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RUSAS: Roman Urdu Sentiment Analysis System
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作者 Kazim Jawad Muhammad Ahmad +1 位作者 Majdah Alvi Muhammad Bux Alvi 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第4期1463-1480,共18页
Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the intern... Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%. 展开更多
关键词 roman Urdu sentiment analysis roman Urdu language detector roman Urdu spelling checker FLASK
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Complete Cototal Roman Domination Number of a Graph for User Preference Identification in Social Media
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作者 J.Maria Regila Baby K.Uma Samundesvari 《Computer Systems Science & Engineering》 SCIE EI 2023年第6期2405-2415,共11页
Many graph domination applications can be expanded to achieve complete cototal domination.If every node in a dominating set is regarded as a record server for a PC organization,then each PC affiliated with the organiz... Many graph domination applications can be expanded to achieve complete cototal domination.If every node in a dominating set is regarded as a record server for a PC organization,then each PC affiliated with the organization has direct access to a document server.It is occasionally reasonable to believe that this gateway will remain available even if one of the scrape servers fails.Because every PC has direct access to at least two documents’servers,a complete cototal dominating set provides the required adaptability to non-critical failure in such scenarios.In this paper,we presented a method for calculating a graph’s complete cototal roman domination number.We also examined the properties and determined the bounds for a graph’s complete cototal roman domination number,and its applications are presented.It has been observed that one’s interest fluctuate over time,therefore inferring them just from one’s own behaviour may be inconclusive.However,it may be able to deduce a user’s constant interest to some level if a user’s networking is also watched for similar or related actions.This research proposes a method that considers a user’s and his channel’s activity,as well as common tags,persons,and organizations from their social media posts in order to establish a solid foundation for the required conclusion. 展开更多
关键词 Social media network graph complete cototal roman domination
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Roman控制数的一些结果
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作者 李书超 朱忠熏 《华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2006年第7期118-119,共2页
利用图论的方法研究了图G同其补图-G的Roman控制数,得到了完全图和完全多部图的补图的Ro-man控制数及图G同其补图G-的Roman控制数的关系;还研究了图G的生成子图H同G的Roman控制数的关系和极大无完美匹配的简单图G的Roman控制数.
关键词 图论 roman控制函数 roman控制数
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Signed Roman (Total) Domination Numbers of Complete Bipartite Graphs and Wheels 被引量:4
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作者 ZHAO YAN-CAI MIAO LIAN-YING Du Xian-kun 《Communications in Mathematical Research》 CSCD 2017年第4期318-326,共9页
A signed(res. signed total) Roman dominating function, SRDF(res.STRDF) for short, of a graph G =(V, E) is a function f : V → {-1, 1, 2} satisfying the conditions that(i)∑v∈N[v]f(v) ≥ 1(res.∑v∈N(v)f(v) ≥ 1) for ... A signed(res. signed total) Roman dominating function, SRDF(res.STRDF) for short, of a graph G =(V, E) is a function f : V → {-1, 1, 2} satisfying the conditions that(i)∑v∈N[v]f(v) ≥ 1(res.∑v∈N(v)f(v) ≥ 1) for any v ∈ V, where N [v] is the closed neighborhood and N(v) is the neighborhood of v, and(ii) every vertex v for which f(v) =-1 is adjacent to a vertex u for which f(u) = 2. The weight of a SRDF(res. STRDF) is the sum of its function values over all vertices.The signed(res. signed total) Roman domination number of G is the minimum weight among all signed(res. signed total) Roman dominating functions of G. In this paper,we compute the exact values of the signed(res. signed total) Roman domination numbers of complete bipartite graphs and wheels. 展开更多
关键词 signed roman domination signed total roman domination complete bipartite graph WHEEL
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Roman Domination Number and Domination Number of a Tree 被引量:1
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作者 SONG Xiao-xin WANG Xiao-feng 《Chinese Quarterly Journal of Mathematics》 CSCD 北大核心 2006年第3期358-367,共10页
