Predicting the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property based on microscale rock mechanical experiments and accurate grain-based modeling

The exploration of Mars would heavily rely on Martian rocks mechanics and engineering technology.As the mechanical property of Martian rocks is uncertain,it is of utmost importance to predict the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property for the success of Mars exploration.In this paper,a fast and accurate probability distribution method for predicting the macroscale elastic modulus of Martian rocks was proposed by integrating the microscale rock mechanical experiments(micro-RME),accurate grain-based modeling(AGBM)and upscaling methods based on reliability principles.Firstly,the microstructure of NWA12564 Martian sample and elastic modulus of each mineral were obtained by micro-RME with TESCAN integrated mineral analyzer(TIMA)and nanoindentation.The best probability distribution function of the minerals was determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)test.Secondly,based on best distribution function of each mineral,the Monte Carlo simulations(MCS)and upscaling methods were implemented to obtain the probability distribution of upscaled elastic modulus.Thirdly,the correlation between the upscaled elastic modulus and macroscale elastic modulus obtained by AGBM was established.The accurate probability distribution of the macroscale elastic modulus was obtained by this correlation relationship.The proposed method can predict the probability distribution of Martian rocks mechanical property with any size and shape samples.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Hydrous Minerals on the Melting Behaviour of Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures

The experimental study on the melting of potassic basalt and eclogite with about 2% waterat 800-1300℃ and 1.0-3.5 GPa shows that the solidi of both rocks are significantly lower thanthose obtained from the previous experiments of the same type of rocks under dry conditions,and the former which is enriched in potassium has a lower melting point than the latter. It is con-sistent with the previous study. The melting temperature of eclogite increases with pressure,whereas potassic basalt has similar properties only at 1.5—2.5 GPa and>3.0 GPa, and at 2.5—3.0 GPa the melting temperature decreases with pressure. This can be explained as follows: (1)eclogite only has one hydrous mineral amphibole and the dehydous temperature is lower than thewet solidus of the rock. (2) Amphibole exists in potassic basalt at the pressures lower than 2.5GPa and phlogopite exists at pressures higher than 2.5 GPa, and the special compositions of bothminerals determine that amphibole has a dehydration temperature higher than or close to that ofthe wet solidus of the rocks, while phlogopite has a dehydration temperature lower than that ofthe wet solidus. On the other hand the features of the continuous solidus in the experiment ofhydrous eclogite were produced by the fact that the dehydration temperature of its amphibolelower than or close to the melting temperature of the hydrous conditions. So the melting tempera-ture lowers at higher pressures. Therefore, the composition of the rocks in the lithosphere and thetypes of hydrous minerals and their stable P-T conditions are the important factors controllingthe solidi of rocks. It can quite well explain the partial melting of rocks and the origin of the lowvelocity zone in the deep lithosphere.

Some results of modeling D-D seismogenic pattern by the fracture model experiment of large-scale rock samples(I)

sing the natural limestone samples taken from the field with dimension of 500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm, the D-D (dilatancy-diffusion) seismogeny pattern was modeled under the condition of water injection, which observes the time-space evolutionary features about the relative physics fields of the loaded samples from deformation, formation of microcracks to the occurrence of main rupture. The results of observed apparent resistivity show: ① The process of the deformation from microcrack to main rupture on the loaded rock sample could be characterized by the precursory spatial-temporal changes in the observation of apparent resistivity; ② The precursory temporal changes of observation in apparent resistivity could be divided into several stages, and its spatial distribution shows the difference in different parts of the rock sample; ③ Before the main rupture of the rock sample the obvious ″tendency anomaly′ and ′short-term anomaly″ were observed, and some of them could be likely considered as the ″impending earthquake ″anomaly precursor of apparent resistivity. The changes and distribution features of apparent resistivity show that they are intrinsically related to the dilatancy phenomenon of the loaded rock sample. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of resistivity change of loaded rock sample theoretically.

