Application of UAV in Road Safety in Intelligent Areas

With the continuous development of remote sensing(RS)technology,the surface information can be collected conveniently and quickly by using the popular unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).The application of UAV low altitude RS technology in road safety in intelligent area has certain practical significance.It can provide safety warning for most drivers,and provide auxiliary decision-making for the road supervision department.Through the collection,processing,calculation and analysis of the road image,the UAV can find out the road obstacles with potential safety hazards,identify the road pit,calculate the radius and depth of the road pit through the digital mapping system,predict the accident risk according to different speed and provide scientific basis for the road safety monitoring.At the same time,UAV can provide repair scheme for damaged roads,estimate the quantity of materials needed for repair,and achieve the target of resource saving and efficiency improvement.The experimental results show that the UAV can not only provide scientific prediction information for driving safety,but also provide relatively accurate material consumption for road repair.

High-Risk Rural Road Safety Study and Determining the Crash-Reduction Factors for High-Risk Rural-Road Usage

More than 32,000 motorists are killed on U.S. roads and streets annually, and approximately 54% of the accidents occur on rural roads. In an attempt to address and reduce these fatalities, the current transportation act, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equality Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETY-LU), elevated the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) to a core program and included a $90,000,000 High-Risk Rural Road Program (HRRRP) to address and significantly reduce traffic fatalities and incapacitating injuries on rural major or minor collectors, and/or rural local roads. While there were many challenges to properly implement the HRRRP in counties, this study provided important information that was needed to identify the predominant crash types on HRRRP-eligible roads and compiled a list of countermeasures for the predominant crash types that were identified on Kansas’ high-risk rural roads. For the gathered countermeasures, crash reduction factors (CRFs) were also provided from the literature review, and their values were validated by conducting interviews with Kansas county engineers/officials. This study provided valuable information for the county engineers and local government officials while they worked on improving the safety of high-risk rural roads using HRRRP funds.

Modular Design Using Sustainable Luminescent Materials in Energy-Saving Reflective Cat’s Eyes for Public Road Safety Planning

Recently,there has been a global movement toward environmental protection and energy conservation through the design and development of new products in accordance with sustainable utilisation.In this study,rare earth luminescent materials were used owing to their active light emission and reusability.Additionally,solar lightemitting diode lights and car-light reflection were utilised to increase the recognition and reliability of reflective cat eyes.Along with carbon reduction,this can save energy and enhance road safety.This study considered the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and a literature review to analyse the issues in existing products.Then,expert interviews were conducted to screen projects and develop product design policies.Finally,the ratio of light-storage materials was experimentally determined and the prototypes implemented.This cat’s eye addresses the shortcomings identified in previous analyses of existing products.We applied energy storage environmental protection materials,together with material proportioning(which balanced warning efficiency against cost-effectiveness)to develop diversified modular kits;these were flexible in terms of quantity and easily assembled.This study achieved four key objectives:(1)reducing the research and development costs of the manufacturer;(2)offering buyers a diverse suite of products;(3)responding to a need to improve diverse road user safety;and(4)reducing government procurement costs for safety warning products.The results provide a reference for the creative modular design of energy-saving products for public road safety planning in various industries.

Investigating Road Safety Management Systems in the European Countries: Patterns and Particularities

A road safety management (RSM) system can be defined as “a complex institutional structure that involves cooperating and interacting bodies which support the tasks and processes necessary for the prevention and reduction of road traffic injuries”. RSM should promote the road safety progress of the country. However, the details of this relationship are generally lacking. This study explored the RSM systems in European countries based on the information collected through interviews with experts and officials, in each country, and using a “good practice” criteria questionnaire. The dataset included 14 countries with fifty items related to five RSM areas: institutional organization;policy formulation and adoption;policy implementation and funding;monitoring and evaluation;scientific support, information and capacity building. Cluster analyses and correlations were used to identify country groups with similar RSM components, to recognize typical RSM structures if available and to examine the relationship between RSM and road safety performance of the countries. The findings showed that all the countries are different when RSM systems are considered as a whole, making it impossible to identify typical RSM structures or a single best working model at a national level. However, it is possible to compare countries when the RSM areas are considered separately, where the clusters of countries recognized by the study present the patterns common for those European countries. Across the analyses, a number of countries with a consistently higher and lower availability of the RSM components were identified, enabling a final countries’ ranking into a number of groups. The latter actually reflects the level of RSM in the country, in terms of its correspondence to the “good practice” criteria. A further analysis indicated a positive correlation between the higher level of the RSM system and better safety performance of the countries.