A Roman dominating function on a graph G = (V, E) is a function f : V→{0, 1, 2} satisfying the condition that every vertex u for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v for which f(v) = 2. The weig... A Roman dominating function on a graph G = (V, E) is a function f : V→{0, 1, 2} satisfying the condition that every vertex u for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v for which f(v) = 2. The weight of a Roman dominating function is the value f(V) = Σu∈Vf(u). The minimum weight of a Roman dominating function on a graph G, denoted by γR(G), is called the Roman dominating number of G. In this paper, we will characterize a tree T with γR(T) = γ(T) + 3. 展开更多
关键词 roman dominating function roman dominating number dominating number healthy spider wounded spider
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有向图的Roman k-控制
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作者 张晓转 孟巍 《云南民族大学学报(自然科学版)》 CAS 2021年第3期240-244,250,共6页
设k是一个正整数,称f:V→{0,1,2}是有向图D=(V,A)的一个Roman k-控制函数,如果对于每个f(v)=0的顶点v,它至少有k个入邻点v_(1),v_(2),…,v_(k)满足f(v_(1))=f(v_(2))=…=f(v_(k))=2.Roman k-控制函数f的权值ω(f)是指在f的作用下各个顶... 设k是一个正整数,称f:V→{0,1,2}是有向图D=(V,A)的一个Roman k-控制函数,如果对于每个f(v)=0的顶点v,它至少有k个入邻点v_(1),v_(2),…,v_(k)满足f(v_(1))=f(v_(2))=…=f(v_(k))=2.Roman k-控制函数f的权值ω(f)是指在f的作用下各个顶点的值的和,即ω(f)=∑v∈Vf(v).有向图D的权值最小的Roman k-控制函数的权值称作有向图D的Roman k-控制数,记作γ{Rk}(D).注意到Roman 1-控制数γ{R1}(D)就是Roman控制数γR(D).首先给出了Roman k-控制数的一些性质,然后给出了一些特殊有向图的Roman k-控制数的界. 展开更多
关键词 有向图 roman k-控制函数 roman k-控制数
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指向学科核心素养的高中学生英语自主泛读探究——以Roman holiday剧本阅读为例 被引量:2
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作者 曹晓红 《英语教师》 2019年第7期31-34,共4页
分析英语学科核心素养与高中英语自主泛读、高中英语自主泛读与影视剧本阅读的关系。以Roman holiday剧本阅读为例,从读前、读中、读后三个环节探究学科核心素养下高中学生英语自主泛读的方法。认为英语自主泛读不仅能培养学生的学习能... 分析英语学科核心素养与高中英语自主泛读、高中英语自主泛读与影视剧本阅读的关系。以Roman holiday剧本阅读为例,从读前、读中、读后三个环节探究学科核心素养下高中学生英语自主泛读的方法。认为英语自主泛读不仅能培养学生的学习能力、思维品质,还能发展学生的鉴赏能力,提高学生的人文素养。 展开更多
关键词 核心素养 自主泛读 影视剧本 roman HOLIDAY
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自由青春释放,责任担当诠释——多维度视域下赏析《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)
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作者 滕春燕 吴全生 《海外英语》 2017年第4期163-164,共2页
《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)20世纪经典剧本,百看不厌,看后回味无穷,感受到公主青春无限,感叹公主激情四射,感觉公主光彩照人和感触公主精湛演绎,这部浪漫晦涩的经典爱情剧本改编成电影在电影史获得3项奥斯卡大奖,可谓经典当中的典范... 《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)20世纪经典剧本,百看不厌,看后回味无穷,感受到公主青春无限,感叹公主激情四射,感觉公主光彩照人和感触公主精湛演绎,这部浪漫晦涩的经典爱情剧本改编成电影在电影史获得3项奥斯卡大奖,可谓经典当中的典范。该文从女主角高雅纯洁的爱情作基石,启迪青年人对和谐美满自由幸福的爱情生活追求和向往的同时,赞扬年轻人自律后的民族大义精神,诠释敢于担当自己肩上责任。 展开更多
关键词 《罗马假日》(roman Holiday) 自由青春 责任担当
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Material Culture as Amulets:Magical Elements and the Apotropaic in Ancient Roman World
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作者 Vagner Carvalheiro Porto 《Journal of Philosophy Study》 2020年第8期492-502,共11页
This article aims to make a brief presentation on the elements of material culture in the ancient Palestinian region,mainly coins,which were removed from their production context and placed in funerary contexts(coins ... This article aims to make a brief presentation on the elements of material culture in the ancient Palestinian region,mainly coins,which were removed from their production context and placed in funerary contexts(coins were often buried in graves),thus converted in amulets,acquiring magical and apotropaic senses.We will use examples verified in different parts of the Roman Empire,as in Pithekússai(modest island,which is in the Italian Peninsula),on the banks of the Thames,in Celtic contexts,more specifically in the current city of Lezoux,France,in the ancient city of Aquincum,present day Budapest,also in Tel Maresha and Tiberias,present-day Israel,to demonstrate how these practices were recurrent throughout the Empire.It is also our intention to observe iconographic elements that bring apotropaic content in their formulations,because,in addition to the role that coins could play in connecting the worlds of men and gods,many people believed that they had the power to project magical and apotropaic strength through images powerful that they portrayed. 展开更多
关键词 ARCHAEOLOGY material culture amulets COINS numismatic magical elements apotropaic elements roman Empire roman Palestine
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Independent Roman{2}-Domination in Trees
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作者 LI Bei-bei SHANG Wei-ping 《Chinese Quarterly Journal of Mathematics》 2022年第4期386-393,共8页
