentive based on material interests and improving corporate governance and employee shareholding methods from the perspective of social embeddedness.Therefore,this study is helpful to understand the role of employee incentive in securing for employment stability,comprehensiveness,and loyalty.

Survey of Confucius＇s Approach to Expediency

Confucius held that expediency means adjusting to changing circumstances, not necessarily going along with or against anything, having a sense of propriety about times and measures, and doing things in their proper time and manner. However, expediency does not mean doing whatever one likes without any principle; instead, it means taking benevolence and righteousness as criteria and acting accordingly. In Confucius＇s opinion, one should cultivate benevolence internally and act with righteousness externally, weigh importance and unimportance, measure advantages and disadvantages, and not ＂set the mind either for anything, or against anything,＂ pursuing ＂what the heart desires, without transgressing what is right.＂ In this way, he would keep to benevolence without deviating from it, act expediently without despising any principles, and attain a dialectical unification of expediency and principles.