Numerical simulation and visualization of fiber suspension in a turbulent round jet

The turbulent properties of the fiber suspension in a turbulent round jet are numerically simulated and visualized, and some of the results are compared with the experimental data. The effects of the Reynolds number, fiber volume fraction, and aspect ratio are analyzed. The results show that the fiber injection in the flow has a delay effect on the streamwise velocity decay along the jet axis, and such an effect becomes more obvious with the increases in the fiber volume fraction and aspect ratio and the decrease in the Reynolds number. The flow with fibers shows an increase in the streamwise velocity along the radial direction, and the increase magnitude is directly proportional to the fiber volume fraction and aspect ratio and inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. The presence of fibers makes the turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stress increase, and the extent increases with the fiber volume fraction, Reynolds number, and fiber aspect ratio.

Particle modulations to turbulence in two-phase round jets

The particle modulations to turbulence in round jets were experimentally studied by means of two-phase velocity measurements with Phase Doppler Anemometer （PDA）. Laden with very large particles, no significant attenuations of turbulence intensities were measured in the farfields, due to small two-phase slip velocities and particle Reynolds number. The gas-phase turbulence is enhanced by particles in the near-fields, but it is significantly attenuated by the small particles in the far-fields. The smaller particles have a more profound effect on the attenuation of turbulence intensities. The enhancements or attenuations of turbulence intensities in the far-fields depends on the energy production, transport and dissipation mechanisms between the two phases, which are determined by the particle prop- erties and two-phase velocity slips. The non-dimensional parameter CTI is introduced to represent the change of turbulence intensity.

Inlet flow disturbance effects on direct numerical simulation of incompressible round jet at Reynolds number 2500

This letter reports inlet flow disturbance effects on direct numerical simulation of incompressible round jet at Reynolds number 2500.The simulation employs an accurate projection method in which a sixth order biased upwind difference scheme is used for spatial discretization of nonlinear convective terms,with a fourth order central difference scheme used in the discretization of the divergence of intermediate velocity.Carefully identifying reveals that the inlet flow disturbance has some influences on the distribution pattern of mean factor of swirling strength intermittency.With the increase of inlet disturbance magnitude jet core cone slightly shortens,observable differences occur in the centerline velocity and its fluctuations,despite the negligible impacts on the least square fitted centerline velocity decay constant(B_u)and distribution parameter(K_u)for velocity profile in self-similar region.

Numerical Study on Flow Structure of a Shallow Laminar Round Jet

The evolution mechanism and characteristics of the submerged laminar round jet in a viscous homogenous shallow water layer are investigated through computational modeling. The laminar mode is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. In order to visualize the formation and evolution of the flow pattern, the volume of fluid(VOF) method is adopted to simulate the free surface of the water layer below the air and to trace the jet fluid. The results show that the jet forms a class of quasi-two-dimensional(Q2D) vortex structures in the ambient fluid with unequal influence from the bottom wall and free surface. The time dependence of three parameters,defined for the flow pattern as jet length, spiral radius and pattern length, is investigated quantitatively in their non-dimensional forms. Three different Reynolds numbers and two injection durations are further considered to discuss their influence on the flow pattern.

Large eddy simulation of a 3-D spatially developing turbulent round jet

A three-dimensional large eddy simulation （LES） of a spatially developing round jet is carried out in cylindrical coordinates using a dynamic subgrid model with strong inflow instability. Evolutions of large-scale vortex structures represented by tangential vortices are obtained and compared with flow visualization. Also presented are three-dimensional spatial evolutions of coherent structure, which are of quasi two-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and vortex rings as well as breaking up of the vortex rings with fully three-dimensional characteristics. Predicted results of mean velocity and turbulent intensity agree well with experiments. They are also compared with the results predicted by LES using standard Smagorinsky model and show good self-similarity. Turbulence spectrum of the predicted velocity shows the -5/3 decay for higher wave number, as expected for turbulent round jet flows. In addition, fl-test and y-test are carded out for the instantaneous velocity, showing that the present LES method can successfully predict the hierarchical structure of round jet.

