Quantification of ventilation enhancement using the Eye CAN roof support

Convergence of roof and floor in underground mine openings is a common occurrence. This convergence not only adversely affects the ability of workers, equipment and supplies to travel through the mine, it also reduces the effectiveness of the mine ventilation system, which is essential for the dilution of methane gas and airborne respirable dust. While installing secondary standing supports to control floor and roof convergence, such supports, by nature, partially obstruct a portion of the airway. These added obstructions inhibit the ability of the ventilation system to operate as efficiently as it could by increasing the resistance in and reducing the cross-sectional area of the airway. This study introduces and demonstrates the benefits of The Eye CAN^(TM) standing roof support, which controls floor and roof convergence and is less obstructive to air flow than conventional wooden cribs. Laboratory findings show that the normal resistance of a supported lined airway is reduced by using this new product from Burrell Mining Products, Inc., while providing the same roof support characteristics of an established product—The CANò. Load vs. displacement curves generated from laboratory tests demonstrated that this new product behaves with the same roof support characteristics as others in The CAN product family. Ventilation data gathered from a simulated mine entry was then used for computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling.The CFD analysis showed an improvement with The Eye CAN vs. other accepted forms of standing roof support. This proof-of-concept study suggests that, when using this new product made by Burrell Mining Products, Inc., not only will the convergence from the roof and floor be controlled, but airway resistance will also be reduced.

Research on hydraulic-powered roof supports test problems

The load-bearing characters of hydraulic-powered roof support with dual telescopic legs were analyzed. With a specific type hydraulic-powered roof support with dual telescopic legs for research object, the inside load test problems in factories was analyzed, and the correct test methods were given, which can enhance the test efficiency and make the factories away from the error design of hydraulic-powered roof supports and legs.

Maximal loads acting on legs of powered roof support unit in longwalls with bumping hazards

In the article the results of measurements of the resultant force in the legs of a powered roof support unit, caused by a dynamic interaction of the rock mass, are discussed. The measurements have been taken in the longwalls mined with a roof fall, characterized by the highest degree of bumping hazard. It has been stated that the maximal force in the legs F m, recorded during a dynamic interaction of the rock mass, is proportional to the initial static force in the legs F st,p . Therefore a need for a careful selection of the initial load of the powered roof support, according to the local mining and geological conditions, results from such a statement. Setting the legs with the supporting load exceeding the indispensable value for keeping the direct roof solids in balance, deteriorating the operational parameters of a longwall system also has a disadvantageous influence on the value of the force in the legs and the rate of its increase, caused by a dynamic interaction of the rock mass. A correct selection of the initial load causes a decrease in the intensity of a dynamic interaction of the rock mass on powered roof supports, which also has an advantageous influence on their life. Simultaneously with the measurements of the resultant force in the legs, the vertical acceleration of the canopy was also recorded. It has enabled to prove that the external dynamic forces may act on the unit both from the roof as well as from the floor. The changes of the force in the legs caused by dynamic phenomena intrinsically created in the roof and changes of the force in the legs caused by blasting explosives in the roof of the working, have been analyzed separately. It has been stated that an increase in the loads of legs, caused by intrinsic phenomena is significantly higher than a force increase in the legs caused by blasting. It means that powered roof supports, to be operated in the workings, where the bumping hazard occurs, will also transmit the loads acting on a unit during blasting. The majority of recorded force changes in the legs has been caused by a dynamic interaction of the roof. They are characterized by a load increase coefficient K d, satisfying the inequality 1 06<K d =F m /F st,p <1 24. A much smaller number of cases, when the external load acted on the bases, was recorded. Individual, recorded results of measurements indicate that changes of the force in the legs, caused by external loads of this type, run more intensively due to roof loads (1 08< K d<1 80),particularly in these cases when the near the roof layer of the seam is under mining. A determination of more precise relations among the changes of forces in the legs, caused by a dynamic interaction of the floor and the bases and the mining and geological conditions requires a performance of additional underground tests.