Study on the physical meaning of seismic inhomogeneous degree by rock fracture experiments

It is observed that the parameter of seismic inhomogeneous degree (GL value) calculated from the earthquake catalog shows obvious abnormal changes prior to strong earthquakes, indicating the state change of local seismic activity. This paper focuses on the mechanism for the abnormal changes of the GL values based on the sequences of acoustic emission for three types of rock samples containing macro-asperity fracture; compressional en-echelon fracture and model-III shear fracture. The results show that for the three types of rock samples, there are continuous abnormal changes of GL value (>1) just before the non-elastic deformation occurs or during the process of nucleation prior to the instability. Based on the experimental results, it seems that the process of creep sliding and resistance-uniformization along fault zone is the possible mechanism for the abnormal changes of GL value before rock fractures.

Simulation experiment on anti-penetration capability of anchored rock mass

In order to solve the problem of experimental research on the penetration process of projectile into anchored rock mass, we derived the essential similarity conditions for the physical simulation experi- ment according to the similarity theory, carried out the experiment on the penetration process of a kind of penetrating bomb into the anchored rock mass of type III, and compared the experimental results with the values computed by the professional Young's empirical formula. The test results show that the phys- ical simulation experiment can represent the actual penetration process of projectile into anchored rock mass. The research method proposed in this paper provides technical support for the experimental research on the design and reconstruction of underground protection works.

EXPERIMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY ON GOLD IN WATER-ROCK REACTION UNDER THERMAL FLUID SYSTEM AT MESO-LOW TEMPERATURE

Based on the knowing geochemical characteristics of wall rock in the Mobin gold deposit and composition of fluid inclusion in ore,water rock experiments were carried out, important achievements are acquired as following: Gold is mainly derived from the ore bearing wall rock,i.e., a series of epimetamorphic clastic gritstone, sandy slate, and tuffaceous slate in the Wuqiang Banxi Formation, Wuqiangxi Group. In thermal system with middle low temperature chlorine gold may be derived form stable complex ions, so it is quite important in gold metallogenic process. Sulphur and chlorine perform as the major negative ions throughout the gold activation and migration movement. The concentration of sulphur and chlorine ions, pH value and temperature are of deciding significance for gold activation, migration and precipitation.

Rock抑制剂-Fasudil对EAE外周免疫的调节作用

目的探讨Rock抑制剂Fasudil对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病起始环节的外周免疫调节机制。方法将雌性C57BL/6小鼠分为CFA组、EAE组和Fasudil组。Fasudil组动物免疫后第7 d腹腔给予Fasudi(l50mg/kg.d),连续给药14 d。免疫后隔天观察各组小鼠临床评分和体质量变化。在免疫后28 d处死动物,取脊髓进行HE染色和髓鞘染色,制备脾脏单个核淋巴细胞(MNC),测定细胞增殖和细胞因子IL-4,IL-10,IL-1β,IFN-γ的含量,流式细胞术观察CD4,CD25调节性T细胞的比例,部分脾脏组织和MNC涂片行免疫组化荧光染色观察Rock的表达。结果Fasudil在EAE外周免疫组织和细胞通过下调Rock的表达,抑制Rock的激活,明显改善EAE的临床症状评分(P<0.05);减轻EAE外周炎性细胞向中枢的浸润,缓解神经髓鞘的脱失;经Fasudil干预可以下调EAE外周特异性MOG35-55反应性T淋巴细胞增殖能力,下调炎性细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-1β水平,升高保护性细胞因子IL-10水平,促进CD4,CD25调节性T细胞比例增加。结论 Rho/Rock信号通路的激活在EAE的发病中起着重要作用,应用Rock抑制剂--Fasudil抑制EAE免疫病理过程中外周免疫细胞激活这一起始重要环节,减少炎性细胞的中枢浸润,缓解EAE的临床症状。

