Application of Pomegranate Rind Extract for Improvement of Functional Properties of Various Materials—A Critical Review

Pomegranate rind is abundantly available as a waste material. Pomegranate Rind Extract (PRE) can be applied to cotton fabrics for its natural colours, as a mordanting agent and also for imparting certain functional properties such as fire retardancy and antimicrobial properties. This paper reviews the feasibility of Pomegranate Rind Extract to improve the functional properties of cellulosic fabrics. Studies show that varying concentrations and higher temperatures that were used to apply the extract on the fabric, resulted in enhanced functional properties. At a particular concentration, the treated fabric showed a 15 times lower burning rate in comparison with the control fabric. Also, antimicrobial efficacy has been observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Due to the natural colouring material, it can be used as a natural dye on cotton material. The fire retardancy of pomegranate rind extract was tested on jute material under varying alkalinity. Research has indicated that pomegranate rind extract could be used to dye polyamide as well. The rubbing and wash fastness of the finished fabrics is good. The light fastness was fair, and its antibacterial efficiency against tested bacteria was good.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Rind with Difference Activations and Its Optimization

Durian rind wastes are an important raw material for activated carbon production due to their renewable sources and low-cost materials.The efficiency of increasing surface area and the quantity of oxygen groups on the surface of activated carbon were studied for the preparation of activated carbon.The preparation of activated carbon has been studied with the different methods as follows:activation by acid,activation by base,hydrothermal and activation by acid,and hydrothermal and activation by base.The results showed that hydrothermal and activation by acid had high iodine number which was chosen to determine the optimum condition for activated carbon preparation.The optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was studied by Box-Behnken design.Solid/water ratio,solid/acid ratio and temperature were chosen as the important parameters for achieving the optimum reaction condition.The reaction products were analyzed by iodine number.Based on the results,the optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was predicted using RSM.The maximum iodine number of 626.47 mg/g was expected at the optimum condition:solid/water ratio(1:175,g/mL),solid/acid ratio(1:23,g/mL)and temperature(500℃).The preparation of durian rind activated carbon at the optimal condition was carried;the percentages of iodine number achieved(666.73±6 mg/g)were close to the maximum predicted value(666.73 mg/g),thus verifying the model.At the optimum condition,the functional group on surface of durian rind activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR.The result showed that the oxygen content on surface was increased in the form of carbonyl and sulfonyl group.

Quality Evaluation of Novel Biscuits Made from Wheat Supplemented with Watermelon Rinds and Orange Pomace Flour Blends

This study was designed to bridge gap in nutritionally skewed available biscuits and the high volume of agricultural waste generated by investigating the quality of biscuits prepared from wheat base, supplemented with waste from watermelon rinds and orange pomace as possible nutritious alternatives. Biscuit samples were respectively produced from blends of wheat, watermelon rind and orange pomace in the following ratio 100:0:0;90:5:5;80:10:10;70:15:15 and 60:20:20, labelled samples A, B, C, D and E. Functional, proximate, mineral and sensory properties of the formulated biscuit samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The results showed that proximate composition of samples B - E significantly increased (p < 0.05) except for carbohydrate content when compared with sample A used as control. There were also significant increases (p < 0.05) in mineral contents of supplemented samples compared to control. The result of the sensory evaluation showed that wheat flour can be substituted with watermelon rind and orange pomace flours up to 10% without adversely affecting the overall quality attributes of the biscuits. These results indicate the robustness of food value addition as an effective means of improving nutritional quality of biscuits while contributing to waste management in the agricultural value chain.

Pulp and Paper from Sugarcane:Properties of Rind and Core Fractions

Two distinct lignocellulosic fractions(rind and core)can be obtained through a physical separation of sugarcane stalks.Although presenting differences in morphology,both fractions can be employed to produce pulps and papers.The pulps and paper sheets produced from the core and rind fractions were characterized by their chemical composition,physical properties and mechanical properties.The pulps obtained from the core presented a higher amount of fines,lower drainage ability and rendered denser and stiffer sheets.The pulps from the rind,which have a higher content of fibers and higher degree of polymerization,produced sheets with higher air permeability and water absorption.Both paper sheets presented mechanical and physical properties comparable to commercial papers and papers from different cellulosic sources.The different properties exhibited by the papers produced from each fraction allow their use for distinct purposes,and expands the opportunities in the context of sugarcane biorefinery.