Influence of canopy ratio of powered roof support on longwall working stability——A case study

The case study describes longwall coal seam A in a hard coal mine,where longwall coal face stability loss and periodic roof fall occurrences had been registered.The authors have attempted to explain the situation based on in-situ measurements and observations of the longwall working as well as numerical simulation.The calculations included several parameters,such as powered roof support geometry in the form of the canopy ratio,which is a factor that influences load distribution along the canopy.Numerical simulations were realized based on a rock mass model representing realistic mining and geological conditions at a depth of 600 m below surface for coal seam A.Numerical model assumptions are described,while the obtained results were compared with the in-situ measurements.The conclusions drawn from this work can complement engineering knowledge utilized at the stage of powered roof support construction and selection in order to improve both personnel safety and longwall working stability,and to achieve better extraction.

Bearing mechanism of roof and rib support structure in automatically formed roadway and its support design method

Non-pillar mining technology with automatically formed roadway is a new mining method without coal pillar reservation and roadway excavation.The stability control of automatically formed roadway is the key to the successful application of the new method.In order to realize the stability control of the roadway surrounding rock,the mechanical model of the roof and rib support structure is established,and the influence mechanism of the automatically formed roadway parameters on the compound force is revealed.On this basis,the roof and rib support structure technology of confined lightweight concrete is proposed,and its mechanical tests under different eccentricity are carried out.The results show that the bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens is basically the same as that of ordinary confined concrete specimens.The bearing capacity of confined lightweight concrete specimens under different eccentricities is 1.95 times higher than those of U-shaped steel specimens.By comparing the test results with the theoretical calculated results of the confined concrete,the calculation method of the bearing capacity for the confined lightweight concrete structure is selected.The design method of confined lightweight concrete support structure is established,and is successfully applied in the extra-large mine,Ningtiaota Coal Mine,China.

Roof pre-blasting to prevent support crushing and water inrush accidents

Support crushing and water inrush when mining under an unconsolidated confined aquifer in the Qidong Coal Mine was prevented by roof pre-blasting. The mechanism and applicable conditions for this method have been studied. The results show that when an overburden structure that may cause support crushing and a water inrush accident exists the weakening of the primary key stratum, which thereby reduces its weighting step, roof pre-blasting is both feasible and effective. If the position of the primary key stratum can be moved upward to exceed 10 times the mining height the possibility of support crushing and water inrush disaster caused by key stratum compound breakage will be lowered. The overburden structure of the number 7121 working face was considered during the design of a technical proposal involving roof pre-blasting. After comprehensively analyzing the applicability of roof pre-blasting the resulting design prevented support crushing and water inrush disasters from happening at the number 7121 working face and laid a solid foundation for mining safely.

Preventing roof fall fatalities during pillar recovery:A ground control success story

For decades, pillar recovery accounted for a quarter of all roof fall fatalities in underground coal mines.Studies showed that a miner on a pillar recovery section was at least three times more likely to be killed by a roof fall than other coal miners. Since 2007, however, there has been just one fatal roof fall on a pillar line. This paper describes the process that resulted in this historic achievement. It covers both the key research findings and the ways in which those insights, beginning in the early 2000 s, were implemented in mining practice. One key finding was that safe pillar recovery requires both global and local stability.Global stability is addressed primarily through proper pillar design, and became a major focus after the2007 Crandall Canyon mine disaster. But the most significant improvements resulted from detailed studies that showed that local stability, defined as roof control in the immediate work area, could be achieved with three interventions:(1) leaving an engineered final stump, rather than extracting the entire pillar,(2) enhancing roof bolt support, particularly in intersections, and(3) increasing the use of mobile roof supports(MRS). A final component was an emphasis on better management of pillar recovery operations.This included a focus on worker positioning, as well as on the pillar and lift sequences, MRS operations,and hazard identification. As retreat mines have incorporated these elements into their roof control plans,it has become clear that pillar recovery is not ‘‘inherently unsafe." The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges that remain, including the problems of rib falls and coal bursts.