A study on large coherent structures and noise emission in a turbulent round jet

A moderate Reynolds number, and high subsonic turbulent round jet is investigated by large eddy simulation. The detailed results （e.g. mean flow properties, turbulence intensities, etc.） are validated against the experimental data, and special attention is paid to study motions of coherent structures and their contributions to far-field noise. Eulerian methods （e.g. Q-criteria and A2 criteria） are utilized for visualizing coherent structures directly for instantaneous flow fields, and Lagrangian coherent structures accounting for integral effect are shown via calculating fields of finite time Lyapunov exponents based on bidimensional velocity fields. All visualizations demonstrate that intrusion of three-dimensional vortical structures into jet core occurs intermittently at the end of the potential core, resulting from the breakdown of helical vortex rings in the shear layer. Intermittencies in the shear layer and on the centerline are studied quantitatively, and distinctively different distributions of probability density function are observed. Moreover, the physical sound sources are obtained through a filtering operation of defined sources in Lighthill＇s analogy, and their distributions verify that intrusion of vortical structures into the core region serves as important sound sources, in particular for noise at aft angles. The facts that intermittent behaviors are caused by motions of coherent structures and correlated with noise generation imply that to establish reasonable sound sources in active noise production region based on intermittent coherent structures is one of the key issues for far-field noise prediction.

Visualization of Coherent Structures in Acoustically Forced, Gas-Particle Turbulent Round Jet

To show the effects of the particles and forced disturbances on the instantaneous large-scale vortex structures in a gas-particle round jet, coherent structures in gas-particle turbulent round jets were investigated experimentally by flow visualization. The 45-μm and 350-μm diameter glass beads were used as the particles in the experiments. An acoustic speaker was used to introduce velocity perturbations at the jet exit. The Strouhal number based on the nozzle diameter, exit velocity, and forcing frequency was varied from 0,1 to 0.9. The Reynolds number was 9400. The coherent structures were visualized in unforced and forced single-phase jet flows and unforced and forced particle-laden jet flows with different diameter glass beads. The experimental results show that the particles have significant effects on the gas phase coherent structures. The coherent structures are controlled by the large 350-μm diameter particles, while the structures are mainly dominated by the forced disturbances in the flows w

ROUNDED FLOWING STATES OF OBSTRUCTED BUOYANT JET

The mutual relationships of three effective factors, the diameter D/d （d is the diameter of exit） of obstructed plate, exit densimetric Froude number and the distance Hid of the plate from jet orifice for obstructed buoyant jet in static ambient, are analyzed to explain normal and abnormal rounded flowing （reverberated and bifurcated flowing）. The critical Froude numbers for obstructed buoyant jets with H/d=2, 4, 6, 8 which distinguished normal and abnormal flowing pattern are obtained. Normal rounded flowing is found only for a plate under a special value of H/d. A fitted formula of critical Froude numbers with H/d and D/d is presented to distinguish rounded flowing types. The occurring of reverberated or bifurcated flowing in abnormal rounded flow is analyzed. Based on the results of obstructed buoyant jets with D/d=1, normal rounded flowing occurred only for all conditions and axial dilution behind the plate under different H/D is obtained.

RESEARCH ON THE PARTICLE DISPERSION IN THE PARTICULATE TWO-PHASE ROUND JET

In this paper, the three_dimensional vo rtex filament method was used to simulate the evolution of vortex structures in the axisymmetric round jet. The results agree well with the ones given by Chung and Troutt. Then one_coupling model was employed to calculate the particle motio n based on the computed flows. The results show that the particle motion is affe cted by flows obviously at the case of particle number St1 and negligibly at St1 ,particles distribute around the vortex structures uniformly at St ～1 . When perturbations with wavenumber 5 are introduced to vortex rings, part icles disperse wider along radial direction, which conforms to the experimental results. The degree of particle dispersion is in the direct ratio to the amplitu de of perturbation. The conclusions given in the paper are useful to the practic e usage.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE STABILITY AND MIXING OFVERTICAL ROUND BUOYANT JET IN SHALLOW WATER

