Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Isolation Mechanism by Distance of Different Ecological Type Sheep Breeds in Mon-golia Sheep Group

In the present study with Tan sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep, and Wadi sheep, we detected the distribution of gene frequency of several microsatellite sites in different chromosomes, the result showed that： 1） Hu sheep was in the status of Hardy-Weinberg extreme disequilibrium （P 〈 0.01）, while populations including Tong sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, and Wadi sheep were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P 〉 0.05）. 2） Variance analysis of the heterozygosity and poly- morphic information content at rnicrosatellite makers showed that there were not significant differences among populations as to heterozygosity and PIC （P 〉 0.05）, as to effective number of alleles there were not significant differences both among Tan sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep, and Wadi sheep, and between Wadi sheep and small-tailed sheep （P 〉 0.05）, but between the former three populations and the latter two populations, there were significant differences （0.01〈 P 〈0.05）. The variation levels of small-tailed Han sheep was the highest in the five populations based on microsatellite maker data, subsequently followed by Wadi sheep, Tong sheep, Tan sheep, and then Hu sheep. 3） The phylogenetic relationships of the five sheep populations in this study did not meet the mechanism of isolation by distance, and the genetic differentiation relationships among five sheep populations were not closely linearly correlative with their geography distribution. Our findings supported related records in literature： The five populations originated on different time stage from the primogenitor population and communicated genetically with each other thereafter in the process of natural and artificial selection and on different ecological environment.

Relationship between SSR Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Hot Pepper

[Objective] This study aimed to predict the heterosis of hot pepper using SSR genetice distance. [Method] Twenty-five hybridized combinations between 10pepper parents were obtained through NCⅡ incomplete diallel cross to analyze the relationship between SSR genetic distance and heterosis. [Result] The genetic distance of the parents varied in a range from 0.13 to 0.33, and the average genetic distance was 0.25, indicating that the genetic difference was not obvious among the parents, namely, they shared a close genetic relationship. In addition, the SSR genetic distance was closely related to yield per plant and fruits per plant, but showed no obvious correlation with other traits. [Conclusion] This study proved that in a certain range the combinations between the parents with a distant genetic distance possessed stronger heterosis and a larger possibility to produce a high yield and vice versa.

Correlation Analysis of Genetic Distance and Heterosis of the Major Brassica napus L. Cultivars in Yunnan Province

[Objective] The correlation between genetic distance and heterosis of the major Brassica napus L. cultivars in Yunnan Province was analyzed. [Method] The genetic distances among the 8 major Brassica napus L. cultivars in Yunnan Province were investigated with the SSR molecular marker technique. Moreover, the correlation between genetic distance and field appearance of heterosis was ana-lyzed. [Result] There was a certain correlation between the genetic distance and heterosis of crossing parents （P〉0.05）. [Conclusion] It is difficult to predict the het-erosis of Brassica napus L. cultivars and to screen parents by using the SSR molecular marker technique.

Relationship Between Heterosis and Parental Genetic Distance Based on Molecular Markers for Functional Genes Related to Yield Traits in Rice

The genetic distances among 18 cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 11 restorer lines were analyzed with molecular markers derived from yield-related functional genes. The correlation between parental genetic distance and heterosis was investigated by analyzing the performance of 47 combinations. The results showed that the genetic distance was significantly correlated with yield heterosis （r=0.29^＊）, but not significantly correlated with heterosis for other traits, such as number of effective panicles per plant, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per panicle and theoretical yield. However, the correlation coefficient was so small that the parental genetic distance could not to be used to predict heterosis.

Relationship Between F_1,F_2 Hybrid Yield, Heterosis and Genetic Distance Measured by Molecular Markers and Parent Performance in Cotton

Genetic distance among 36 cotton cultivars measured by molecular markers of RAPDs, ISSRs, and SSRs was from 0.0701 to 0.4255 with the mean of 0.2844, and from 2.18 to 12.60 with the mean of 7.04 based on the genotype performance in two-year field experiments, which has a significant positive correlation (r = 0.3350). The correlative coefficients for boll number per plant, boll weight, yield per plant, lint percent and lint yield per plant were 0.8035,0.8877,0.7135,0.9640 and 0.8956 between F1 and F2 hybrid performance assessed by three-environment field experiments, respectively. The mean of F1 and F2 hybrid het-erosis of yield per plant and lint yield per plant were 13.62% , 16.31% , 7.90% and 9.02% , and the correlative coefficients between them were 0.3689 and 0.3787, respectively. The correlation between the genetic distance and heterosis was low, and influenced directly by the selected parents.