Communication on Road Safety in Cameroon: Representation in the Press and Government Strategy

Road safety is a major concern in Cameroon, due to the multiplicity of road accidents resulting in the loss of human lives and the deterioration of road infrastructures. In 2019, the year marking the end of the United Nations decade of actions for road safety, the number of deaths on Cameroonian roads was 937. In this article, we have selected to examine the theme of road safety in the Cameroonian press and to look at awareness-raising strategies on the same subject. Our objective is to highlight the importance of communication in solving road safety problems. We therefore asked ourselves the following questions: How is the topic of road safety dealt with in the media? In combination with awareness campaigns, are the representations conveyed through the press sufficient to contribute to a change in road users behaviour? The option of studying both the representations of road safety that we have chosen has enabled us to show how the co-production of this public problem can be explained through the interrelations between the media and institutional fields. We initially postulated that communication achieves its objective in road safety campaigns when it integrates mixed strategies including campaigns aimed at road users, information for the general public through the press and social marketing campaigns aimed at changing behaviour. After a content analysis of articles published on road safety in three newspapers and an analysis of the messages disseminated in the posters and flyers produced during awareness campaigns, we found that awareness-raising through the media is not enough on its own. We therefore conclude that it is important to combine marketing techniques, citizen education and awareness raising aimed at changing user behaviour in road safety communication strategies. The target strategy is also important because each road safety message is addressed to a specific target group that plays a specific role

Effects of using headset-delivered virtual reality in road safety research:A systematic review of empirical studies

To reduce serious crashes,contemporary research leverages opportunities provided by technology.A potentially higher added value to reduce road trauma may be hidden in utilising emerging technologies,such as headset-delivered virtual reality(VR).However,there is no study to analyse the application of such VR in road safety research systematically.Using the PRISMA protocol,our study identified 39 papers presented at conferences or published in scholarly journals.In those sources,we found evidence of VR's applicability in studies involving different road users(drivers,pedestrians,cyclists and passengers).A number of articles were concerned with providing evidence around the potential adverse effects of VR,such as simulator sickness.Other work compared VR with conventional simulators.VR was also contributing to the emerging field of autonomous vehicles.However,few studies leveraged the opportunities that VR presents to positively influence the involved road users'behaviour.Based on our findings,we identified pathways for future research.

Communication’s Role in Safety Management and Performance for the Road Safety Practices

Communication among organizations could play an important role in increasing road safety.To get in-depth knowledge of its role,this study measured managers’and employees’perceptions of the communication’s role on six safety management and performance criteria for road safety practices by conducting a survey using a questionnaire among 165 employees and 135 managers.Path analysis using AMOS-19 software shows that some of the safety management road safety practices have high correlation with the safety performance,namely,from the six antecedents,only the safety training and safety promotion,closely correlate with the safety motivation,and only safety commitment,safety communication and feedback have close relations with the safety knowledge and safety behavior compliance,and only safety feedback has effective relations with the safety participation.Safety feedback is identified as the most important safety management issue to road safety practices and it would predict the level of safety knowledge,safety motivation,safety compliance and safety participation.The results of this study would help the concerned agencies/orgaizations in improving their ability to assess the road safety indicators and to the future development of the safety performance management for road safety practices in these agencies.