Comparative Isotherms Studies on Adsorptive Removal of Congo Red from Wastewater by Watermelon Rinds and Neem-Tree Leaves

Equilibrium adsorption studies for detoxification of Congo Red (CR) dye from single component model wastewater by powdered watermelon rinds and neem leaves adsorbents were carried out with the view to test the applicability of the adsorption process to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Harkins-Jura isotherm models. The values of correlation coefficient, R2 (0.9359 - 0.9998), showed that all the experimental data fitted the linear plots of the tested isotherm models. Dubinin-Radushkevich’s monolayer maximum adsorption capacity qD (20.72 - 26.06 mg/g) is better than Langmuir’s qm (18.62 - 24.75 mg/g) for both adsorbents with the capacities higher for adsorption on watermelon rind than on neem leaves. Values of Langmuir separation factor (RL) suggest unfavourable adsorption processes (i.e. chemisorption) of the dye on both the adsorbents, while Freundlich constant (nF) indicates unfavourable process only for CR adsorption onto neem leaves. The Dubinin-Radushkevich’s mean free energy of adsorption, E (0.29 - 0.32 kJ/mol), suggests physical adsorption processes. Values for Temkin’s heat of adsorption, bT (-0.95 to 0.74 kJ/mol), also show physical adsorption process.

TIA与RIND的研究进展

短暂性缺血性发作与可逆性缺血性神经功能丧失都是指脑血管病损所致的脑功能障碍在短时内能够恢复的疾患。文章综述了TIA与RIND在概念、临床症状、病因、CT、MRI、SPECT的研究,以及和脑梗塞关系等几个方面近年来新的观点和认识。

Analysis on differentially expressed genes in watermelon rind color based on RNA–Seq

In order to screen the genes controlling watermelon rind color and luster, the experiment was carried out with yellow watermelon skin mutants as tester and green wild type watermelon as control, and transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were done. The results show that 34.27 Gb clean data were got by transcriptome sequencing. There are 261 differentially expressed genes among Y_1_vs_G_1, Y_2_vs_G_2 and Y_3_vs_G_3. The pathways contenting most differentially expressed genes are plant hormone signal transduction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, photosynthesis pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(Cla002942), alcohol dehydrogenase(Cla004992), photosystem Ⅰ reaction center subunit Ⅲ, chloroplastic(precursor)(Cla009181), long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthetase(Cla017341), threonine dehydratase biosynthetic(Cla018352) candidates genes were screened out.

Influence of Rind Hardness on Sugarcane Quality

Sugar recovery in a factory depends upon regular crushing and quality of varieties besides various other working parameters. Strategies for increased productivity and sugar recovery, varietal improvement can bring out through selection of parents to get maximum gains. These are governed by sugar content, fiber, rind hardness and cane yield. In order to assess the breeding value of different traits including rind hardness, study was undertaken at Sugarcane Research Institute, Shahjahanpur, during 2011-2012. Phenotypic difference and correlations among agronomic characters, basic quality characters and rind hardness in 120 segregating genotypes derived from contrast bi-parental cross (UP9530 × Co86011) of sugarcane cultivar were studied in this experiment. All the traits observed were found statistically significant among the mapping populations. The mean value of rind hardness was 5.91 with a range from 2.08 to 12.10 among 120 segregating population including their parents. Rind hardness (RHD) showed significant positive genotypic correlation with sugar yield-related traits viz;cane weight (CW, r = 0.325), cane yield (CYLD, r = 0.380) and sugar yield (SUYLD, r = 0.248). Significant negative correlation was observed for rind hardness with commercial cane sugar percent (CCS%, r = -0.388), number of millable cane (NMC, r = -0.216), hand refractometer brix %-October (HBR, r = -0.154), Brix% in juice (BR, r = -0.119) and Sucrose% in juice (SUC, r = -0.080). The simple correlation analysis showed that RHD, CW, CYLD and SUYLD showed significant positive correlation for agronomic characters, but for basic quality characters had negative correlations. Result indicated that rind hardness was found to have economically important trait due to showing significant positive and negative correlation with sugar yield and sugar content, respectively. The study also revealed that with the reduction in rind hardness, sugar recovery may increase. Present findings indicated that the rind hardness could play as a key role in the selection of elite genotypes in breeding program to develop high sugar, high yielding, erect, non-lodging, disease and insect resistant varieties. The details of the study were discussed in the manuscript.