Validation of critical strain technique for assessing stability of coal mine intersections and its potential for development of roof control plans

Both room-and-pillar and longwall mining systems develop underground excavations whose stability must be ensured over their entire service life. Even though rock bolts have been extensively used as a support element in US coal mines for about 40 years, limited research has been conducted in quantifying its composite reinforcement effects. Recently, the authors suggested an approach to quantify the reinforcement effect of roof supports over a designated area based on critical failure strains in tension, compression and shear. This paper validates the critical strain technique(CST) using a case study and justifies the magnitude of selected critical strain by corroborating with the US roof fall statistics. Intersections are vulnerable to failure due to the larger exposed roof span and associated stress concentrations. Through numerical application of the CST to a case study, it was demonstrated that modifying the opening orientation and installing reinforcement at critical locations can help to improve the overall stability of intersections.

Vertical load capacities of roof truss cross members

Trusses used for roof support in coal mines are constructed of two grouted bolts installed at opposing forty-five degree angles into the roof and a cross member that ties the angled bolts together. The load on the cross member is vertical, which is transverse to the longitudinal axis, and therefore the cross member is loaded in the weakest direction. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the vertical load capacity and deflection of three different types of cross members. Single-point load tests, with the load applied in the center of the specimen and double-point load tests, with a span of 2.4 m, were conducted. For the single-point load configuration, the yield of the 25 mm solid bar cross member was nominally 98 kN of vertical load, achieved at 42 cm of deflection. For cable cross members, yield was not achieved even after 45 cm of deflection. Peak vertical loads were about 89 kN for 17 mm cables and67 kN for the 15 mm cables. For the double-point load configurations, the 25 mm solid bar cross members yielded at 150 kN of vertical load and 25 cm of deflection. At 25 cm of deflection individual cable strands started breaking at 133 and 111 kN of vertical load for the 17 and 15 mm cable cross members respectively.

Bolt Supporting of Large-Span Soft Rock Roadway in Shaqu Colliery

The instability of trapezoidal Ⅰ-steel support is analysed for the compound roof of main coal seam in Shaqu Colliery, and the mechanism of bolt supporting is studied. A scheme of bolt supporting has been given and put into practice, remarkable technical and economic benefits have been got.

基于ROOF系统的综采液压支架支护设计

为了解决综采工作面液压支架架型和工作阻力等参数的合理选择问题,通过对液压支架实际支撑能力计算、合理工作阻力的分析和综采工作面液压支架的选型,系统的介绍了液压支架支护设计的方法。运用ROOF系统,通过参数输入,自动筛选出适合某工作面的液压支架,不仅使支护设计简单可靠,在安全性和经济性上也得到了很大的提高。

Case study and design of steel set support for aged belt entry rehabilitation

In order to access remote reserve areas, some U.S.coal mines have to maintain aged underground entries for a great distance.However, high humidity, warm temperature, and time dependent deterioration can cause progressive roof deterioration and unexpected roof falls, and pose a great challenge to ground control engineers.With an active belt structure in place and limited space, re-bolting becomes very costly, less effective,and, sometimes, impractical and unfeasible.To gain long-term entry stability and serviceability, operators typically rehabilitate the aged belt entries by installing standing steel set supports.In the last several years,Keystone Mining Services, LLC,(KMS) has assisted many coal mines with their belt entry rehabilitation projects, evaluated the ground condition of various aged belt entries, and designed different standing steel set support systems.This paper presents a case study of a large-scale roof fall that occurred at an aged belt entry in a mine located in an eastern coalfield, analyzes root causes of excessive deformation of square sets that were installed in an adjacent entry, evaluates the adequacy of an existing rehabilitation square set, and develops remedial recommendations for future rehabilitation practice.Based on the case study, the paper outlines design guidelines for rehabilitation steel sets that include field evaluation, engineering considerations, design assumptions, steel structural analysis, and field installation quality control.