The k-epsilon model was applied to establish the mathematical model of vertical round buoyant jet discharging into confined depth, and it was solved using the Hybrid Finite Analytic Method (HFAM). The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different jet discharge and environmental parameters: (ⅰ)a stable buoyant flow discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the near-field warm in a surface warm water layer; (ⅱ)an unstable buoyant flow discharge with recirculation and re-entrainment of warm water in the near field. Furthermore, the mixing characters of vertical round buoyant jet were numerically predicted. Both the stability criterion and numerical predictions of bulk dilutions are in excellent agreement with Lee and Jirka's experiments and theory.

Unusual coastal ocean cooling in the northern South China Sea by a katabatic cold jet associated with Typhoon Mujigea(2015)

This study deals with a unusual cooling event after Typhoon Mujigea passed over the northern South China Sea(SCS) in October 2015. We analyze the satellite sea surface temperature(SST) time series from October 3 to 18,2015 and find that the cooling process in the coastal ocean had two different stages. The first stage occurred immediately after typhoon passage on October 3, and reached a maximum SST drop of –2℃ on October 7 as the usual cold wake after typhoon. The second stage or the unusual extended cooling event occurred after 7d of the typhoon passage, and lasted for 5d from October 10 to 15. The maximum SST cooling was –4℃ and occurred after 12d of typhoon passage. The mechanism analysis results indicate that after landing and moving northwestward to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(YGP), Typhoon Mujigea(2015) met the westerly wind front on October 5. The lowpressure and positive-vorticity disturbances to the front triggered meridional air flow and low-pressure trough,thus induced a katabatic cold jet downward from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) passing through the YGP to the northwestern SCS. The second cooling reached the maximum SST drop 4d later after the maximum air temperature drop of –9℃ on October 11. The simultaneous air temperature and SST observations at three coastal stations reveal that it is this katabatic cold jet intrusion to lead the unusual SST cooling event.

Stability of Subsonic Microjet Flows and Combustion

Results of experimental studies of round and plane propane microjet combustion in a transverse acoustic field at small Reynolds numbers are presented in this paper. Features of flame evolution under the given conditions are shown. Based on the new information obtained on free microjet evolution, new phenomena in flame evolution in a transverse acoustic field with round and plane propane microjet combustion are discovered and explained.

深厚砂性地层TRD切割箱埋卡原因初探及处置实践

结合工程实际,介绍了等厚度水泥土地下连续墙工法在深厚砂层地质施工过程中切割箱出现埋卡现象的处理方案。在采取多种措施仍未能拔除切割箱后,对切割箱埋卡原因进行了简要分析,通过采用全方位高压喷射系统加固桩进行补强,并在后续的施工过程中采取反循环钻机间隔引孔的方案优化,减少了切割箱切割链条卡死导致的机械损坏现象,提高了施工效率,为其他类似工程提供了经验参考。

基于SAC305焊料的红外激光植球功率和时间对焊点形态的影响

为了探究工艺参数对激光植球焊点形态的影响,采用激光器波长为1064 nm的激光植球设备对直径0.6 mm的SAC305焊球在覆铜板上进行植球。基于单因素实验法,通过红外测温系统对激光植球熔池温度进行测量,使用3D轮廓测量仪对焊点圆度、铺展直径、焊点高度、小孔直径和小孔深度等参数进行测量。研究了激光功率和加热时间对焊点参数的影响。结果表明,熔池温度在保温区出现先升高后降低的趋势;随着加热时间的增加,冷却区熔池的冷却速率逐渐降低;激光功率的增加使得熔池温度的升温速率增加且冷却区起始温度升高。随着加热时间和激光功率的增加焊点铺展直径和小孔直径相应增大,焊点高度逐渐降低;随着加热时间的增加小孔深度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着激光功率增加小孔深度逐渐增大。该研究结果可为植球工艺参数的选择提供参考。

液体圆柱射流破碎过程的实验

采用高速摄像仪对圆柱射流的表面剥离现象和射流破碎长度进行了实验,在低速射流下,分析了Rayleigh模式下主液滴和卫星液滴形成过程及运动规律.随着射流速度的增大,射流表面开始出现了表面剥离小液滴.并发现存在一个临界雷诺数,当超过临界雷诺数时,射流表面出现表面剥离现象.通过对射流中表面剥离现象的实验和分析,给出了两种射流破碎长度随雷诺数变化规律和破碎长度拟合关系式.