For a graph G=(V,E),a Roman{2}-dominating function f:V→{0,1,2}has the property that for every vertex v∈V with f(v)=0,either v is adjacent to at least one vertex u for which f(u)=2,or at least two vertices u1 and u2 ... For a graph G=(V,E),a Roman{2}-dominating function f:V→{0,1,2}has the property that for every vertex v∈V with f(v)=0,either v is adjacent to at least one vertex u for which f(u)=2,or at least two vertices u1 and u2 for which f(u1)=f(u2)=1.A Roman{2}-dominating function f=(V0,V1,V2)is called independent if V1∪V2 is an independent set.The weight of an independent Roman{2}-dominating function f is the valueω(f)=Σv∈V f(v),and the independent Roman{2}-domination number i{R2}(G)is the minimum weight of an independent Roman{2}-dominating function on G.In this paper,we characterize all trees with i{R2}(T)=γ(T)+1,and give a linear time algorithm to compute the value of i{R2}(T)for any tree T. 展开更多
关键词 Domination number roman{2}-dominating function Independent roman{2}-domination number
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Historical Bibliometrics Using Google Scholar: The Case of Roman Law, 1727–2016 被引量:2
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作者 Janne Polonen Bjorn Hammarfelt 《Journal of Data and Information Science》 CSCD 2020年第3期18-32,共15页
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical and linguistic coverage of Google Scholar, using publications in the field of Roman law as an example.Design/methodology/approach: To create a datase... Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical and linguistic coverage of Google Scholar, using publications in the field of Roman law as an example.Design/methodology/approach: To create a dataset of Roman law publications, we retrieved a total of 21,300 records of publications, published between years 1500 and 2016, with title including words denoting "Roman law" in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Findings: We were able to find publications dating back to 1727. The largest number of publications and authors date to the late 19th century, and this peak might be explained by the role of Roman law in French legal education at the time. Furthermore, we found exceptionally skewed concentration of publications to authors, as well as of citations to publications. We speculate that this could be explained by the long time-frame of the study, and the importance of classic works. Research limitation: Major limitations, and potential future work, relate to data quality, and cleaning, disambiguation of publications and authors, as well as comparing coverage with other data sources. Practical implications: We find Google Scholar to be a promising data source for historical bibliometrics. This approach may help bridge the gap between bibliometrics and the "digital humanities".Originality/value: Earlier studies have focused mainly on Google Scholar's coverage of publications and citations in general, or in specific fields. The historical coverage has, however, received less attention. 展开更多
关键词 Historical bibliometrics Google Scholar roman law
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Roman Urdu News Headline Classification Empowered with Machine Learning 被引量:2
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作者 Rizwan Ali Naqvi Muhammad Adnan Khan +3 位作者 Nauman Malik Shazia Saqib Tahir Alyas Dildar Hussain 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2020年第11期1221-1236,共16页
Roman Urdu has been used for text messaging over the Internet for years especially in Indo-Pak Subcontinent.Persons from the subcontinent may speak the same Urdu language but they might be using different scripts for ... Roman Urdu has been used for text messaging over the Internet for years especially in Indo-Pak Subcontinent.Persons from the subcontinent may speak the same Urdu language but they might be using different scripts for writing.The communication using the Roman characters,which are used in the script of Urdu language on social media,is now considered the most typical standard of communication in an Indian landmass that makes it an expensive information supply.English Text classification is a solved problem but there have been only a few efforts to examine the rich information supply of Roman Urdu in the past.This is due to the numerous complexities involved in the processing of Roman Urdu data.The complexities associated with Roman Urdu include the non-availability of the tagged corpus,lack of a set of rules,and lack of standardized spellings.A large amount of Roman Urdu news data is available on mainstream news websites