隧道管棚支护承载特性及支护参数试验研究

为探究隧道管棚注浆钢管不同支护参数对管棚支护承载能力的影响,引入Pasternak双参数模型构建出更符合实际情况的管棚支护力学模型,通过多组室内试验,对管棚在不同注浆钢管管径、壁厚、注浆饱满度及加设钢筋笼条件下的承载能力进行定量研究。研究表明:1)管棚注浆钢管支护参数中,对管棚承载能力的影响排序为:管径>注浆饱满度>壁厚>钢筋笼。2)增大管棚注浆钢管管径可大幅提高管棚的承载能力,相比管径为108 mm的管棚,管径为159、219、299 mm时管棚承载能力分别增大183.58%、398.62%、874.86%。3)管棚钢管注浆不饱满会较大程度削弱管棚的承载能力,钢管注浆饱满度由100%降至75%、50%时,管棚承载能力分别降低29.8%、34.5%,注浆饱满度为50%时管棚的承载能力与未注浆时相差不大。4)管棚钢管壁厚和钢筋笼加设与否对管棚的承载能力影响较小。因此,在实际工程中,可通过增大管棚钢管管径提升管棚的承载能力,通过减小管棚钢管壁厚及不加设钢筋笼节约用钢量。

基于力学模型构建的留巷切顶高度确定与围岩控制技术

以顺和煤矿2401运输巷道沿空留巷为工程背景,分析巷道围岩结构特征,基于巷道局部空间结构稳定性,分别构建了沿空留巷未切顶与切顶力学结构模型,并以巷道不同切顶高度进行物理相似模拟试验。结果表明:巷旁采空区切落的矸石增加对关键块的支撑力,同时弱化关键块对直接顶悬壁端部挤压,巷旁支护阻力减少35.78%;随着切顶高度增加,巷道顶板采空区侧端部悬臂由F型缓慢过渡到大I型,同时大保护结构具有向上平移趋势,相比于未切顶1巷,4 cm切顶2巷、8 cm切顶3巷与16 cm切顶4巷叠加应力峰值分别下降9.38%,28.13%,25.00%。结合巷道顶板岩性,最终确定切顶高度为8.2 m,留巷段采用三列单体液压支柱作巷旁支护,长短锚索超前补强,巷道围岩稳定,较好满足使用要求。

巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压锚杆防冲支护原理及工程实践

冲击地压是目前严重影响煤炭安全有效开采的灾害之一,研究锚杆防冲支护原理和技术对防治巷道冲击地压灾害具有重要意义和价值。通过对巷帮煤体整体冲入型冲击地压发生的地质条件以及破坏特征进行总结分析,认为坚硬顶板与坚硬煤层是此类型冲击地压的重要地质特征,而巷帮煤体整体滑脱是其主要冲击破坏特征。在此基础上,以巷帮滑脱煤体为研究对象,建立了顶板-巷道-底板复合结构体力学模型,建立了巷帮煤体发生水平滑移的极限平衡方程,并对各个参数进行分析。结果表明:由于顶板反弹使巷帮煤体竖直方向压力降低,巷帮煤体被构造应力推入巷道发生冲击地压。基于该发生机制模型,认为目前的锚杆支护设计体系在防治巷帮煤体冲入型冲击地压存在不足,并基于其发生和破坏特征,建立了针对巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压的锚杆防冲支护设计原则,即将顶和底帮锚杆锚固端分别穿层打入稳定的顶底板内,并使用长锚索取代中部帮锚杆,提供锚杆支护的防冲作用。基于新建立的锚杆防冲支护设计方法,以大屯矿区孔庄煤矿7305工作面防冲支护为工程背景,在宽煤柱段巷帮锚杆支护采取了防冲设计,帮顶、底部锚杆及补强锚索均锚固于顶底板内部,能够有效吸收煤体滑动动能,提高安全性。

