Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock of broken and soft rock roadway

A similar material model and a numerical simulation were constructed and are described herein.The deformation and failure of surrounding rock of broken and soft roadway are studied by using these models.The deformation of the roof and floor,the relative deformation of the two sides and the deformation of the deep surrounding rock are predicted using the model.Measurements in a working mine are compared to the results of the models.The results show that the surrounding rock shows clear rheological features under high stress conditions.Deformation is unequally distributed across the whole section.The surrounding rock exhibited three deformation stages:displacement caused by stress concentration,rheological displacement after the digging effects had stabilized and displacement caused by supporting pressure of the roadway.Floor heave was serious,accounting for 65% of the total deformation of the roof and floor.Floor heave is the main reason for failure of the surrounding rock.The reasons for deformation of the surrounding rock are discussed based on the similar material and numerical simulations.

Time effect and prediction of broken rock bulking coefficient on the base of particle discrete element method

Bulking characteristics of gangue are of great significance for the stability of goafs in mining overburden in the caving zones.In this paper,a particle discrete element method with clusters to represent gangue was adopted to explore the bulking coefficient time effect of the broken rock in the caving zone under three-dimensional triaxial compression condition.The phenomena of stress corrosion,deformation,and failure of rock blocks were simulated in the numerical model.Meanwhile,a new criterion of rock fragments damage was put forward.It was found that the broken rock has obvious viscoelastic properties.A new equation based on the Burgers creep model was proposed to predict the bulking coefficient of broken rock.A deformation characteristic parameter of the prediction equation was analyzed,which can be set as a fixed value in the mid-and long-term prediction of the bulking coefficient.There are quadratic function relationships between the deformation characteristic parameter value and Talbot gradation index,axial pressure and confining pressure.

Numerical Analysis on Displacement Law of Discontinuous Rock Mass in Broken Rock Zone for Deep Roadways

On the basis of the characteristics of broken rock zone, using the program of "discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)", the changing law of influential factors of discontinuous rock mass in large broken rock zone was researched quantitatively for the first time. Based on the results of computation, the concept of "key part"of roadways and its stability criterion were brought forward, and it was pointed out that in inclined coal and rock seams the"key parts"of roadways are the upper side and the floor of surrounding rocks, especially the former.

Friction factor correlation for airflow through broken rocks and its applications in mine ventilation

The Atkinson equation along with its friction factor is commonly used to estimate pressure requirement in mine ventilation.However,friction factor correlation of flow through broken rock,typically found in blasted stope,gob,rock pit or block caving rock deposits,etc.,is currently unavailable.Also,it is impractical to conduct direct measurements of flow resistance in an inaccessible broken rock zone.This paper aims to develop a new friction factor correlation of flow through broken rock that can be used directly in Atkinson equation.The proposed correlation is valid for broken rocks with diameter between 0.04 and 1.2 m and porosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.7.

Water-resisting ability of cemented broken rocks

Using the self-designed testing system, the seepage tests for cemented broken rocks were conducted, and the impact of different factors on water-resisting ability was analyzed. The results show that(1) seepage process of the cemented broken rocks can be divided into two categories: in one category, seepage instability occurs after a period of time, in the other, the permeability decreases slowly and tends to be stable,and seepage instability does not occur;(2) cementing performance of cementing agent and grain size distribution are the decisive factors for water-resisting ability, with the increase of cementing performance and the mass percentage of large grains, the water-resisting ability of the specimen strengthens;(3)aggregate type has little effect on seepage stability, for the specimens with different aggregate types,the permeability and the duration of seepage instability have small difference;(4) initial porosity has a certain effect on the water-resisting ability of the specimen, but has no decisive role. With the increase of the initial porosity, the duration of seepage instability decreases.

Rules for confidence intervals of permeability coefficients for water flow in over-broken rock mass

Based on the steady-state seepage method, we used the Mechanical Testing and Simulation 815.02 System and a self-designed seepage instrument for over-broken stone to measure seepage properties of water flows in three types of crushed rock samples. Three methods of confidence interval in describing permeability coefficients are presented: the secure interval, the calculated interval and the systemic interval. The lower bound of the secure interval can be applied to water-inrush and the upper bound can solve the problem of connectivity. For the calculated interval, as the axial pressure increases, the length of confidence interval is shortened and the upper and lower bounds are reduced. For the systemic interval, the length of its confidence interval, as well as the upper and lower bounds, clearly vary under low axial pressure but are fairly similar under high axial pressure. These three methods provide useful information and references for analyzing the permeability coefficient of over-broken rock.