糖肾宁对高糖诱导的足细胞损伤模型Rho/ROCK通路的影响

目的:基于Rho/ROCK信号通路研究中药糖肾宁对高糖诱导足细胞损伤模型的影响。方法:高糖培养足细胞,以不同药物分组干预足细胞24 h,用罗丹明染色的鬼笔环肽法检测足细胞骨架,细胞免疫荧光检测足细胞标志蛋白Nephrin,Western Blotting检测RhoA、ROCK1、Nephrin蛋白的表达。比较不同药物或药物浓度对高糖诱导足细胞损伤模型的影响。结果:糖肾宁可改善足细胞骨架结构,下调高糖诱导的足细胞损伤模型中异常升高的RhoA和ROCK1蛋白表达,上调Nephrin表达。结论:中药糖肾宁可抑制高糖诱导的足细胞损伤模型RhoA/ROCK1信号通路,减轻足细胞骨架重构,改善足细胞损伤。

Numerical simulation of non-Archie electrophysical property of saturated rock with lattice Boltzmann method

The electrophysical property of saturated rocks is very important for reservoir identification and evaluation. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） was used to study the electrophysical property of rock saturated with fluid because of its advantages over conventional numerical approaches in handling complex pore geometry and boundary conditions. The digital core model was constructed through the accumulation of matrix grains based on their radius distribution obtained by the measurements of core samples. The flow of electrical current through the core model saturated with oil and water was simulated on the mesoscopic scale to reveal the non-Archie relationship between resistivity index and water saturation （I-Sw）. The results from LBM simulation and laboratory measurements demonstrated that the I-Sw relation in the range of low water saturation was generally not a straight line in the log-log coordinates as described by the Archie equation. We thus developed a new equation based on numerical simulation and physical experiments. This new equation was used to fit the data from laboratory core measurements and previously published data. Determination of fluid saturation and reservoir evaluation could be significantly improved by using the new equation.

IMITATING STUDY ON BLASTING EFFECT OF JOINTED ROCK MASSES

The blasting experiment of the cement mortar model reveals that joint inclination affects blasted rock size distribution, which is an important index to evaluate the blasting effect. According to the fractal theory, the relationship is built up between fractal dimension and mass fraction of blasted fragments screened, that is, y x=100(x/x m ) 3-D . On the basis of the experiment results, the fractal dimension describing fragment size distribution is calculated.

Perturbation effect of rock rheology under uniaxial compression

Soft and medium-hard rocks are subjected to high rheology under high stress,and they are prone to a relatively large-degree of deformation when perturbed by external impacting loads.The phenomenon where rock deformation is developed due to external impacting perturbation in the rheological state is defined as the rock rheological perturbation effect.This work presents a new experimental system for investigating the rock rheological perturbation effect with experiments on medium-hard red sandstone.Results from our analysis show that red sandstone changes under two mechanical mechanisms:deformation-hardening effects at low stress states,and damage-fracture effects at high stress states when impacted by certain external impacting loads.Red sandstone tested in our experiments has a strain threshold of about 90% of the ultimate strain under the perturbation effect;the red sandstone is sensitive to a perturbed load when its actual strain exceeds the threshold.The perturbed deformation process of the rock can be divided into three phases:decline,approximately constant speed and acceleration.The rock will be rapidly destroyed when the perturbed deformation accumulates to a certain degree.The perturbation effect of rock deformation under uniaxial compression is more obvious than that under axial compression.Based on our experiment,a constitutive relation of the rock rheological perturbation effect is developed.

Analysis of hydro-mechanical processes in a ventilated tunnel in an argillaceous rock on the basis of different modelling approaches