Rock characterization while drilling and application of roof bolter drilling data for evaluation of ground conditions

Despite recent advances in mine health and safety, roof collapse and instabilities are still the leading causes of injury and fatality in underground mining operations. Improving safety and optimum design of ground support requires good and reliable ground characterization. While many geophysical methods have been developed for ground characterizations, their accuracy is insufficient for customized ground support design of underground workings. The actual measurements on the samples of the roof and wall strata from the exploration boring are reliable but the related holes are far apart, thus unsuitable for design purposes. The best source of information could be the geological back mapping of the roof and walls, but this is disruptive to mining operations, and provided information is only from rock surface.Interpretation of the data obtained from roof bolt drilling can offer a good and reliable source of information that can be used for ground characterization and ground support design and evaluations. This paper offers a brief review of the mine roof characterization methods, followed by introduction and discussion of the roof characterization methods by instrumented roof bolters. A brief overview of the results of the preliminary study and initial testing on an instrumented drill and summary of the suggested improvements are also discussed.

十堰某体育馆106m跨内凹弦支穹顶结构设计关键问题研究

十堰某体育馆主体结构采用框架-剪力墙结构体系,上部106m大跨内凹形屋盖采用弦支穹顶结构体系。为了满足建筑简洁性及结构合理性需求,对屋盖进行了四角锥网架、弦支穹顶及网架-弦支穹顶组合的不同结构形式对比,最终选用结构轻巧、经济性好的弦支穹顶结构体系。结合弦支穹顶结构自身的受力特点以及其对下部结构的不利影响,对弦支穹顶结构上下弦布置、扭转刚度、支座约束条件、撑杆高度等进行了优化。对弦支穹顶断索情况下的响应、不同工况下的支座位移以及拉索低应力状态下的刚度退化进行了验算。结果表明,优化后的屋盖结构满足结构安全、适用性的要求,同时也有较高的冗余度。

大采高工作面顶板结构模型及液压支架支护阻力计算

针对大采高工作面覆岩垮落范围大,易出现液压支架稳定性差、损坏率高以及支架压死的问题,采用物理模拟、理论分析以及工程实践的方法,对大采高工作面顶板破断结构模型与支架合理支护阻力计算方法进行了研究。结果表明:随着大采高工作面推进,受采空区空间大的影响,顶板将呈现“组合悬梁-非铰接顶板-铰接顶板”结构特征;支架与围岩相互作用体系由支架-组合悬梁结构-非铰接顶板结构-铰接顶板结构组成,揭示了各结构间的相互作用关系并确定了大采高工作面支架工作阻力的计算公式,支架支护阻力应适应覆岩结构失稳运动的变化,承载结构自身重量以及运动产生的附加载荷;结合大同矿区晋华宫煤矿大采高工作面开采条件,计算了工作面支架合理支护阻力并进行了支架选型,矿压监测显示,选择的ZZ13000/28/60型支撑掩护式液压支架能满足顶板控制的要求,保障了大采高工作面的安全回采。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。

轮辐式索承网格屋盖钢结构单道胎架施工技术

泰安体育场作为山东省泰安市的新地标,其钢结构屋盖采用轮辐式索承网格结构,通过68榀径向索和1道中央环索形成张拉结构体系,最大悬挑跨度为45 m。通过数值分析对施工过程进行了精细化稳定性分析,针对不规则构件吊装的工程技术难点,进行了吊装方案的设计与优化;考虑到成本控制与施工周期,极具创新性地采用了径向单道胎架作为屋盖施工过程中的临时支撑,结合工程实际情况设计了胎架转换结构,并对单道胎架整体在多种可能的荷载组合作用下进行验算与校核。通过对体育场屋盖施工全过程的模拟以及对安装过程中的重难点进行优化分析,为现场施工的安全顺利开展提供了技术保障,可为其他类似采用单道胎架施工方法的工程提供施工方案设计的新思路。