Potential Application of iRap for Road Safety Assessment under Mixed Traffic Condition Case Study: Le Van Viet Street in Ho Chi Minh City

Road transport safety policies have emphasized road infrastructure safety design and engineering as a core function.However,in developing countries like Vietnam,this approach has been slower to adopt,resulting in substandard roads.In-depth studies of accident locations indicate that road environment factors contribute significantly to road accidents in Vietnam and road design features are associated with specific accident types and hazards.Proactive and reactive approaches,such as road safety audit,inspection,assessment,and treatment of hazardous locations,are necessary to ensure that the road and its environment are safe.This paper provides an overview of road safety in Vietnam in general,and Ho Chi Minh in particular,including its factors and characteristics,as well as road infrastructure safety improvements.The iRap tool for road safety inspection and assessment is highlighted as a potential method for systematically analyzing road infrastructure deficiencies and providing targeted countermeasures to improve road safety under mixed traffic conditions.

Analysis of the Impact of Road Traffic Safety Facilities on Traffic Safety

The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction.In recent years,China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects,aimed at facilitating the flow of goods and enabling convenient travel for the masses.However,this surge in road construction also raises concerns about road traffic safety.Road traffic safety facilities play a crucial role in warning and protecting against traffic accidents.To ensure their effective implementation,this paper analyzes the essence of road traffic facilities and their impact on traffic safety.By identifying challenges in the application of traffic safety facilities and adhering to safety facility application principles,suggestions are proposed to enhance traffic safety management.

Machine learning applied to road safety modeling:A systematic literature review

Road safety modeling is a valuable strategy for promoting safe mobility,enabling the development of crash prediction models(CPM)and the investigation of factors contributing to crash occurrence.This modeling has traditionally used statistical techniques despite acknowledging the limitations of this kind of approach(specific assumptions and prior definition of the link functions),which provides an opportunity to explore alternatives such as the use of machine learning(ML)techniques.This study reviews papers that used ML techniques for the development of CPM.A systematic literature review protocol was conducted,that resulted in the analysis of papers and their systematization.Three types of models were identified:crash frequency,crash classification by severity,and crash frequency and severity.The first is a regression problem,the second,a classificatory one and the third can be approached either as a combination of the preceding two or as a regression model for the expected number of crashes by severity levels.The main groups of techniques used for these purposes are nearest neighbor classification,decision trees,evolutionary algorithms,support-vector machine,and artificial neural networks.The last one is used in many kinds of approaches given the ability to deal with both regression and classification problems,and also multivariate response models.This paper also presents the main performance metrics used to evaluate the models and compares the results,showing the clear superiority of the ML-based models over the statistical ones.In addition,it identifies the main explanatory variables used in the models,which shows the predominance of road-environmental aspects as the most important factors contributing to crash occurrence.The review fulfilled its objective,identifying the various approaches and the main research characteristics,limitations,and opportunities,and also highlighting the potential of the usage of ML in crash analyses.

The common road safety approaches:A scoping review and thematic analysis

Purpose:Comparison of effective road safety approaches with those of relatively similar countries can be used to identify possibilities for safety improvement.Since there is no clear and comprehensive study of countries'current and successful approaches to road safety in the world,the aim of this study was to identifying common road safety approaches in the world.Methods:This study was performed using scoping review and thematic analysis.The study followed the approach proposed by Arksey and O'Malley.In this study all articles were selected without time limit by searching in the following databases:Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,ProQuest,and Embase.An initial search of 5612 papers was found and finally,20 papers met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed.Results:There were different road safety approaches in different countries around the world,which were classified in three themes:traditional approach,systemic approach,and vision zero.The traditional approach includes the sub-theme of the road-user approach,and the causal approach.The systemic approach also includes sub-themes of sustainable safety,safety system,and the United Nations plan for decade of action,Conclusion:A systemic approach to road safety seems to be welcomed by most developed and developing countries,and a paradigm shift towards a safe system has taken place.Also,given the successful results of implementing vision zero in leading countries,most countries are trying to design and implement this approach.Finally,the choice and implementation of road safety approaches varies according to the principles,priorities and infrastructure of each country.

