Effect of No Tillage and Conventional Tillage on Wheat Grain Yield Variability: A Review

Conservation Agriculture(CA)covers more than 205 million hectares in the world.This made it possible to face and mitigate the challenges of climate change,reducing soil erosion and providing multiple ecosystem services.The first elementary factor influenced is the yield evaluation.It has a direct effect on farmers’choices for sustainable production.The present article records a review focused on wheat yield average positive change compared between conventional tillage(CT)and no tillage(NT)systems.The international database collected showed that NT is adaptable everywhere.The results of wheat yield differentiation showed the influence of crop rotation depending on stations located in different climatic zones.In more than 40 years of research,specialists have succeeded in demonstrating the importance of crop productivity like wheat.The whole integrates also experimentations where the initiation starts more than ten years.

Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China

Reduced tillage provides ecological and economic benefits to arable land on the Loess Plateau of China, where soil erosion has long been a serious problem and soil water availability is largely restricted. However, high abundances of weeds in reduced tillage systems cause significant yield losses. In this study, we explored the effects of no-tillage and stubble retention on the number and density of weeds and weed seeds in a 12-year maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau. Four treatments including conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage＋stubble retention and no-tillage＋stubble retention were designed and applied. We found that no-tillage increased the number of weed species and weed density in most of the crops, while stubble retention decreased weed density in maize and tended to suppress weeds in both no-tillage treatments（no-tillage and no-tillage＋stubble retention）. No-tillage led to an increase in the number of weed species in the weed seedbank and tended to increase seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat, but it decreased seed density during post-vetch fallow. Stubble retention tended to reduce seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat and post-vetch fallow. We concluded that no-tillage can promote weeds in the experimental crop rotation, while stubble retention suppresses weeds in untilled fields. The combined effects of stubble retention and no-tillage on weed suppression varied among the three crops. Based on these results, we recommend stubble retention in untilled legume-crop rotations on the Loess Plateau to improve the control of weeds.

Long-Term No-Tillage Direct Seeding Mode for Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice Production in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

To study the effects of long-term no-tillage direct seeding mode on rice yield and the soil physiochemical property in a rice-rapeseed rotation system, a comparative experiment with a water-saving and drought-resistance rice （WDR） variety and a double low rapeseed variety as materials was conducted under no-tillage direct seeding （NTDS） mode and conventional tillage direct seeding （CTDS） mode for four years, using the CTDS mode as the control. Compared with the CTDS mode, the actual rice yield of WDR decreased by 8.10% at the first year, whereas the plant height, spikelet number per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, actual yield, and harvest index increased with no-tillage years, which led to the actual yield increase by 6.49% at the fourth year. Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to the actual yield of WDR. Compared with the CTDS mode in terms of the soil properties, the pH value of the NTDS mode decreased every year, whereas the contents of soil organic matter and total N of the NTDS mode increased. In the 0-5 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the soil bulk decreased, whereas the contents of soil organic matter, total N, and available N increased. In the 5-20 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the available N and K decreased, whereas the soil bulk, contents of soil organic matter, and total N increased. In summary, the NTDS mode increased the rice yield, and could improve the paddy soil fertility of the top layer.

Corn and Soybean Rotation under Reduced Tillage Management: Impacts on Soil Properties, Yield, and Net Return

A 4-yr field study was conducted from 2007 to 2010 at Stoneville, MS to examine the effects of rotating corn and soybean under reduced tillage conditions on soil properties, yields, and net return. The six rotation systems were continuous corn (CCCC), continuous soybean (SSSS), corn-soybean (CSCS), soybean-corn (SCSC), soybean-soybean-cornsoybean (SSCS), and soybean-soybean-soybean-corn (SSSC). Field preparation consisted of disking, subsoiling, disking, and bedding in the fall of 2005. After the fall of 2006, the raised beds were refurbished each fall after harvest with no additional tillage operations to maintain as reduced tillage system. The surface 5 cm soil from continuous soybean had higher pH than continuous corn in all four years. Unlike pH, total carbon and total nitrogen were higher in continuous corn compared to continuous soybean. Delta 15N tended to be higher in continuous corn compared to continuous soybean. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) indicated minor changes in soil microbial community in relation to cropping sequence, however there was a significant shift in rhizosphere community depending on crop. Corn yield increased every year following rotation with soybean by 16%, 31%, and 15% in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively, compared to continuous corn. As a result, net returns were higher in rotated corn compared with continuous corn. This study demonstrated that alternating between corn and soybean is a sustainable practice with increased net returns in corn.