Bifurcation and catastrophe of seepage flow system in broken rock

The study of dynamical behavior of water or gas flows in broken rock is a basic research topic among a series of key projects about stability control of the surrounding rocks in mines and the prevention of some disasters such as water inrush or gas outburst and the protection of the groundwater resource. It is of great theoretical and engineering importance in respect of promo- tion of security in mine production and sustainable development of the coal industry. According to the non-Darcy property of seepage flow in broken rock dynamic equations of non-Darcy and non-steady flows in broken rock are established. By dimensionless transformation, the solution diagram of steady-states satisfying the given boundary conditions is obtained. By numerical analysis of low relaxation iteration, the dynamic responses corresponding to the different flow parameters have been obtained. The stability analysis of the steady-states indicate that a saddle-node bifurcaton exists in the seepage flow system of broken rock. Consequently, using catastrophe theory, the fold catastrophe model of seepage flow instability has been obtained. As a result, the bifurcation curves of the seepage flow systems with different control parameters are presented and the standard potential function is also given with respect to the generalized state variable for the fold catastrophe of a dynamic system of seepage flow in broken rock.

Non-Darcy flow seepage characteristics of saturated broken rocks under compression with lateral constraint

sing an MTS816.03 test system and self-designed seepage apparatus,seepage tests of saturated broken rocks were conducted,and the influence of lithology,axial stress,grain size distribution and loading rate on seepage characteristics was analyzed.The results show that:(1) Under the same axial stress(12 MPa)the permeability of different lithologic samples increases in the order:gangue < mudstone < sand stone < limestone.The permeability of gangue is 3 magnitudes lower than that of limestone.The absolute value of the non-Darcy coefficient β increases in the order:limestone < sandstone < mudstone < gangue The non-Darcy coefficient β of limestone,which is positive,is 5 magnitudes lower than that of gangue.(2)With increasing axial stress,the permeability of saturated broken sandstone decreases,and the absolute value of the non-Darcy coefficient β increases.After the axial stress exceeds 12 MPa,the curves of perme ability and non-Darcy coefficient β all tend to be stable.(3) With increasing Talbol power exponent,the permeability increases,and the absolute value of the non-Darcy coefficient β decreases.(4) With increas ing loading,the permeability increases,and the absolute value of the non-Darcy coefficient β decreases When the loading rate is 0.5 kN/s,the non-Darcy coefficient β is positive.

An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

THE THEORY OF SUPPORTING BROKEN ZONE IN SURROUNDING ROCK

The first topic discussed in this paper is to evaluate the present supporting theories,among which the typical two are collapse arch and elasto-plastic theories. The former is rather limited in practical application,and the latter is built up on some assumptions which is inconsis-tent with the reality,for it is of no need to support a roadway of which the surrounding rock is in elasto-plastic state. The second topic is to prove the objective existence of the broken zone in surrounding rock(BZSR) by a series of laboratory experiments and field measurements. The paper indicates that the object to be supported mainly is the bulking or expanding force resulted from the development of BZSR. This is remarkably different from the existing points of view which have been generally recognized nowadays. So far ,this theory has been tested in supporting more than ten thousand meters roadways located in various strata and has proved itself to have a great technoeconomical benefit.

Deformation mechanism of high-stress and broken-expansion surrounding rock and supporting optimization based on the gray correlation theory

Aiming at the large deformation and support problems of high-stress and broken-expansion surrounding rock, and taking 1 000 m level roadway of Mine II in Jinchuan as the research object, an investigation on the deformation and damage of roadway surrounding rock and an analysis of its mechanism were carried out. The gray correlation theory was used in support scheme optimization design. First, causes and mechanism of deformation of the 1 000 m horizontal transport channel were analyzed through field investigation, laboratory test and data processing methods. We arguued that poor engineering geological conditions and deep pressure increases were the main factors, and the deformation mechanism was mainly the ground deformation pressure. Second, the gray correlation theory was used to construct supporting optimization decision method in the deep roadway. This method more comprehensively considers various factors, including construction, costs, and supporting material functions. The combined support with pre-stressed anchor cables, shotcrete layer, bolt and metal net was put forward according to the actual roadway engineering characteristics. Finally, 4 support schemes were put forward for new roadways. The gray relational theory was applied to optimizing the supporting method, undertaking technical and economic comparison to obtain the correlation degree, and accordingly the schemes were evaluated. It was concluded as follows: the best was the flexible retaining scheme using the steel strand anchor; the second best was the one using plate anchors on the top and rigid common screw steel bolt on the two sides; the third was; the rigid common screw steel bolt in full section of roadway; and the worst is the planished steel rigid support. The optimized scheme was applied to the 1000 m level of new excavation roadway. The results show that the roadway surrounding rock can reach a stable state after 5 to 6 months monitoring, with a convergence rate less than 1 mm/d.