An Analysis on the Relationship between Maize Heterosis and Genetic Distance

13 normal maize inbred lines with quite different quantitative traits were used as experimental materials in this paper. The results showed that there was significantly positive correlation between genetic distance and plot yield,mid-parent heterosis,super heterosis,or SCA of yield. In a certain range,the longer the genetic distance between parental inbred lines,the stronger the heterosis. Therefore,in genetic practice,it was necessary to take the molecular genetic distance between inbred lines as an important reference.

Improved genetic distance-based spatial deployment can effectively minimize inbreeding in seed orchard

Background:Inbreeding in seed orchards is expected to increase with the advancement of breeding cycles,which results in the delivery of crops with suboptimal genetic gain,reduced genetic diversity,and lower seed set.Here,a genetic distance-dependent method for clonal spatial deployment in seed orchards was developed and demonstrated,which reduced the inbreeding levels.The method’s main evaluation parameter of inbreeding is the genetic distance among individuals and the deployment method used an improved adaptive parallel genetic algorithm(IAPGA)based on Python language.Using inbreeding-prone Chinese Mongolian pine breeding population material originating from a single natural population,the proposed method was compared to a traditional orchard design and a distance-based design;namely,complete randomized block(RCB)and optimum neighborhood(ONA)designs,respectively.Results:With the advancement of selective breeding cycles,group separation among orchard related individuals is expected to increase.Based on the genetic distance among individuals,the IAPGA design was superior in significantly reducing the inbreeding level as compared to the two existing designs,confirming its suitability to advanced-generation orchards where relatedness among parents is common.In the 1st,2nd,and mixed generations clonal deployment schemes,the IAPGA design produced lower inbreeding with 87.22%,81.49%,and 87.23%of RCB,and 92.78%,91.30%,and 91.67%of ONA designs,respectively.Conclusions:The IAPGA clonal deployment proposed in this study has the obvious advantage of controlling inbreeding,and it is expected to be used in clonal deployment in seed orchards on a large-scale.Further studies are needed to focus on the actual states of pollen dispersal and mating in seed orchards,and more assumptions should be taken into account for the optimized deployment method.

Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.strigae biocontrol in sorghum

Maximum germination distance（MGD） is an important component of Striga resistance in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine gene action influencing MGD of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica among selected sorghum lines treated with a biocontrol agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae（FOS） for effective breeding with Striga resistance, and FOS compatibility. Twelve sorghum genotypes were selected based on their Striga resistance, FOS compatibility, and superior agronomic performance. Selected genotypes were crossed using a bi-parental mating design to generate six families for genetic analysis. Agar-gel assays were used to determine low haustorium initiation factor（LHF） using the 12 parental lines, their F_1 progenies, backcross derivatives, and F_2 segregants in two sets. One set had S. hermonthica seed and the other one had S. asiatica seed. Both were treated with and without FOS. Genotypes were evaluated using a split-plot design with three replications and MGD data were recorded followed by generation mean analysis. FOS reduced MGD by 1cm under both S. hermonthica and S. asiatica infestations. Additive, dominance, and epistatic gene actions were involved in the control of MGD of the two Striga species in the evaluated populations. On average, the relative contribution of additive, additive×additive and dominance×dominance genetic effects on the MGD of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, with FOS, were 20, 33, and 36%; and 21, 32, and 35%, respectively. Breeding methods exploiting these genetic effects may provide enhanced response to selection for Striga resistance and FOS compatibility in integrated Striga management（ISM） programmes.

DNA条形码技术在蛇类鉴别中的应用

从NCBI中GenBank数据库下载蛇类细胞色素b基因(Cytb)序列7329条,以MT765098.1序列为标准进行对比和修剪,获得蛇类Cytb序列4665条。对蛇类Cytb序列进行核苷酸饱和度、遗传多样性、种内和种间遗传距离计算,构建系统发育树。结果表明,基于Kimura–2–Parameter模型,蛇类平均种内遗传距离为3.3%,普遍小于6.7%,而平均种间遗传距离为19.96%,普遍高于9.3%,说明蛇类物种间遗传距离存在较大差异。根据蛇类物种间遗传距离,识别出蛇类23个物种的亚种,Pareas和Hydrophis属物种含有复合体,Atractus dunni、A.iridescen和A.occidentali互为姐妹物种。

考虑截获交通流量与充电行驶距离的电动汽车充电网络规划

为优化电动汽车充电网络布局,提高充电服务能力与效率,提出了同时考虑截获交通流量与充电行驶距离的充电网络规划模型。电动汽车动力电池初始荷电状态的不确定性导致充电网络截获交通流量具有随机特性,采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对其概率特性进行了分析。为提升充电网络在任何情况下的充电服务能力,所提模型以充电网络截获交通流量最小值最大为优化目标之一。为提升充电服务效率,模型另一个优化目标为平均充电行驶距离最短。此外,模型考虑了充电行驶距离机会约束及充电站建设数目约束,采用非支配遗传算法对所提模型进行求解,获得Pareto最优解集。最后,以25节点交通网络为例进行了仿真实验,验证了所提方法的有效性。并基于仿真结果,分析了机会约束置信度与充电站数目对规划结果的影响。

Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.

