Mechanism of hot-rolling crack formation in lean duplex stainless steel 2101

The thermoplasticity of duplex stainless steel 2205（DSS2205） is better than that of lean duplex steel 2101（LDX2101）, which undergoes severe cracking during hot rolling. The microstructure, microhardness, phase ratio, and recrystallization dependence of the deformation compatibility of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were investigated using optical microscopy（OM）, electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD）, Thermo-Calc software, and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. The results showed that the phase-ratio transformations of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were almost equal under the condition of increasing solution temperature. Thus, the phase transformation was not the main cause for the hot plasticity difference of these two steels. The grain size of LDX2101 was substantially greater than that of DSS2205, and the microhardness difference of LDX2101 was larger than that of DSS2205. This difference hinders the transfer of strain from ferrite to austenite. In the rolling process, the ferrite grains of LDX2101 underwent continuous softening and were substantially refined. However, although little recrystallization occurred at the boundaries of austenite, serious deformation accumulated in the interior of austenite, leading to a substantial increase in hardness. The main cause of crack formation is the microhardness difference between ferrite and austenite.

Optimization of Preventive Grinding of Backup Roll against Contact Fatigue Cracking

In order to optimize the current grinding procedure of the backup roll of 2050 continuously variable crown (CVC) mills, the behavior of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracking was investigated. Two RCF short cracks, including vertical short crack and ratcheting short crack initiated from ratcheting, were observed. The behavior of both RCF cracks was analyzed in detail. Then a modified grinding procedure was proposed according to the behavior of RCF cracks and the preventive grinding strategy.

Effect of gradient temperature rolling process on promoting crack healing in Q500 heavy plates

To ensure the quality of heavy plate products as determined by ultrasonic inspection, it is necessary to effectively control defects such as cracks and shrinkage cavities in heavy plates. Generally, some defects such as large size cracks exist due to insufficient deformation in the center of traditionally rolled plates. Compared with the traditional rolling process, gradient temperature rolling(GTR) process can effectively increase deformation inside heavy plates. In this study, the effect of GTR on crack healing was analyzed through a comparison experiment with the uniform temperature rolling(UTR). The results show that the GTR process could increase the plastic strain inside the heavy plate and effectively promote the healing process of the preset cracks. The degrees of crack healing at the center and quarter thickness position of the steel plate via GTR were greater than twice those of the plate via UTR. The GTR process can significantly reduce the internal defects of heavy plates and improve the defect detection level of heavy plate products. Also, The GTR process results in the formation of new crystal grains in the crack region, which is crucial to crack healing.

Controlling delayed cracks in welded joints of MCQTT steel by welding with trailing impacting and rolling

30CrMnSi, one kind of the medium-carbon quenching and tempering steel（ MCQTT） , has been widely utilized in some industrial fields. However, just like some other MCQTT, this kind of steel also faces such problem as delayed cracking in its welded joints. In this paper, the delayed cracking and microstructure of the joints of 30CrMnSi steel were researched by SEM. Moreover, a method called welding with trailing impacting and rolling （WTIR） was utilized to solve the delayed cracking problem by decreasing the residual welding stress in the joint of 30CrMnSi. The crack-free joints of 30CrMnSi steel were obtained by using optimized parameters.

Analysis of the cause of crack in cold rolling of QSn6.5-0.1 strip

In order to know the cause of cracks in cold rolling of QSn6.5 0.1 copper alloy strip, a lot of experiments and analysis were done. The microstructure changes of QSn6.5 0.1 were investigated by means of metallurgical microscope. The morphology of cracks and surface defects were examined using scanning electron microscope. Macroscopic residual stresses produced in every process during manufacturing in the QSn6.5 0.1 strip were measured by X ray diffraction method and hole drilling method. The results show that the cracks in the QSn6.5 0.1 cold rolling strip were caused due to the derivation of metallurgical defects, such as SnO 2, S, fine looses,the inverse segregation unable to clear up when milling, and the accumulation of all kinds of resi dual stresses. When the accumulation of the residual stress reaches the material′s breaking strength, the cracks will be generated. Several measures to avoid the development of these kinds of cracks were put forward, such as: controlling the casting technology, improving homogenization annealing procedure (680 ℃/7 h) and milling quality(using the second milling when necessary), working out a more reasonable rolling technology to ensure intermediate annealing in time.