In this paper, a modelling benchmark exercise from the DECOVALEX-2011 project is presented. The bench- mark is based on the performance and results of a laboratory drying test and of the ventilation experiment （VE） carried out in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory （URL）. Both tests involve Opalinus clay. The work aims at the identification, understanding and quantification of mechanisms taking place during the ventilation of a gallery in argillaceous host rocks on one hand and at investigating the capacity of different codes and individuals to reproduce these processes on the other hand. The 4-year in situ VE took place in a 1.3 m diameter unlined tunnel and included two resaturation-desaturation cycles. The test area was equipped with over one hundred sensors （including the global water mass balance of the system, relative humidity （RH）, water content, liquid pressure, relative displacement and concentration of some chemical species） to monitor the rock behaviour during ventilation. The laboratory drying experiment, carried out before the VE, was designed to mimic the in situ conditions. The work was organized in a progressive manner in terms of complexity of the computations to be performed, geared towards the full hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） understanding of the VE, the final objective. The main results from the modelling work reported herein are that the response of the host rock to ventilation in argillaceous rocks is mainly governed by hydraulic processes （advective Darcy flow and non-advective vapour diffu- sion） and that the hydro-mechanical （TM） back coupling is weak. A ventilation experiment may thus be regarded as a large scale-long time pump test and it is used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass.

Effect of Overpressure on Rock Frame and Its Implications for Overpressure Evolution

Overpressure is a hot topic in the study of sedimentary basins. It is important in generation, maturation migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbon, but the effects of overpressure on rock frame have not been investigated. In this study, experiments were carried out to study the effects of overpressure on rock frame structures using five core samples from the Junggar basin, Northwest China. The deformations and velocities for the samples were measured at different effective pressures related to non-equilibrium compaction and fluid expansion overpressure mechanisms. The results show that the effect of overpressure on rock frames gradually increases when the effective pressure drops down to a certain value （called critical pressure）. Moreover, non-equilibrium compaction mechanism has more effects on rock frames than fluid expansion mechanism under the same effective pressure. Furthermore to study rock frame structural changes, we use Kuster and Toksoz＇s expressions to simulate the effective aspect ratios of inclusions a （penny shapes） for different effective pressures. The results show that the a decreases dramatically when the effective pressure decreases from the critical pressure. Changes of a can be interpreted as responses to the rock frame changes when grains conform one another by rotating and self-adjusting. However, different mechanisms of overpressure have different effects on rock frames. The rock frame can be affected more easily by overpressure in shallow regions generated by non-equilibrium compaction mechanism. Once this kind of rock frames are preserved after overpressure releases to a normal hydrostatic pressure, they can be identified by their specific rock frame characters. This method provides a new way to study overpressure release and fluid migration and accumulation.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of acoustic emission activity during deforma-tion of rock samples with inhomogeneous fault under biaxial compression

The spatial and temporal distributions of acoustic emission （AE） during the deformation of samples containing an inhomogeneous fault have been studied under biaxial compression. The results show that the fault strength and the duration from loading to failure increase and the failure mode changes from abrupt instability to gradual failure with increase of lateral stress σ2. The pre-setting fault and its heterogeneity play an important role in controlling AE spatial distribution during the deformation. The basic pattern of AE spatial distribution is controlled by the pre-setting fault, especially the parts with inhomogeneous strength and the strong segment, and the localization of fracturing starts from the positions with inhomogeneous strength, With increase of σ5, the dense AE distribution area spreads from the positions with inhomogeneous strength to the whole strong segment gradually. AE temporal sequence is significantly affected by σ2. The fault shows abrupt instability in final failure, which occurs on a background of ＂enhancement-quiescence＂ in microfracturing activity at lower σ2. At higher σ5, the fault shows gradual failure, and AE occurrence rate increases continuously and AER increase exponentially before and after the failure, The effect of σ2 on b-value is also remarkable, b-value shows precursory decrease in the weakening stage when fault behavior is abrupt instability, but it shows balanced change when fault behavior is gradual failure,

Experimental examination on the heterogeneity parameter C_v of earthquake precursors

Two rock samples with different structures and materials were deformed under a biaxial loading system, and multi-point strain measurements were performed for each sample. The distribution of strain anomalies during the deformation and the instability process were analyzed by using Cv value put forward by WANG Xiao-qing and CHEN Xue-zhong, et al, a parameter to describe the heterogeneous distribution of earthquake precursors, so as to examine the method of Cv value and to explore its physical meaning experimentally. The result shows that the change of Cv value is correlated to the change of deformation characteristics and is an effective parameter to describe the heterogeneity of precursor distribution. Cv value increases firstly and then decreases before the instability, and the instability occurs when Cv value decreases to the level before increasing. This indicates that Cv value may be a useful parameter for earthquake prediction.