Factors affecting truck driver behavior on a road safety context:A critical systematic review of the evidence

Road traffic injuries and crashes are one of the major public concerns contributing to mortality and morbidity figures across the globe.Researchers estimated that around 90%of all causative factors for crashes are attributed to road users of which drivers are the principal controlling elements.Therefore,understanding complex human driver behavior and their possible violations or errors are necessary to control and prevent accident occurrence to a considerable extent.Studies on driver behavior of commercial vehicles such as trucks are scattered widely and scarcely explored hindering the possibility of road safety outcomes.This underscores the need to excavate and synthesize the past studies for an effective understanding of human factors causing truck crashes.In this paper,an attempt has been made to systematically review the pieces of literature and to identify the causative factors affecting truck driver behavior.The trend of studies shows a promising framework for improving truck driver safety on taking care of human factors influencing crashes.Most kinds of literature have cited unsafe driving behaviors as a predominant source of truck crashes.The outcomes of this research can be utilized by transportation firms and stakeholders for identifying the possible lags to develop pragmatic and possible effective preventive measures featuring truck driver safety.

Evaluating Contractors’ Safety Record and Its Influence on Performance of Road Infrastructural Projects

A number of studies conducted in Kenya and internationally indicated that most of the construction firms and contractors do not seem to strictly observe safety administration in construction industry, hence compromised performance at implementation stage of projects and even later in the post implementation or post-delivery stage. The study aimed to examine the influence of contractors’ safety record on road performance. This is to create better understanding of how the safety record of contractors could either positively or negatively influence performance of roads during post-delivery stage. The study used both descriptive survey research design and correlation design based on a pragmatic mixed method approach. Through stratified sampling and proportionate sampling, a sample of 210 was drawn from a population of 460 comprising of registered contractors and Public Service Vehicles (PSV) drivers within Nairobi County in Kenya. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling. The questionnaires returned were 153 in total representing 72.8% of all questionnaires distributed to the respondents. Data was descriptively analyzed using percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations for measuring central tendency and variability. Inferential analysis was done by use of correlation and regression. The descriptive analysis revealed that safety policy management system, insurance policy, and adequacy of standards in addressing safety outcome are to some extent practiced and adhered to. However, compliance behavior to safety procedures is still weak and requires improvement. The null hypothesis was tested and the results obtained from a simple linear regression indicated that, R = 0.657, R2 = 0.431, B = 0.359, t = 10.703, F (1,151) = 114.558, p = 0.000 < 0.05. This means that contractors’ safety record has a strong positive and significant relationship with road performance and that 43.1% of variation in performance is explained by safety record. This study recommends that contractors’ safety record should be part, and parcel of the evaluation criteria used in selection of a suitable road contractor to ensure road performance is achieved even after construction is completed. The study is significant in that it contributes to the body of knowledge by providing empirical data on the need for safety procedures in urban road construction and beyond.

ROAD SAFETY DRIVE

China is embracing the expertise of international organizations and industries to raise awareness of road safety in a bid to slash road accident

论《牛津高中英语》Project板块的教学——以Traffic Accidents and Road Safety

教学目标:Project板块是《牛津高中英语》中非常重要的一个组成部分,分为A、B两个部分,A部分一般是一些阅读材料,数量一篇到两篇,与课题活动有关,B部分就是课题活动。将A、B有效结合起来,可以提高学生的综合素质。Project板块的教学目标主要是让学生开口去说,并且动手去做,主要是以B部分为主,A部分是为B部分的顺利实施奠定基础。英语老师要围绕这个教学目标。

Order Exponential Evaluation Model for Road Traffic Safety in City Clusters

This study presents an order exponential model for estimating road traffic safety in city clusters.The proposed model introduces the traffic flow intrinsic properties and uses the characteristics and regular patterns of traffic development to identify road traffic safety levels in city clusters.Additionally,an evaluation index system of city cluster road traffic safety was constructed based on the spatial and temporal distribution.Then Order Exponential Evaluation Model(OEEM),a comprehensive model using order exponent function for road traffic safety evaluation,was put forward,which considers the main characteristics and the generation process of traffic accidents.The model effectively controlled the unsafe behavior of the traffic system.It could define the levels of city cluster road traffic safety and dynamically detect road safety risk.The proposed model was verified with statistical data from three Chinese city clusters by comparing the common model for road traffic safety with an ideal model.The results indicate that the order exponent approach undertaken in this study can be extended and applied to other research topics and fields.