Behavior of Transversal Crack on Slab Corner During V-H Rolling Process

The behavior of transversal cracks on the surface of the slab corner during vertical and horizontal （V-H） rolling process with flat vertical roll and groove vertical roll was simulated by explicit dynamic finite element method. The closure and growth of crack and the contact pressure on surfaces of the crack in contacting zone between slab and roll during rolling process were analyzed. The results showed that during vertical rolling process, when the groove vertical roll is used, the maximum contact pressure on surfaces of the crack is 115 MPa, and the closure of crack is stable when the flat vertical roll is used, the maximum contact pressure on surfaces of the crack is 70 MPa, and it fluctuates greatly. During horizontal rolling process, when groove vertical roll is used, the contact pressure becomes zero which may accelerate the growth of crack when flat vertical roll is used, there is still contact pressure. The cal culated results are in good agreement with the results of test.

FE SIMULATION OF CENTER CRACK OCCURRENCE IN TUBE ROUNDS DURING TWO-ROLL ROTARY ROLLING PROCESS

With the aid of FE （finite element） code MSC.Superform 2005, 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of center-crack occurrence in round billet during 2-roll rotary rolling process was presented using Oyane ductile fracture criteria. A simple modeling is put forward based on the spiral motion of the workpiece as an essential characteristic in movement. The influence of the feed angle and the entry cone angle of the main roll on the process was taken into account in the modeling. The soundness for simplifying the 3-D rotary rolling into a 2-D problem was discussed. By adopting the parameters of Diescher piercer in 140mm mandrel mill of Bao Steel, the distribution and development of strain/stress were analyzed, and the eigen value of ductile fracture as well. The critical percentage of diameter reduction was obtained from the simulation. The result showed a good agreement with the experimental value, and therefore was of widely guiding significance to the practical process for rationally formulating the deformation parameters of steel tube piercing.

Micro Crack of Aluminum Sheet During Cold Rolling

The micro crack of aluminum sheet during cold rolling lubricated with emulsions is investigated. Experi-ments show that micro cracks occur after cold rolling process and this is attributed to various parameters, for instance, the thin oxide film formed at the sheet surface. The micro crack spacing thus becomes an important parameter which deserves more concerns. The aspect ratio of these micro cracks is then analyzed theoreti-cally, which takes into consideration of the oxide fracture process. The good agreement between the obser-vations and the theoretical predictions validates the analysis. The approach can shed some new lights on the mechanical process of aluminium sheet during cold rolling.

3D stress simulation and parameter design during twin-roll casting of 304 stainless steel based on the Anand model

This study first investigated cracks on the surface of an actual steel strip. Formulating the Anand model in ANSYS software, we then simulated the stress field in the molten pool of type 304 stainless steel during the twin-roll casting process. Parameters affecting the stress distribution in the molten pool were analyzed in detail and optimized. After twin-roll casting, a large number of transgranular and intergranular cracks resided on the surface of the thin steel strip, and followed a tortuous path. In the molten pool, stress was enhanced at the exit and at the roller contact positions. The stress at the exit decreased with increasing casting speed and pouring temperature. To ensure high quality of the fabricated strips, the casting speed and pouring temperature should be controlled above 0.7 m/s and 1520℃, respectively.

Accu Roll轧管机轧辊裂纹产生原因及其消除方法

详细地分析了ＡｃｃｕＲｏｌｌ轧管机轧辊开裂的主要因素，提出了改进的方法。

Development of centrifugal casting high speed steel rolls

The present study aims at developing the high speed steel (HSS) as rollmaterials to replace the traditional roll materials such as the alloy cast iron and powdermetallurgical (PM) hard alloy. The HSS roll billet was formed by centrifugal casting, and the billetwas rough machined alter soften annealing heat treatment, then it was quenched and tempered to getsuitable hardness and toughness. After that the HSS roll was finish machined to the final dimensionof phi 285 mm in the outer diameter, phi 160 mm in the inner diameter and 120 mm in width and itssurface hardness was tested. Finally the HSS roll was used in high speed wire rod mill. The testresults show that a high and homogeneous hardness can obtain on the work surface of HSS rolls, thesurface hardness is 63-65HRC and its variation is smaller than 2HRC. The impact toughness of thiskind of HSS is about 16 J/cm^2. The results of on-line service investigation in high speed wire rodmill indicate that the HSS rolls have excellent wear resistance, the steel rolling quantity per mmof HSS rolls is 3120 t, the service life-span of HSS rolls is 4 times longer than that of highchromium cast iron rolls and it is close to that of the PM hard alloy rolls. The manufacturingburden of HSS rolls is obviously lower than that of the PM hard alloy rolls, it is only 25 percentof that of the PM hard alloy rolls.