流动环境中圆孔水平热射流三维数值模拟

根据计算流体动力学理论,采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法,考虑浮力作用,利用有限体积法来离散求解流动环境中圆孔水平热射流的流动与传热控制方程,对流动环境中圆孔水平热射流进行了三维数值模拟,比较了不同流速比和不同射流出口温度条件下的流动特性和温度分布特性,得到了热射流轨迹的速度和温度衰减规律,分析了流速比和射流出口温度对热射流轨迹温度分布的影响。

同轴直射流与旋转射流组合的双射流湍流流场数值模拟

直射流与旋转射流分别具有能量传递距离长与能量传递分布面积大的优点,为了尽可能的提高射流能量利用,本文提出了结合两者优点的同轴直射流和旋转射流组成的新型双射流。对淹没条件下的组合双射流流场特性,进行数值模拟研究。采用RNGk ε模型和高精度QUICK离散格式,得出了不同速度组合下双射流流场的直射流轴心速度衰减和旋转射流旋转速度衰减规律,速度矢量图,量化分析了射流结构对流场结构的影响。计算结果表明,在喷嘴压降一定时,存在三种轴心速度衰减曲线,当旋转射流轴向速度高于门限速度的情况下,射流衰减速度最慢。另外,直射流与旋转射流轴心衰减曲线存在很大差异,要提高双射流能量利用,内外喷嘴的流量分配至关重要。

同向圆射流混合特性实验研究

利用声学多普勒流速仪(Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV)自动测速系统和平面激光诱导荧光(Plane Laser In-duced Florescence,PLIF)系统对同向圆射流的速度场和浓度场进行了系统的研究,并与前人的工作进行了比较和讨论。时均特性测量结果表明,射流主体段下游各断面的速度和浓度横向分布是自相似的,且近似可用高斯分布来表示;随着射流向下游传播,射流中心流速逐渐衰减,在强射流区和弱射流区遵循不同的规律;紊动特性测量结果表明,下游各断面的紊动强度横向分布是自相似的。

低压射流不同喷嘴参数及压力下破碎过程实验

研究了不同低压下喷头喷嘴直径和喷嘴锥角对射流破碎的影响。采用高速摄像仪对低压圆柱射流的射流核心长度和射流破碎长度进行实验,测量了不同喷嘴结构的流量、射程和末端水滴直径。结果表明:同一压力下,当喷嘴锥角不变时,随着喷嘴直径的增大,喷头流量、射程和喷头末端水滴直径都变大,射流核心长度和破碎长度均增大;当喷嘴直径不变时,随着喷嘴锥角的增大,喷头流量逐渐减小,而喷头射程呈先增大后减小趋势,喷头末端水滴直径也变大,射流核心长度逐渐减小,射流破碎长度先减小后增大。综合考虑射程和雾化效果,直径为5 mm、锥角为45°的喷嘴为最优选择。同时通过对不同Re数和We数的实验和分析,给出了适合低压喷嘴的两种射流特征长度的拟合关联式。

圆湍射流中的拟序结构和颗粒弥散

To provide reference for engineering application and validation of numerical simulations PIV experimental technology was used to visualize a gas-solid two-phase turbulent round jet.The Reynolds number of the flow Re=6200 and the Stokes numbers of particles were 1.2,9.2 and 25.7,respectively.It was shown that the coherent structures was transformed from large-scale to small-scale and from two-dimensional to three-dimensional.The preferential concentration effect was observed for particles at the Stokes number of 1.2.With the increase of the Stokes number or the mass loading,the particles were less influenced by coherent structure.