Recent Advances in Research on Soil Microbial Community Diversity under Conservation Tillage

The influencing factors of soil microbial community under conservation tillage system were summarized,the changes of soil microbial community under conservation tillage system and the general situation of soil microbial community research under rotation system were analyzed,and the contents of soil microbial community need to be future studied were prospected.

Cover Crops as Affecting Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Development of Upland Rice and Soybean Cultivated in Rotation

Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops(cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation(cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield components and grain yield of the cash crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design in factorial scheme 4 × 2 with six replications. Treatments were composed by four cover crops: fallow, millet(Pennisetum glaucum) + Crotalaria ochroleuca, millet + pigeon pea(Cajanus cajans), and millet + pigeon pea + Urochola ruziziensis in the offseason with one or two cycles of cover crops, with rice(Oryza sativa)or soybean(Glycine max) in the summer season. Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties. However, the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced p H, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil. The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow,especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer. In spite of the improvement of the soil physical properties after two years of rotation with cover crops and cash crops, the soil physical quality was still below the recommended level, showing values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively. Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow, mainly because of soil physical changes done by these mixtures of cover crops.Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.

Effects of Different Soil Preparation and Fertilizer Application Methods on the Growth and Yield of the Rice-Crayfish Rotation Direct Seeding Rice Nongxiang 32

In order to improve the yield and fertilizer utilization of the ricecrayfish rotation and direct seeding rice Nongxiang 32,the effects of different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods on the growth,yield and fertilizer utilization of the variety were studied.The results showed that,under the rice-crayfish rotation and direct seeding farming mode,the contributions of seed setting rate,1000-grain weight,yield,and fertilizer contribution rate to yield of Nongxiang 32 in the treatments with rotary tillage with base fertilizer,rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer were relatively higher than those in the treatments with rotary tillage without fertilizer,no-tillage without fertilizer and no-tillage without base fertilizer,and there were no significant differences between the three treatments.Rotary tillage with base fertilizer and rotary tillage without base fertilizer significantly increased the total number of stems and tillers,total number of ears,and number of effective ears.Rotary tillage and application of base fertilizer also significantly increased the number of tillers,plant weight and weed suppression ability in the early stage of rice growth.Therefore,in the different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods,the application of base fertilizer with rotary tillage was the best,followed by rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer.

Effect of potassium on soil conservation and productivity of maize/cowpea based crop rotations in the north-west Indian Himalayas

Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Systems and Cultivation Methods on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

[Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for improving the middle and low yielding fields fertility and farmland productivity. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different management practices （including nutrient management systems and cultivation methods） on crop yield and soil fertility in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system. [Result] The crop yield in the treatment of the high yield and high efficiency system was remarkably higher than farmer conventional management practice. After five crop seasons experiment, the contents of soil organic matter for high yield and high efficiency system increased 2.72-3.01 g/kg, and that of soil total nitrogen increased 0.12-0.16 g/kg, the soil Olsen-P increased 5.2 mg/kg and the soil available K （NH4OAC-K） increased about 37.8 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Considering the yield and soil fertility comprehensively, the management system of high yield and high efficiency could effectively increase the crop yield and improve the soil fertility.

2BMFY-4型玉米免耕播种机研制与试验

针对山东省小麦玉米一年两作轮作区的农艺特点,以及小麦收获后秸秆覆盖量大、免耕播种玉米时容易产生堵塞等问题,研制了2BMFY-4型智能玉米免耕播种机。设计了苗带浅旋动力防堵结构,能防止小麦秸秆在排肥开沟器耧腿上的堆积;设计了垂直勺盘式排种器与种肥一体式开沟器相结合的形式,能够有效降低排种高度并提高播种精度;研制了株距调节变速器,播种作业时能适应多种玉米种植农艺规格和不同玉米种子公顷株数的要求。根据免耕播种机田间高速作业时性能监测的要求,研发了可视化分布式的播种作业性能监测系统。播种试验结果表明,动力防堵单体解决了相邻两组施肥播种开沟器的拥堵问题,通过性良好,种肥施播深度变异系数分别为17.2%,18.6%,株距合格率为97.2%,监测仪计数精度96%,播种作业效率和精度明显提高;免耕播种时,一次可同时完成小麦秸秆粉碎后抛、小麦根茬破碎、开沟施肥、播种、覆土镇压等多个农艺环节,作业费用降低了30%左右;作业时,刀轴上甩刀入土浅,动土量为20%,土壤扰动小。