Development and Application of Intelligent Prediction Software for Broken Rock Zone Thickness of Drifts

In order to seek the economical, practical and effective method of obtaining the thickness of broken rock zone, an emerging intelligent prediction method with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was introduced into the thickness prediction. And the software with functions of creating and applying prediction systems was devel- oped on the platform of MATLAB6.5. The software was used to predict the broken rock zone thickness of drifts at Li- angbei coal mine, Xinlong Company of Coal Industry in Xuchang city of Henan province. The results show that the predicted values accord well with the in situ measured ones. Thereby the validity of the software is validated and it provides a new approach to obtaining the broken zone thickness.

Single-borehole measuring method for broken rock zone in gently inclined thin layer weakness structure

According to the structural characteristics of gently inclined thin layer rock mass in which lots of weak interlayer existed,the concept of gently inclined thin layer weakness structure was proposed.If single-borehole measuring method of the acoustic along the conventional arrangement mode was used in measuring the broken rock zone in this structure,the change of the relationship curves (Vp-L) between acoustic p-wave velocity (Vp) and borehole depth (L) would present the irregular feature due to the mechanical characteristics of layered rock mass and harmful effects of weak interlayers,and the scope of broken rock zone couldn't be defined quickly.Based on the analysis of the me- chanical characteristics of layered rock mass,the propagation rule of acoustic and distri- butions characteristics of plastic zone and slip zone in layered rock mass,new arrange- ment mode of acoustic measuring boreholes for broken rock zone in gently inclined thin layer weakness structure was proposed.Namely,the measuring boreholes in two sides were parallel to the strata,the measuring boreholes in the roof and floor perpendicular to the strata.Besides the controlling depth of the measuring boreholes in the scope of the large plastic zones or the large slip zones should be increased.Engineering example showed that new acoustic measuring boreholes arrangement mode had the better appli- cability and could determine the scope of the broken rock zone in the gently inclined thin layer weakness structure quickly.

基于位移等代法的深部直墙半圆拱形隧洞松动圈厚度预测

【目的】位移等代法是在工程实践中被广泛应用的一种等效圆法。为进一步探索该方法在深部非均匀应力场下预测松动圈厚度的工程效果,并建立具有工程适用性的等效圆半径计算公式,【方法】选取深部隧洞常采用的直墙半圆拱形断面为研究对象,根据位移等代法基本原理,利用FLAC~(3D)数值模拟和理论计算相结合的方式,建立了侧压系数λ为1.1~1.5,跨高比b_0/h为1.3~1.5条件下的等效圆半径函数关系式,并应用到江西曲江某煤矿水仓围岩的松动圈厚度预测。【结果】结果显示:根据等效圆公式计算出的水仓围岩松动圈的纵轴厚度为1.41 m,横轴为1.20 m,呈椭圆形;现场实测的松动圈也呈椭圆形,厚度平均值在1.15~1.45 m,其中最大均值在纵轴1.45 m,最小均值在横轴为1.15 m。理论预测值与实测值相吻合。【结论】结果表明:位移等代法适用于深部软岩松动圈厚度预测;所建等效圆半径公式具有良好的工程适用性,可为评价和预测类似隧洞工程松动圈厚度提供一种简化的、可借鉴的方法和思路。

滇中芹河隧洞软岩破碎段围岩大变形与支护结构相互作用研究

软岩大变形是滇中引水工程建设中较为突出的工程地质问题之一,以大楚段芹河隧洞4#支洞为研究对象开展软岩大变形特征及承载结构受力研究。4#支洞在施工过程中发生影响洞室稳定的问题,洞周围岩大变形不同程度侵限,导致钢拱架扭曲断裂、喷混凝土掉落现象时有发生。为了充分认识隧洞变形特征、破坏模式及成因机制,结合工程地质勘察、现场监控量测、数值反演及施工模拟分析等手段和方法对其进行综合研究。研究成果表明:破碎软岩洞段施工期围岩监测变形量大、变形速率较快,变形具有明显的时效性;围岩完整性差,洞周变形差异大;围岩以剪切破坏为主;围岩时效变形对支护结构受力影响大,部分承载结构受力超限,导致局部结构破坏。可见,针对破碎的软岩隧洞施工,需要采取超前注浆、减少减小施工扰动、及时跟进初期支护、尽快封闭成环,加强施工期围岩变形监测,选取合理的衬砌支护时机,实时指导和优化隧洞支护结构施工设计。