广西新记录种井冈两头蛇的鉴定及其系统发育关系分析

井冈两头蛇Calamaria jinggangensis Cai,2023隶属游蛇科Colubridae,目前仅记录分布在江西井冈山。2021年9月至2022年6月,在广西桂林全州县才湾镇、龙胜县黄沙镇采集到2号疑似井冈两头蛇的样本(标本号GXNU20210909007和GXNU20220613012)。基于线粒体细胞色素b(cyt b)基因的系统发育分析表明,桂林采集的两头蛇样本与井冈两头蛇地模标本聚为一支,并且2号标本与井冈两头蛇的遗传距离为0.005~0.030,小于同属内其他物种之间的遗传距离(0.052~0.237)。经过形态学比较和系统发育分析,确认该2号标本为两头蛇属Calamaria的井冈两头蛇C.jinggangensis。此发现为该物种在广西的新记录,为井冈两头蛇的地理分布和系统发育提供更多的信息。

建水黄褐鸭线粒体D-loop区遗传多样性分析

[目的]了解建水黄褐鸭系统发育、遗传分化和遗传多样性。[方法]选取18只建水黄褐鸭、4只北京鸭、6只揭阳鸭和6只克里莫M18,利用PCR技术对其mtDNA D-loop区序列进行扩增,结合NCBI部分野鸭和家鸭序列,利用MEGA、DNAsp、Arlequin软件进行聚类分析、遗传分化和遗传多样性分析。[结果]建水黄褐鸭与绿头鸭及斑嘴鸭2种野鸭亲缘关系更近;遗传分化指数和遗传距离均以建水黄褐鸭和北京鸭之间最大;建水黄褐鸭、北京鸭、揭阳鸭和克里莫M18这4个群体中建水黄褐鸭群体遗传多样性最低。[结论]建水黄褐鸭可能有绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭2个母系起源;建水黄褐鸭群体遗传多样性偏低,为今后更好地利用地方畜禽资源,应采取相应措施保护其遗传多样性。

考虑光谱变异性的多光谱植被识别最优特征空间构建

在中低分辨率遥感卫星影像上,植被识别受数据获取条件和不同生长期等因素的影响,会存在端元光谱变异现象,导致植被解混误差较大。提出了一种顾及端元光谱变异性的最佳距离遗传算法(IIDGA),通过自动特征选择方法减小端元类内差异,增大类间差异,构建适用于中等分辨率影像的植被解混最优特征空间,提高Landsat影像的植被识别精度。通过比较传统波段组合、光谱和纹理特征全集与IIDGA优选特征的线性解混模型效果,验证了最优特征选择的重要性。结果显示,特征选择有助于提升解混精度(IIDGA的均方根误差最低,为0.180);同时,通过比较基于IID指数的Filter算法、基于标准GA的Wrapper算法和IIDGA在最优特征自动选取方面的性能,证实了IIDGA在平衡精度与效率方面的优势。

宜兴地区8个青虾种群生长性状和遗传多样性分析

对宜兴地区8个(东氿、西氿、团氿、临津荡、马公荡都山荡、油车水库、横山水库、阳山荡)青虾种群生长性状进行比较分析,采用D-loop测序技术对8个青虾种群的遗传多样性进行评估。结果表明,西氿和阳山荡种群的体质量、全长、头胸甲宽等性状,显著优于其他种群(P<0.05);单倍型多样性为0.7438(横山水库)到0.9881(西氿),核苷酸多态性为0.009963(团氿)到0.021553(马公荡都山荡),宜兴地区青虾种群多样性总体较好。进化树分析结果表明,马公荡都山荡种群与其他7个种群的进化关系较远;横山水库种群和团氿种群间固定指数(F_(st))为0.25764,2个种群间的遗传分化极高;临津荡种群和团氿种群、马公荡都山荡种群和团氿种群F_(st)分别为0.16443、0.16129,显示这些种群的遗传距离存在较大分化。