Physical and Phytochemical Properties of the Rind of Five Watermelon Cultivars

Watermelon is known for its good thirst-quenching power;its important water content is one of its major characteristics. This very juicy character of the fruit associated with an important quantity of by-products constitutes a weak point of profitability to its transformation. Indeed, next to the sweet, juicy, refreshing pulp with exceptional gustative quality, there is a large number of by-products that are not consumed, not valorized, and are considered as waste. This study aims to provide some solutions to this problem, which hinders the processing of watermelon in Burkina Faso. The physicochemical parameters, phytochemical composition, and some biological properties of watermelon rind were evaluated. In other words, substances of nutraceutical interest and their properties were measured in watermelon rind to find useful uses for them. The determination of the dimensions was done by direct measurements. Physicochemical parameters were determined by standard methods. The phytochemical composition was determined by spectrometric methods. The analysis of the samples showed significant variability for the different physical parameters of the fruits. Interesting physical properties such as the water absorption and water holding capacity of the dried rind powder (nearly 1000%) were revealed. Moreover, the fruit rind showed remarkable photochemical composition and antiradical properties. As such, watermelon rind could be incorporated into other culinary preparations, in animal nutrition.

西瓜果实网条突变体的转录组分析

以条纹自交系西瓜(TD)和网条突变体西瓜(WT)为材料,通过分离群体的条纹性状比例探索西瓜的条性状遗传基础;以转录组测序及表达差异分析为基础,探索网条突变体西瓜在不同发育阶段的表达谱变化,筛选出条纹自交系与网条突变体西瓜之间表达差异显著的基因57个,主要富集于光合作用天线蛋白通路、生物碱生物合成通路、氨基酸代谢通路等7种代谢途径;通过加权基因共表达网络对核心基因的进一步分析,初步挖掘出部分网条突变体西瓜中有关生物胁迫抗性的基因变化情况,进一步筛选确定西瓜深绿条纹基因(ClGS,watermelon dark-green stripe)、类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂5编码基因、UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶编码基因、类长春碱合成酶编码基因、叶绿素a-b结合蛋白编码基因可能是决定西瓜网条果皮性状的核心基因;qRT-PCR验证结果表明,条纹自交系西瓜与网条突变体西瓜在基因表达上存在明显差异。本研究为西瓜不同果皮条纹育种提供了新的种质资源,也为阐明西瓜不同果皮条纹性状形成的分子调控机制提供了一定的理论依据。

基于BSA-seq和RNA-seq挖掘西瓜果皮硬度候选基因

为了挖掘西瓜果皮硬度关键调控基因,选育耐裂高硬度果皮西瓜品种。以西瓜果皮硬度差异显著的高硬度材料901和低硬度材料BSH为亲本,构建F 2分离群体,采用极端性状混池重测序接合BSA(BSA-seq)方法进行定位,并结合转录组测序(RNA-seq)数据进行关联分析,挖掘果皮硬度关键调控基因。BSA-seq结果表明,SNPs和InDels关联区域交集位于10号染色体1620000—3760000 bp区间内共2.14 Mb的区段,包含150个候选基因,其中2个非同义突变基因和1个移码突变基因。将BSA-seq测序结果与RNA-seq测序结果进行联合分析发现,共有Cla97C10G187120、Cla97C10G187020、Cla97C10G187430、Cla97C10G187510、Cla97C10G187280和Cla97C10G1865406个基因相关联,经生物信息学分析,确定Cla97C10G187120基因为西瓜果皮硬度候选基因。实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)试验结果表明,转录组试验数据可靠,并且候选基因Cla97C10G187120在901中表达较BSH明显降低。本研究为进一步精细定位西瓜果皮硬度调控基因奠定了基础。

糯玉米茎秆穿刺强度QTL分析与基因组选择

茎秆穿刺强度是衡量玉米茎秆机械强度和抗倒伏能力的重要指标之一,本研究以衍生于糯玉米自交系衡白522和通系5的198个重组自交系为试验材料,对茎秆穿刺强度进行数量性状位点(QTL)分析和基因组选择研究。单个环境QTL分析共检测到4个控制糯玉米茎秆穿刺强度的QTL,每个QTL的表型变异贡献率均小于10.00%,且仅在单个环境中被检测到;多个环境QTL分析共检测到8个QTL与环境互作,其加性效应总共可解释24.64%的表型变异,加性效应与环境互作贡献率为17.51%;上位性QTL分析共检测到4对QTL与QTL互作,可解释8.25%的表型变异。基因组选择中,当训练群体占群体总数的80%,随机选择500个标记即可获得较高的预测准确性;但是根据单个环境QTL分析结果,选择机率常用对数值排名前200的标记,即可大幅度提高基因组选择预测准确性。