Revision of the National Standard on Safety Specification for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads

The national standard--Safety Specifications for Power Driven VehiclesOperating on Roads--is the most basic technical regulation for safety and technical management ofmotor vehicles in China. It is the safety and technical basis for the Public Security TrafficControl Dept. to register new vehicles, periodic inspection of vehicles under operation andinspection of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. It is also one of the important technicalbases of our country for compulsory inspection of new vehicles on fi-nalization of its model,ex-works inspection of new vehicles and the inspection of imported motor vehicles. Since the formalcountrywide implementation of GB7258-1997 Safety Specifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operatingon Roads on Jan. 1, 1998, the standard has played a very active role in strengthening the operatingsafety management of motor vehicles, improving the operating safety level of motor vehicles, and insafeguarding road traffic safety, etc. However, along with the rapid and sustainable growth of ournational economy, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, especially privately-ownedautomobiles, so that the incidence of road traffic accidents rises yearly and the road trafficsafety situation is becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the General Administration of QualitySupervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) and theStandardization Administration of China (SAC) have issued the revised standard GB725 8-2004 SafetySpecifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads, which will be put into effect onOctober 1, 2004. The timely revision of this standard is very necessary for upgrading the safety andtechnical requirements for motor vehicles in China.

Driving Behavior Shaping Model in Road Traffic System

In order to give a new way for modeling driving behavior, identifying road traffic accident causation and solving a variety of road traffic safety problems such as driving errors prevention and driving behavior analysis, a new driving behavior shaping model is proposed, which could be used to assess the degree of effect of driving error upon road traffic safety. Driver behavior shaping model based on driving reliability and safety analysis could be used to identify the road traffic accident causation, to supply data for driver's behavior training, to evaluate driving procedures, to human factor design of road traffic system.

An In-Depth Analysis of the Causes of Road Accidents in Developing Countries: Case Study of Douala-Dschang Highway in Cameroon

This paper is aimed at identifying the risk factors that mainly contribute to reckless driving and other related causes of road accidents along the Douala-Dschang highway of Cameroon. The research work started with the collection of accident reports for 2018 and 2019 from security officials in charge of road safety and the police stations of the different localities included in the sample of the study. Three hundred and eighty-two (382) road accidents reports were collected and analyzed using the 2020 version logit regression model of XLSTAT. From these analyses, it appears that, of the 382 accidents recorded during this period, six factors were identified and classified as follows: causes of accidents related to speed and carelessness, location of the accident, type of vehicle at fault, day the accident occurred, time of the accident and the age of drivers involved. These results could contribute to reduce the gravity of accidents along the Douala-Dschang highway and develop other policies in the program for road safety. In addition, this study can as much as possible equally contribute to reorienting road construction trends and development techniques in our environment.

Connecting tradition with modernity: Safety literature review

Road safety has long been considered as one of the most important issues.Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate crashes with significant progress,whereas most of the work concentrates on the lifespan period of roadways and safety influencing factors.This paper undertakes a systematic literature review from the crash procedure to identify the state-of-the-art knowledge,advantages and disadvantages of crash risk,crash prediction,crash prevention and safety of connected and autonomous vehicles(CAVs).As a result of this literature review,substantive issues in general,data source and modeling selection are discussed,and the outcome of this study aims to provide the summary of crash knowledge with potential insight into both traditional and emerging aspects,and guide the future research direction in safety.