光纤陀螺用Y波导半波电压的测试方法研究

提出了一种基于塞格纳克效应的用于精确测量光纤陀螺用集成Y波导半波电压的方法———陀螺开环搜索法。这种方法通过特殊的调制和解调方式使塞格纳克干涉仪工作在开环状态,干涉仪的输出信号中包含有调制信号复位电压与集成Y波导半波电压的信息,利用这些信息调节调制信号复位电压,使之不断逼近集成Y波导的半波电压,最终达到集成Y波导半波电压的精确测量。这种方法利用光纤陀螺本身的光路和电路进行测量,不需搭建专用的测试系统,而且可以实现全自动测量。它比目前广为采用的马赫-泽德干涉仪法更精确、更方便、更有实用价值。

高强钢组合Y形偏心支撑钢框架抗震性能与震后修复分析

为研究高强钢组合Y形偏心支撑钢框架这种新型结构体系的抗震性能和震后可修复性,在试验的基础上对3种组合Y形偏心支撑钢框架进行有限元分析.采用ANSYS软件建模,3-D实体单元划分网格,考虑材料非线性和几何非线性,研究变量为耗能梁段长度.结果表明:耗能梁段长度对试件的初始刚度影响较大,对极限承载力影响较小;耗能梁段长度对破坏模式影响较大,在位移角相同的条件下,短耗能梁段的剪切变形发展更充分,长耗能梁段将导致钢框架节点弯矩大幅增长,使得框架梁先于梁段发生破坏,震后修复难度增加.为保证高强钢组合Y形偏心支撑钢框架的耗能梁段弹塑性变形发展充分,作为第一道抗震防线首先发生破坏,建议耗能梁段长度与层高的比值不宜大于0.25.

双旋Y切石英振子“T”模分析及SC切双模同时振荡的研究

本文推导了石英晶体基本物理参数的双旋变换关系,并利用克里斯托费尔方程,对其厚度模式的a、b、c三个模作了分析。文中也论证了SC切中b、c模的正交性,并用一块SC切晶体同时激励了b、c模振荡,给出了双模振荡器的测试结果,它表明利用b模频率信息来对C模实行最佳温度补偿是可能的。

双旋Y切石英振子厚度模式的频温特性的研究

本文利用描述固体中弹性声波的克里斯托费尔方程,建立了双旋Y切石英振子厚度模式的频温特性分析方法,并编制了相应的计算机程序。该程序可给出双旋Y切石英振子在任意切角(ф_3ф_1)下的厚度模(a、b、c模)的频率温度特性曲线。文中给出了单旋AT切、BT切(b模)、双旋SC切(b、c模)、FC切、IT切、LC切、NL_1切、NL_2切、AK切等各已知切型的频温特性曲线。对石英谐振器的切角灵敏度和切角误差进行了分析。

超重力法制备纳米Y型酞菁氧钛

采用超重力旋转填充床制备了纳米 Y 型酞菁氧钛(Y-TiOPc),并与烧瓶中的研究结果进行了比较。结果表明,在旋转填充床中可以得到粒径为55 nm 左右的 Y-TiOPc,其饱和电位为-538 V,半衰曝光量为0.452 lux·s,在波长200～450 nm 和550～850 nm 内具有良好的吸收,相对于传统方法制备的 Y-TiOPc 具有明显的光导性能优势,可以满足办公室自动化的应用需要。

双旋Y切石英振子模式交替性的分析与研讨

本文通过描述固体中弹性声波的christoffel(克里斯托费尔)方程,分析了在石英晶体中,由于其对称性的限制而显示出各向异性的切角范围0≤φ_3≤60°,0≤φ_1≤90°(或0≤φ_3≤30°,-90°≤φ_1≤90°)内,双旋Y切石英振子T模(厚度模)的特性。其中着重分析了30°≤φ_3≤60°,24°≤φ_1≤32°(或0≤φ_3≤30°,-32°≤φ_1≤-24°)这一区域内的T模特性,证实了美国36届频率控制年会报道的“当φ_3在0～10°之间时,存在着b、c摸的交替点”的论述。并得出了两个特定的交替点切角(φ_3°,φ_1°),这在我们所见到的资料中尚未见报道。这些结果对掌握振模的本质,提高石英振子的性能等方面是有实际意义的。