and social media websites like Facebook,Twitter but meaningful information can only be extracted if data is in a structured format.We have developed a Roman Urdu news headline classifier,which will help to classify news into relevant categories on which further analysis and modeling can be done.The author of this research aims to develop the Roman Urdu news classifier,which will classify the news into five categories(health,business,technology,sports,international).First,we will develop the news dataset using scraping tools and then after preprocessing,we will compare the results of different machine learning algorithms like Logistic Regression(LR),Multinomial Naïve Bayes(MNB),Long short term memory(LSTM),and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN).After this,we will use a phonetic algorithm to control lexical variation and test news from different websites.The preliminary results suggest that a more accurate classification can be accomplished by monitoring noise inside data and by classifying the news.After applying above mentioned different machine learning algorithms,results have shown that Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier is giving the best accuracy of 90.17%which is due to the noise lexical variation. 展开更多
关键词 roman urdu news headline classification long short term memory recurrent neural network logistic regression multinomial naïve Bayes random forest k neighbor gradient boosting classifier
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Sentiment Analysis of Roman Urdu on E-Commerce Reviews Using Machine Learning 被引量:1
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作者 Bilal Chandio Asadullah Shaikh +5 位作者 Maheen Bakhtyar Mesfer Alrizq Junaid Baber Adel Sulaiman Adel Rajab Waheed Noor 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2022年第6期1263-1287,共25页
Sentiment analysis task has widely been studied for various languages such as English and French.However,Roman Urdu sentiment analysis yet requires more attention from peer-researchers due to the lack of Off-the-Shelf... Sentiment analysis task has widely been studied for various languages such as English and French.However,Roman Urdu sentiment analysis yet requires more attention from peer-researchers due to the lack of Off-the-Shelf Natural Language Processing(NLP)solutions.The primary objective of this study is to investigate the diverse machine learning methods for the sentiment analysis of Roman Urdu data which is very informal in nature and needs to be lexically normalized.To mitigate this challenge,we propose a fine-tuned Support Vector Machine(SVM)powered by Roman Urdu Stemmer.In our proposed scheme,the corpus data is initially cleaned to remove the anomalies from the text.After initial pre-processing,each user review is being stemmed.The input text is transformed into a feature vector using the bag-of-word model.Subsequently,the SVM is used to classify and detect user sentiment.Our proposed scheme is based on a dictionary based Roman Urdu stemmer.The creation of the Roman Urdu stemmer is aimed at standardizing the text so as to minimize the level of complexity.The efficacy of our proposed model is also empirically evaluated with diverse experimental configurations,so as to fine-tune the hyper-parameters and achieve superior performance.Moreover,a series of experiments are conducted on diverse machine learning and deep learning models to compare the performance with our proposed model.We also introduced the largest dataset on Roman Urdu,i.e.,Roman Urdu e-commerce dataset(RUECD),which contains 26K+user reviews annotated by the group of experts.The RUECD is challenging and the largest dataset available of Roman Urdu.The experiments show that the newly generated dataset is quite challenging and requires more attention from the peer researchers for Roman Urdu sentiment analysis. 展开更多
关键词 Sentiment analysis roman Urdu machine learning SVM
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Roman Jakobson语言功能论视域下2020年网络流行语的四大特征
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作者 钟瑷琳 马岩峰 《产业与科技论坛》 2022年第3期79-80,共2页
2020年,受新型冠状病毒的影响,人们采用网络办公或网络学习的时间大幅度增加,网络和人们的关系更近了,这一年,网络流行语火热爆棚,体现出“一短三强”的四大语言特征:实效性更短、缩略性更强、幽默性更强、置换性更强。语言特征的改变... 2020年,受新型冠状病毒的影响,人们采用网络办公或网络学习的时间大幅度增加,网络和人们的关系更近了,这一年,网络流行语火热爆棚,体现出“一短三强”的四大语言特征:实效性更短、缩略性更强、幽默性更强、置换性更强。语言特征的改变势必会影响到语言功能的表达。本文从Roman Jakobson的语言功能视角出发,研究2020年网络语言的四大特征以及语言功能的变化,不仅有助于扩大布拉格学派语言功能的理论范畴,也有助于规范网络语言的使用,营造和谐的网络运行环境。 展开更多
关键词 roman Jakobson 语言功能 网络流行语 语言特征