关闭矿井采空区破碎岩体再断裂机制及空隙结构演化特性

受“双碳”政策影响,关闭矿井地热开采技术逐渐受到关注。关闭矿井采空区内储热流体提取效率与其渗流特性密切相关,而破碎岩体空隙结构是决定采空区渗流特性的关键因素。因此,需要研究地热开采复杂环境下储热空间破碎岩体空隙结构变形演化特性。笔者基于颗粒离散元数值方法,建立浸水及侧向约束压缩条件下不同级配的破碎岩体数值模型,分析破碎岩体变形行为及二次断裂演化特性,追踪颗粒从岩体骨架结构剥离及空隙内运移规律。得到如下结论:破碎岩体压实过程应力随应变增长可分为3个阶段:初始阶段(0<ε≤0.175),缓慢增长阶段(0.175<ε≤0.275)以及快速增长阶段(ε>0.275)。快速增长阶段应力-应变曲线出现明显波动,破碎岩体二次断裂及应力重分布现象在该阶段最明显。破碎岩体热储环境下空隙率的变化值与初始空隙率成正比,最大达到0.2。当破碎岩体内岩块粒径悬殊大时,接触键应变能最大,断裂能增长缓慢。岩块与颗粒密集区接触部分断裂分布多,与空隙接触部分断裂分布极少。颗粒未剥离岩块时,随岩块运动,整体运动路径复杂速度较小;颗粒剥离瞬间速度突然增大,与岩块碰撞导致速度改变。当颗粒速度减小到与周围岩块相近时,将造成空隙空间的堵塞。研究结果可为关闭矿井储热空间换热效率评估提供理论依据。

大跨度破碎岩体顶板预应力锚固支护机理及效果研究

大跨度破碎岩体顶板采用预应力锚固支护,能最大程度地维持顶板围岩稳定,因此研究预应力锚固对大跨度破碎岩体顶板的支护机理及支护效果,对于保障破碎岩体下大跨度地下工程、露天大断面隧道工程的长期稳定性具有重要意义。对锚固后锚固体强度变化进行力学解析,剖析大跨度破碎岩体顶板预应力锚固支护机理,以云南金厂河多金属矿Ⅳ级破碎岩体大跨度顶板支护难题为工程背景,针对其支护方式建立数值模型进行分析,对FLAC3D软件中结构单元Cable的布置,设计新的三段式布置法,将预应力锚杆(索)在FLAC3D软件层面分为预紧段、自由段、锚固段分别赋予指定参数进行数值计算,建立3组不同支护方式的数值模拟方案对预应力锚固支护效果进行验证。结果表明:预应力锚固后,支护区域顶板受拉应力基本小于破碎岩体顶板抗拉强度,塑性区体积对比普通无预应力支护方案,下降比率达到61.95%,顶板Z方向垂直沉降量降低比率高达83.90%,预应力锚固范围内围岩得到了有效控制。

破碎围岩巷道变形失稳特征及控制技术

针对破碎围岩巷道变形量大、围岩整体性差和支护困难等问题,以昌兴煤矿1460运输石门为试验地点,通过数值模拟与现场考察,研究原支护技术下巷道围岩变形失稳特征及机制,拟采用联合支护技术并对比分析围岩变形特征。研究表明:由于围岩强度低、支护方式单一、受开采动压影响和围岩中含软弱夹层,造成围岩松散破碎,稳定性差,顶板最大破坏深度达到4.80 m;提出了“锚网喷+U型棚拱形支架+注浆”联合支护技术,采用预应力锚索、高刚度U型钢棚、浅孔注浆及深孔锚注等支护方式强化围岩特性,形成多层复合加固拱承载结构,实现支护结构与围岩的相互耦合作用;数值模拟分析得出,修复后围岩塑性屈服区最大深度由5.56 m减小到1.07 m,降低了80.76%,围岩塑性区大幅度减小,围岩应力总体趋于均匀分布;现场试验表明,修复后顶底板位移量仅113 mm,两帮位移量78 mm,说明该联合支护技术方案可有效控制围岩变形失稳,维持巷道整体稳定。

矿井破碎巷道围岩变形机理分析及支护技术研究

针对矿井破碎巷道在施工中易受围岩破碎、顶底板压力大等因素的影响,存在巷道围岩易变形,难支护安全生产隐患大的问题,以山西某矿10-208破碎巷道工程概况为例,结合巷道围岩变形机理,设计了具体的巷道围岩控制方案,并进行了应用测试,测试结果表明,通过给巷道进行注浆加固与采用锚杆索进行联合支护后,该巷道围岩变形得到了有效控制,该回采巷道过破碎段过程中顶底板最大累计变形量为49.5mm,巷道两帮最大累计变形量为64.6mm,取得了较好的围岩控制效果,可为类似工况下的矿井破碎巷道围岩的控制提供参考。