Comparative Analysis and Development Trend of Rock Drill

A large number of pneumatic rock drills are being extensively used in a majority of mines in China nowadays, with a high noise level up to 125 dB(A) and large vibration and oil-fog on working-site, which can seriously jeopardize manipulator’s body and mind. Aiming at improving drilling environment and labor safety condition, the production mechanism of noise of all sorts of rock drills including pneumatic hydraulic and water-powered rock drills and measures of reducing noise level of pneumatic rock drills in special were discussed and led to the conclusion of that the pneumatic rock drills should be eliminated step by step, the hydraulic rock drill should be developed at full speed and especially the water-powered rock drill should be studied and applied according to the situation of China. In addition, the reasons of why hydraulic rock drills have not yet been used extensively and spread wide areas in China were discussed. The main technical parameters of newly developed leg-supporting water-powered rock drill and the comparation of experimental data between pneumatic rock drill and hydraulic rock drill were listed. The experimental results show that water-powered rock drill possesses the same superior properties as hydraulic rock drill and its noise is less than 20 dB(A) than pneumatic rock drill and there is no oil-fog on the working-site and vibration is reduced largely; but its drilling speed is raised largely , its structure is simpler, and maintenance is convenient. Therefore, popularizing applying of water-powered rock drill will be an effective way of improving mine working environment according to the current situation of China.

岩石力学公共实验课程教学项目的建设与思考

岩石力学实验课是一门为补充岩石力学理论而开设的实践性课程。结合武汉理工大学土木工程专业研究生培养计划,以岩石力学公共实验课程教学项目为例,从该课程开设背景和目的出发,阐述实验课程教学体系、课程内容建设过程,以及教学方法和教学手段,并构建了教学质量保证体系。对实验课程教学建设模式进行总结和思考,提出课程教学后期建设需完善的几个要点。结果表明,该实验课程建设实施方案可行,建设成果能较好地应用于研究生课程的具体实践,能较好地提升岩土工程专业研究生的教育质量,在某种程度上促进学科建设与发展。

Experimental and petrological constraints on local-scale interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H_2O-CO_2-(K,Na) Cl fluids at middle-crustal conditions:Example from the Limpopo Complex,South Africa

Reaction textures and fluid inclusions in the -2.0 Ga pyroxene-bearing dehydration zones within the Sand River biotite-hornblende orthogneisses （Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex） suggest that the formation of these zones is a result of close interplay between dehydration process along ductile shear zones triggered by H2O-CO2-salt fluids at 750--800 ℃ and 5.5--6.2 kbar, partial melting, and later exsolution of residual brine and H2O-CO2 fluids during melt crystallization at 650--700 ℃. These processes caused local variations of water and alkali activity in the fluids, resulting in various mineral assemblages within the dehydration zone. The petrological observations are substantiated by experiments on the interaction of the Sand River gneiss with the H2O-CO2-（K, Na）Cl fluids at 750 and 800 ℃ and 5.5 kbar. It follows that the interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H2O-CO2-（K, Na）CI fluids is accompanied by partial melting at 750--800 ℃. Orthopyroxene-bearing assemblages are characteristic for temperature 800 ℃ and are stable in equilibrium with fluids with low salt concentrations, while salt-rich fluids produce clinopyroxene-bearing assemblages. These observations are in good agreement with the petrological data on the dehydration zones within the Sand River olthogneisses.

基于创新能力培养的能源特色高校专业实验教学改革——以岩石物理学基础课程为例

岩石物理学基础是油气能源特色高校勘查技术与工程专业的核心专业基础课之一,且实验教学是该课程的重要实践环节。针对岩石物理实验教学的现状,梳理和总结该课程实验教学中存在的问题,提出增加实验项目的综合性和改进实验报告模式等措施手段,提高学生的创新能力及分析问题、解决问题的能力,利于实现该课程的教学目标。

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。