熔盐电解制备Al-Cu-Y合金电解质体系黏度的研究

采用旋转法测定了熔盐电解制备Al-Cu-Y合金的电解质体系Na3AlF6-AlF3-LiF-MgF2-Al2O3-CuO-Y2O3在温度900~1 000℃范围内的黏度,通过分析数据研究温度及Al2O3、Y2O3、CuO添加量对熔盐黏度的影响,确定了温度、熔盐组分和黏度之间的关系.结果表明:在温度900~1 000℃范围内,体系随温度升高,黏度减小;随Al2O3、Y2O3、CuO的含量增大,黏度增大;在900~1 000℃范围体系黏度(η)随温度(T)以及氧化物的含量WAl2O3、WY2O3、WCuO符合回归方程η=0.075-6.49×10^-5T+3.7×10^-4WAl2O3+5.73×10^-4WY2O3+6.78×10^-4WCuO.

Long-term rice-based cropping system effects on near-surface soil compaction

Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is as-sociated with frequent cycling between anaero-bic and aerobic conditions, which can lead to a greater rate of soil organic matter (SOM) de-composition, thus potentially increasing soil bulk density (BD) over time. A study was con-ducted in the Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas, USA to evaluate the long-term effects of rice-based crop rotations, tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT)], soil fertility regime (optimal and sub-optimal), and soil depth (0-10 and 10-20 cm) after 10 years of consistent management on near-surface soil compaction, as measured by BD. Soil BD was greater under NT than CT in the top 10 cm, but was similar between NT and CT in the 10- to 20-cm depth interval. Soil BD differed among common rice-based cropping systems with corn, soybean, and winter wheat, but few consistent trends were evident. It appears that, even after 10 years of continuous CT or NT rice production on a silt-loam soil, substantially increased near-surface soil BD has not occurred to the point where soil compaction would be a likely culprit responsible for a reduced early season stand establishment or crop yield differences among rice-based copping systems.

Soil physical properties,nutrients,and crop yield with two-year tillage rotations under a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system

Winter wheat and summer maize were planted from 2015-2017 to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physicochemical properties,crop yield,water content,and fertilizer utilization.The tillage treatments were designed as wheat subsoiling-maize no tillage(WS-MN),wheat rotary tillage-maize subsoiling(WR-MS),wheat subsoiling-maize subsoiling(WS-MS),and conventional wheat rotary tillage-maize no tillage(WR-MN)as a control.Among the four treatments,WS-MN and WR-MS were single-season subsoiling treatments,and WS-MS was a two-season subsoiling treatment.The average soil bulk density decreased by 7.6%in the single-and double-season subsoiling groups compared to the WR-MN group,and the total porosity and noncapillary porosity increased by 10.7%and 12.2%,respectively.Single-or double-season subsoiling treatment was not conducive to water storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer but increased the water content of the 20-140 cm soil layer,and the average soil water content of the 0-140 cm layer was increased by 11.6%in the two-growing season treatment groups compared with the WR-MN group.In WS-MS and WS-MN groups compared with the WR-MN group,the soil ammonium nitrogen content was increased by an average of 18.6%in 0-20 cm soil and 16.8%in 20-100 cm soil;soil nitrate-nitrogen content was decreased by 13.5%in 0-100 cm soil;total organic carbon and microbial carbon contents in the 15-30 cm soil were increased by 18.1%and 12.7%,respectively;and soil urease,catalase,and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by 46.1%,15.2%,and 23.1%,respectively.Annual crop yield and water use efficiency increased by 8.9%and 15.0%,respectively,in both the single-and double-season subsoiling treatment groups.This study demonstrated the advantages of subsoiling tillage and suggested that it is suitable for crop cultivation in the Haihe Plain,China.

Effects of Direct Sowing under Mulch-Based Cropping System (DMC) on Cotton and Maize Yield and Chemical Characteristics of Ferruginous Soil (Lixisoil) in the South Sudan Area of Burkina Faso

To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-Ba research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under B. ruziziensis (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under B. ruziziensis + M. cochinchinensis mulch and DMC under C. juncea (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as M. cochinchinensis and C. juncea compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P2O5 and K2O content. Although DMC with C. juncea used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.