不同耐裂性小型西瓜果实力学特性与果皮结构研究

为揭示小型西瓜果实力学特性及果皮组织结构与耐裂性的关系,以耐裂性不同的8份西瓜种质和1份由易裂亲本201609019与耐裂亲本S1-1111配制的杂交F1代为材料,采用质构仪分析其果实硬度、果实裂应力及果皮韧性,利用石蜡切片法观察其果皮组织结构。结果表明,易裂与耐裂西瓜果实力学特性和果皮组织结构差异显著,耐裂果的西瓜果实硬度、裂应力及果皮韧性更大,果皮细胞排列更加紧密,表皮细胞长厚比值小,外果皮厚,并具有条带状石细胞层。相关性分析表明,果实力学特性与石细胞厚度呈极显著正相关,与外果皮厚度呈显著正相关,与表皮细胞长厚比呈显著负相关。201609019×S1-1111遗传耐裂亲本具有石细胞结构,果实硬度与耐裂亲本差异不显著,裂应力和韧性介于两亲本之间,外果皮厚度变大。201609019和049-2虽果实硬度相近,但果实裂应力、果皮韧性及果皮结构差异明显,耐裂性也不同。评价西瓜果实耐裂性应综合考虑果实硬度、果实裂应力及皮韧性,果实的耐裂性差异是果皮的各层结构综合作用的结果,在西瓜品种选育中可以通过杂交的方式将耐裂性状渗入来改善品种的耐裂性。

Effect of drying methods and packaging materials on quality parameters of stored kokum rind

In this study kokum rind dried by different methods,i.e.open air sun drying,solar drying and the convective hot air drying(60℃)was taken after being packaged in gunny bags,nylon bags and plastic jars for storage study upto nine months.The effect of different drying methods on quality parameters i.e.acidity,pH,TSS,reducing sugar,non-reducing sugar,colour(L,a and b)and calorific value of the stored product were evaluated.The quality parameters were tested at three-month intervals.Among three packaging materials,plastic jar was found best for kokum rind storage upto nine months as compared with nylon and gunny bags.Deterioration occurred as changes in acidity,non-reducing sugar,lightness,redness and calorific value over the storage period from the 0^(th) to the 9^(th) month.However,the TSS and b value increased as storage duration extended.

小型黄皮西瓜种质资源表型多样性分析与综合评价

为明确不同黄皮西瓜种质资源的性状特点与遗传多样性,筛选优异种质,对50份西瓜资源的20个数量性状及4个果实质量性状进行多样性、相关性、聚类分析和灰色关联度分析。结果表明,20个数量性状变异系数6.84%~42.57%,平均变异系数15.83%;遗传多样性指数1.87~2.06,平均1.95。相关性分析表明,果实中心糖、边糖含量均与播种至第1雌花开放天数呈显著正相关;果实质量与主蔓粗度、果皮厚度呈极显著正相关。50份西瓜种质资源在欧氏距离为9.5处划分为3个类群。基于等权和加权关联度对50份资源进行评价,筛选出9份优良种质资源。综上,50份西瓜种质资源遗传多样性丰富,育种选择基础广,综合分析筛选出的XG0799、XG0823、XG0732等优良种质可作为育种基础材料,用于种质创制和品种改良。

西瓜深绿色果皮底色基因初步定位及候选基因预测

果皮颜色是西瓜重要的外观性状,国内外学者研究发现,在不同遗传背景下,其调控基因不同.以深绿和浅绿果皮底色小果型西瓜品系K2,L1为母本和父本构建F_(2)遗传群体,对所构建遗传群体开展了果皮底色的基因初步定位.在实验室前期将高密度遗传图谱定位果皮底色基因FRC在八号染色体2.01 Mb的基础上,将FRC基因定位到了83.5 kb区段内(27 911 305~27 994 761bp).根据西瓜基因组“97103V2”的注释信息,发现在目标区段内包含15个已注释的基因,初步推测Cla97C08G161570为西瓜果皮底色候选基因,编码2-植基-1,4-萘醌甲基转移酶,该酶参与叶绿醌的生物合成,研究结果为西瓜果皮底色育种和精细定位果皮底色基因打下了基础.