线粒体Cyt b基因在鲑科品种鉴定中的可靠性分析

为探究Cyt b基因在鲑科鱼类品种鉴定中的可靠性,本研究从GenBank数据库中下载9种鲑科鱼类品种的Cyt b基因序列共997条。以Cyt b全基因和文献报道的两组Cyt b基因短片段(359和200 bp)为研究对象,对其序列变异和分子系统进化树进行分析,并筛选鲑科鱼类品种的微型DNA条形码。结果表明,仅当选用200 bp片段时,银鲑的最大种内遗传距离大于最小种间遗传距离,不存在条形码间隙(barcode gap)。同时,根据分子系统进化树分析,同一品种在基于不同Cyt b基因片段的邻接树中均聚为单系,且每一个分支的结点置信度均大于70%。因此,Cyt b可以作为条形码基因用于鲑科鱼类品种鉴定。本研究筛选获得的微型DNA条形码对鲑科鱼类品种具有良好的特异性。

利用强化学习的改进遗传算法求解柔性作业车间调度问题

针对传统遗传算法在解决柔性作业车间调度问题时易陷入局部最优解、参数不能智能调整、局部搜索能力差的问题,建立以最大完工时间最小为目标的柔性作业车间调度模型,并提出一种基于强化学习的改进遗传算法(reinforcement learning improved genetic algorithm,RLIGA)求解该模型。首先,在遗传算法迭代过程中,利用强化学习动态调整关键参数。其次,引入基于工序编码距离的离散莱维飞行机制,改进求解空间。最后,引入变邻域搜索机制,提升算法的局部开发能力。使用PyCharm运行Brandimarte算例,验证算法的求解性能,实验证明所提算法求解效率较高,跳出局部最优能力更强,求解结果更好。

三江源地区熊蜂16S rDNA序列变异及遗传距离分析

本研究基于16S rDNA序列对三江源地区不同熊蜂的遗传变异和系统发育关系进行了系统分析,对于深入研究三江源地区熊蜂的适应与进化及生物多样性保护具有重要意义。研究共测序获得三江源地区9个亚属17种熊蜂的21个单倍型,序列全长496 bp。碱基组成分析表明:颠换值高于转换值,变异位点(V)共159个,单倍型间存在较大的变异。结合Genbank下载的该9亚属其他39种熊蜂的16S rDNA序列,对该9个亚属的56种熊蜂进行了遗传距离和系统发育分析,结果表明:三江源地区17种熊蜂间遗传距离为0.029~0.128;亚属内平均遗传距离为0.023~0.075,亚属间遗传距离为0.057~0.102,亚属内遗传距离明显小于亚属间;通过邻接法(NJ法)和最大似然法(ML法)建立系统发育树,两树拓扑结构大致相同,三江源地区的17种熊蜂均与同亚属其他物种的亲缘关系最近。

基于智能算法的齿轮副传动优化设计

为对两级渐开线圆柱齿轮减速器的齿轮结构进行优化设计,根据齿轮强度计算标准和机械结构优化设计的相关理论,分析了对齿轮接触强度和弯曲强度较大有影响的参数,以最小中心距为目标函数,以齿轮强度、尺寸等为约束条件,建立了两级渐开线圆柱齿轮传动结构优化的数学模型。基于智能算法(遗传算法)对齿数、模数、螺旋角等参数进行多目标优化,优化后齿轮的最小中心距减少了28.99%,有效的提高了空间利用率。同时该文研究结果可为智能设计、智能制造提供参考。

基于生殖性状的玉米自交系遗传多样性与遗传距离分析

为提高玉米自交系种质资源的利用效率,充分了解自交系的遗传基础,探明自交系种质资源间的亲缘关系,本试验田间种植30个玉米骨干自交系,分别对其18个生殖性状进行遗传变异、主成分和聚类分析,研究自交系种质的遗传多样性与遗传距离。结果表明:雄穗分枝数、苞叶重、雄穗长、轴粗、秃尖长变异系数均大于10%,变异丰富度高,粒长、穗行数、最长苞叶长、穗长、穗粗变异系数均小于2%,稳定性相对较高;遗传多样性指数(H′)为0.68~2.09,平均值为1.51,百粒重遗传多样性指数最大,苞叶层数遗传多样性指数最小;变异系数越大遗传多样性指数越高。主成分分析得出,前7个主成分对变异的累积贡献率达77.39%;以主成分得分值为坐标的二维排序图可得出,自交系7922、驻136、ZM7211、H1613、驻85、21H86、浚92-8、Mo17遗传多样性丰富。不同自交系间欧式距离变化范围为0.002~0.161,平均欧式距离0.031;在欧式距离为0.03时可将30个自交系划分为5个类群,在欧式距离0.01处则可进一步将其分成13个亚类,亚类间平均遗传距离为23.10。综上可知,根据不同育种目标选择相应的杂优模式可以提高自交系种质资源的利用效率,从而加快玉米品种的培育进程。