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The Importance of Food Security from the Perspective of Food Issue of the Roman Empire
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作者 Lianjing MA Chenyu WANG 《Asian Agricultural Research》 2017年第9期77-80,共4页
This paper firstly introduced characteristics of the food production( or grain production) and regulation of the prosperous period of the Roman Empire. Then,it discussed the shortcomings and summarized the experience ... This paper firstly introduced characteristics of the food production( or grain production) and regulation of the prosperous period of the Roman Empire. Then,it discussed the shortcomings and summarized the experience and lessons. It is expected to provide some references for construction of China's food security. 展开更多
关键词 roman Empire Food security REGULATION RECOMMENDATIONS
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Differential Effects of Voluntary Ethanol Consumption on Dopamine Output in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats: A Behavioral and Brain Microdialysis Study
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作者 Maria G. Corda Giovanna Piras +1 位作者 Maria A. Piludu Osvaldo Giorgi 《World Journal of Neuroscience》 2014年第3期279-292,共14页
The Roman high(RHA) and low-Avoidance (RLA) rats were selectively bred for rapid vs poor acquisition of two-way active avoidance behavior. These lines differ in numerous behavioral traits, with RLA rats being more fea... The Roman high(RHA) and low-Avoidance (RLA) rats were selectively bred for rapid vs poor acquisition of two-way active avoidance behavior. These lines differ in numerous behavioral traits, with RLA rats being more fearful/anxious than RHA rats, and the latter being novelty-seekers and showing larger intake of, and preference for, addictive substances including ethanol (ETH). Moreover, several differences in central dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic functions have been reported in these two lines. Since those neural systems are involved in the regulation of ETH consumption, it was considered of interest to investigate: 1) the differences in ETH intake and preference between RHA and RLA rats, 2) the effects of ETH on DA release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh) using brain microdialysis. ETH solutions of increasing concentrations (2% - 10%) were presented on alternate days in a free choice with water. To examine ETH intake and preference stability, animals were subsequently switched to daily presentations of 10% ETH for 10 consecutive days. RHA rats consumed significantly larger amounts of ETH and displayed higher ETH preference than did RLA rats throughout the acquisition and maintenance phases. Following chronic exposure to ETH the animals were habituated to a restricted access to ETH schedule (2% ETH, 2 h per day × 4 days) before surgical implantation of a dialysis probe in the AcbSh. Under these experimental conditions, voluntary ETH intake (2%, 1 h, p.o.) produced a significant increase in accumbal DA output in RHA rats but not in their RLA counterparts. Finally, the i.p. administration of ETH (0.25 g/kg) to na?ve Roman rats produced a significant increment in accumbal DA output only in RHA rats. These results indicate that the mesolimbic dopaminergic system of RHA rats is more responsive to the effects of ETH than that of RLA rats. 展开更多
关键词 roman HIGH- and Low-Avoidance RATS VOLUNTARY Ethanol Consumption Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System Nucleus Accumbens Shell Novelty-Seeking Behavior
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The Number of Minimum Roman and Minimum Total Dominating Sets for Some Chessboard Graphs
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作者 Paul A. Burchett 《Open Journal of Discrete Mathematics》 2020年第1期31-44,共14页
In this paper, both the roman domination number and the number of minimum roman dominating sets are found for any rectangular rook’s graph. In a similar fashion, the roman domination number and the number of minimum ... In this paper, both the roman domination number and the number of minimum roman dominating sets are found for any rectangular rook’s graph. In a similar fashion, the roman domination number and the number of minimum roman dominating sets are found on the square bishop’s graph for odd board sizes. Also found are the number of minimum total dominating sets associated with the light-colored squares when n?&#8801;1(mod12)? (with n>1), and same for the dark-colored squares when n?&#8801;7(mod12) . 展开更多