Modeling Stress Intensity Factor of Rail Steel under Situation of Growing Fatigue Crack—A Novel Technique

Simulation of stress intensity factor as function of rolling contact fatigue cracks of railway tracks and the vehicle load is made with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics software. It is found that the critical stress intensity factor i.e. 41.6 MPa. m1/2 is reached at a stress level of 32 MPa and at the crack size 11.5 × 10-2 m.Noting the power law variation of acoustic emission count with increase in crack size (analogous to Paris Law), the simulation was further carried out to model the dependence of measured AE count with the stress intensity factor ahead of a growing RCF crack tip. It is demonstrated that AE measurement can be effective to trigger a control loop for avoidance of fatigue failure of railway track. In view of potential difference in the intensity of back scattered light from surface irregularities, a model is developed to find out the threshold intensity of scattered light that insures safety in the railway system against fatigue failure.

A new method--the inverse strain method(ISM)for preventing welding hot cracking of high strength aluminium alloy LY12CZ

In this paper a new method for preventing welding hot cracking—the inverse strain method(ISM)is developed on the principle of welding mechan- ics.Effectiveness and feasiblity of method in preventing welding hot cracking of high strength aluminum alloy LY12CZ by synchronous rolling during welding (SRDW)along both sides of the weld at a suitable distance behind the welding arc are examined.Experimental resulte indicate that welding hot cracking of LY12CY can be effectively prevented and the mechanical properties of welded joint can also be improved by the method.It is an important new solution for preventing hot cracking in welding of sheet metal.

冷轧带钢渗氮铁锅开裂剥落原因分析及改进措施

在采用某公司生产的厚度为1 mm的XLQ01冷轧带钢制作铁锅的过程中,经渗氮处理后出现开裂问题,铁锅经碰撞后渗氮层易剥落。本研究采用扫描电子显微镜、直读光谱仪、金相显微镜等检测手段对渗氮铁锅样品的断口微观形貌、化学成分、金相组织及原材料的表面粗糙度、化学成分、金相组织、晶粒度进行分析,结果表明,渗氮铁锅开裂剥落的原因主要有以下两个方面:一方面,渗氮开裂样品中存在粗大的原始组织和穿晶分布的针状氮化物,破坏了基体的连续性,增加了表面层脆性及切口敏感性,在外力作用下导致开裂;另一方面,原材料表面粗糙度大,渗氮温度高,渗氮层疏松,在压应力作用下导致渗氮层开裂剥落。本研究针对渗氮铁锅开裂剥落的原因提出了相应的改进措施,有效避免了渗氮铁锅开裂剥落。

大直径厚壁液压支柱管纵向开裂原因分析

针对大直径厚壁S890钢级液压支柱管热轧后发生纵向整体贯穿性开裂的情况,通过观察检测发现断口为穿晶解理脆性断口,显微组织为贝氏体,材料的强度、屈强比和残余应力偏高,韧性差。最终分析结果表明:由于管体弯曲过大,矫直时,因咬入端摆动大引起较大塑性变形,导致开裂,然后在较高的残余应力作用下,加上材料韧性低,裂纹得以持续扩展,最终引起管体全长贯穿性开裂失效。采取降低冷却速度得到部分铁素体的钢组织,降低钢管弯曲度和残余应力再矫直等具体改正措施后生产中再未发生管体开裂现象。

滚动轴承支承下松动-裂纹耦合故障转子系统动力学特性分析

支座松动转子因两端刚度不对称而引发振动异常增大,进而可能导致转子出现裂纹故障,裂纹和松动故障耦合下的转子系统呈现强非线性特性.建立滚动轴承支承的支座松动-弓形裂纹转子动力学模型,研究转速、松动间隙、松动质量及裂纹角等对转子系统非线性动力学响应的影响.考虑非线性Hertz接触力,采用分段线性方程描述支座松动的刚度和阻尼,转子横向裂纹采用呼吸裂纹模型来研究,依据拉格朗日方程建立转子系统动力学方程,采用Runge-Kutta法求解方程获得转子振动响应的分岔图、频谱图、轴心轨迹图、Poincaré图等.计算结果表明,当系统转速达到2300rad/s时,松动-裂纹耦合故障系统较仅裂纹系统在1/3分频处有明显的间谐波成分,混沌区域更为宽泛;当裂纹参数恒定时系统随着松动间隙减小会更加稳定;当松动质量m_(s)>41.25kg时,系统振幅剧增,发生“跳跃”现象.研究工作对松动-裂纹转子系统的故障诊断和健康监测具有重要的工程应用价值.