Effects of internal factors on surface wettability of corn stalk rind

Corn stalk is one of heterogeneous materials with anisotropy and variability.As the rind of corn stalk consists of rich lignin and cellulose similar to wood properties,and possessing high mechanical strength,then can be used as raw material of stalk artificial board and paper.The corn stalk rind has significant differences in fiber morphology,chemical composition and mechanical properties at different heights.Nano-SiO2 composite material contained in the epidermis of corn stalk rind is not conducive to exert adhesive into a board.To study board-making technology by intact corn stalk rind,the wettability of corn stalk rind at different sampling heights is necessary to be analyzed by keeping or removing the epidermis.To analyze the surface wettability difference,the contact angle with water,element compositions and the chemical compositions of corn stalk rind at different sampling heights were studied before and after removal of epidermis.A Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)analysis was performed.The results showed that the removal of the epidermis could significantly improve the hydrophilicity of corn stalk rind.Before removal of the epidermis,the varying contents of elements including C and Si dominate the surface wettability differences at different sampling heights of corn stalk.With an increase in the sampling height,the mass fraction of C increases while that of Si decreases,which result in increasing hydrophilicity.After removal of the epidermis,the surface wettability of corn stalk rind is mainly determined by the mass fraction of hemicellulose,and the higher the sampling height,the larger the mass fraction of hemicellulose resulting in the increase of hydrophilicity.

Experimental research on optimization of compression molding process parameters of pineapple rind residue

Currently,the process parameters for compression molding of pineapple rind residue are not clear.In view of this problem,a single die hole compression molding test device was designed in this study,and the force of material in a mold hole was analyzed.Using the test device,a three-factor three-level orthogonal test was carried out by using the particle size,moisture content,and die hole length-to-diameter ratio of pineapple rind residue as the factors and the particle molding rate,relax density,and specific energy consumption as the indicators.The test results were analyzed by range analysis,variance analysis,and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The test results show that the main and secondary factors affecting the comprehensive performance of pineapple rind residue compression molding are length-to-diameter ratio,particle size,and moisture content.The optimal parameter combination is the material particle size of 6-9 mm,moisture content of 16%,and length-to-diameter ratio of 4:1.The best indicators under these conditions are particle molding rate of 97.80%,relax density of 1.32 g/cm,and specific energy consumption of 44.17 J/g.These research results can provide a reference for the selection of processing parameters and the design of molding equipment.

西瓜果皮厚度的遗传模型及遗传方式分析

果皮厚度是西瓜[Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.)Mansf.]重要农艺性状之一,影响西瓜贮运性。以厚果皮西瓜自交系“1061”和薄果皮西瓜自交系“812”配置F1和F2代群体,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,分析杂交、自交后对西瓜果皮厚度的影响。结果表明:2个亲本果皮厚度存在显著差异,F2代群体果皮厚度性状符合正态分布规律,为数量性状。群体分析表明,西瓜果皮厚度最优遗传模型为B-3(2MG-A),即主基因-加性效应模型,主基因加性效应da值在2022年和2023年分别为0.329 2和0.194 4,加性效应为正向。主基因遗传率在两年分别高达99.370 4%和98.227 9%。西瓜果皮厚度以主基因遗传为主。

石榴皮纳米银的制备及其对有机染料的催化降解

以硝酸银为前驱体,石榴皮提取液为还原剂和稳定剂,生物法制备纳米银颗粒AgNPs,探讨了提取液pH、石榴皮提取液质量浓度、硝酸银浓度、反应时间和反应温度对AgNPs性能的影响。采用紫外可见吸收光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和透射电镜等测试手段对AgNPs结构及性能进行表征。并以AgNPs为催化剂,NaBH(Ac)3为还原剂,酸性橙7、酸性红13、直接黄44和直接蓝15为有机染料目标降解产物,探究了AgNPs催化性能。结果表明:Ag-NPs颗粒近似为球形,晶型为面心立方晶体,平均粒径为(14.7±0.37)nm,特征吸收峰在420 nm附近。NaBH(Ac)3中添加AgNPs后,15 min内对酸性橙7、酸性红13、直接黄44和直接蓝15的降解率分别达到了94.34%、93.54%、97.7%和90.15%;并推测了AgNPs催化降解染料的机理。