关键词 TOTAL DOMINATION roman DOMINATION Bishop’s GRAPH Rook’s GRAPH Chess
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Palaeobotanical Study on Soil Strata of Lake Qarun Shore since Helleno-Roman Period
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作者 Mosalam Shaltout Mohamed Azzazi 《Journal of Earth Science and Engineering》 2015年第2期113-121,共9页
Abstract: The present study is an attempt to apply the concept of plant and pollen indicators to habitat conditions in different soil strata at archaeological site (Lake Qarun). It revealed a great palaeoenvironmen... Abstract: The present study is an attempt to apply the concept of plant and pollen indicators to habitat conditions in different soil strata at archaeological site (Lake Qarun). It revealed a great palaeoenvironmental information's about habitat changing of Lake Qarun from a humid and wet conditions during the Hellenic Period to reed swampy early Roman, to Nile Flooding middle Roman, to mesophytic habitats Late Roman, also changing to halophytic and salt marshes with presence of Chenopodiaceae at recent time. Using indicator plants and their remains i.e. pollen grains and spores, palynological studies of different soil strata revealed that, presence of 13 pollen and spore types e.g. Lycopodium, Typhaceae type, Juncaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Tamaricaceae, Onagraceae and Lamiaceae. The data obtained were valuable in reconstruct past vegetation and habitats conditions of Lake Qarun during Helleno Roman period. 展开更多
关键词 Lake Qarun PALYNOLOGY Soil Strata Graeco roman fossil pollen.
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A Roman Funerary Monument From Sipovo
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作者 Radmila Zotovic 《Chinese Business Review》 2016年第12期585-590,共6页
A newly discovered Roman funerary monument from ~ipovo mentions a Roman urban settlement in the municipium rank with the name not identified to date apart from the three initial letters--Bal. The deceased was both in ... A newly discovered Roman funerary monument from ~ipovo mentions a Roman urban settlement in the municipium rank with the name not identified to date apart from the three initial letters--Bal. The deceased was both in military service as a centurion and in civil service as a decurion of the mentioned town. That it was a person of importance is indicated not only by the gravestone inscription but also by the relief depiction of the deceased, shown to be holding a volumen in his hand. Since the monument is chipped and damaged in the upper part, it can only be determined that it was a stela type funerary monument. The main goal of this work is to underline the importance of this monument as a great archaeological treaser, since it is the first written source from Roman period for the town with the three initial letters--Bal, as well as the source for further excavation and the researching of military units of the first word Nova. Two questions will stay open: when the settlement becomes municipium, and the full name of the town. 展开更多
关键词 roman period funerary monument the first mention of municipium Bal military units of Nova word centurion decurion
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Efficiency-Enhancing Strategies in the Roman Wine Trade: From Producer to Consumer
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作者 Wire Broekaert 《History Research》 2013年第6期377-388,共12页
This paper argues that models developed in 20th century management literature can offer a valuable perspective on the organization of the ancient Roman wine trade. Similar to modem business, Roman entrepreneurs tried ... This paper argues that models developed in 20th century management literature can offer a valuable perspective on the organization of the ancient Roman wine trade. Similar to modem business, Roman entrepreneurs tried to enhance efficiency by implementing a wide range of techniques according to goals and available resources. The famous Ansoff matrix is used to analyse these techniques in function of the markets supplied by Roman merchants and the product diversification they applied. This approach explains how Roman entrepreneurs tried to cope with the limitations of a volatile pre-industrial business world: only the combination of a large family of semi-dependent agents and elite capital allowed successful large-scale engagement in the wine trade. 展开更多
关键词 roman wine trade INVESTMENT efficiency techniques Ansoff matrix
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