初始裂纹倾角对圆柱滚子轴承次表面裂纹扩展的影响

为探究次表面裂纹倾斜角度对圆柱滚子轴承应力分布及裂纹扩展的影响,文章基于断裂力学、损伤力学等理论基础,应用扩展有限元法建立圆柱滚子轴承的有限元模型,模拟滚道次表面不同倾角的初始裂纹在外力载荷下的动态扩展过程,分析讨论次表面裂纹尖端的应力随裂纹倾角的变化情况以及裂纹尖端的应力对裂纹扩展的影响。模拟结果表明:在圆柱滚子压力载荷作用下,初始倾角在0°~30.0°范围内的次表面裂纹扩展主要受水平方向应力S 11的影响,次表面水平裂纹两端处的扩展同步对称进行;随着初始次表面裂纹逆时针旋转后倾角的增加,裂纹扩展速率增大,裂纹左端扩展长度增长,且增幅均由快到慢并趋于稳定状态,裂纹左端扩展角度增大,裂纹右端的扩展受到抑制。次表面裂纹的扩展速率、扩展长度、扩展角度比较结果表明,水平或较小角度的次表面裂纹扩展对损伤轴承寿命的影响较小。

轧制组织对304L/Q345R复合板焊接裂纹敏感性的影响规律

复合板热轧过程中的组织演变、界面元素扩散以及脆性相析出,对其焊接质量有着重要影响.一些焊接性评定方法在测试裂纹敏感性时并不会开裂,所以将筋板拘束裂纹敏感性试验方法用于研究轧制组织对304L/Q345R复合板裂纹敏感性的影响规律.在拘束应力与热处理条件相同时,通过在板厚方向不同位置开设坡口进行焊接裂纹敏感性试验,来反映不同轧制组织特征对焊接裂纹敏感性的影响.结果表明,当复合板基层中有脱碳层时,开X型坡口,钝边位于碳钢层与不锈钢层交界处,裂纹率为0;当基层组织中有轧制带时,开X型坡口,钝边位于碳钢层1/2处,裂纹率为0;当基层组织中出现马氏体时,开V型坡口,钝边位于碳钢层底部,裂纹率为11.3%,裂纹长度为69 mm.焊接裂纹为液态薄膜造成的结晶裂纹,裂纹出现在焊缝中心位置,裂纹两侧为均匀的柱状晶组织.裂纹附近存在S、P元素的聚集,以及大量Si、Mn元素以非金属形式析出的夹杂和偏析,增大了热裂敏感性,导致裂纹的萌生和扩展.

船用高止裂韧度特厚钢板EH47BCA工业研发

介绍了集装箱船用高止裂韧度特厚钢板EH47BCA的工业化研发。研发结果表明:采用NEU⁃Rolling往复相变控轧工艺能够更好地实现组织调控,与传统TMCP工艺比较,在全厚度的大角度晶界比例更高,组织更加细小均匀,表现出优异的低温韧性。研发的100 mm厚高止裂韧性EH47BCA钢在全尺寸拉伸断裂时表现出显著阻滞脆性裂纹传播的能力,形成了“多峰”分布的宏观断口,提高了钢板全厚度断裂时的止裂韧性,−10℃止裂韧性达到9041 N/mm^(3/2)。

基于晶体塑性模型与内聚力单元模拟的接触疲劳亚表面原奥晶界裂纹萌生

材料在接触疲劳载荷下亚表面裂纹的萌生是其主要损伤模式之一.采用晶体塑性模型耦合内聚力单元,模拟高强钢在滚动接触疲劳载荷下亚表面原奥氏体晶界处的疲劳裂纹萌生.基于内聚力模型的损伤起始准则和疲劳损伤演化规律,并利用USDFLD子程序将内聚力单元的疲劳损伤与晶体塑性模型结合,计算了滚动接触疲劳加载下的损伤随循环次数的累积.对Voronoi模型下的疲劳裂纹萌生进行了模拟,研究了晶体取向对裂纹萌生的影响.结果表明,裂纹的萌生受剪切应力主导,萌生位置在最大剪切应力范围内,模拟结果和试验观察一致.晶粒取向对裂纹萌生位置与萌生寿命有显著影响.