为探明长江中游河段悬沙垂向分布规律,在总结分析相关研究成果的基础上,进一步用实测资料对Rouse公式、张小峰公式、E M Laursen公式、莱恩-卡林斯基公式进行了对比研究及合理性分析,选择适用于长江中游各段悬沙垂向分布计算的合理公式...为探明长江中游河段悬沙垂向分布规律,在总结分析相关研究成果的基础上,进一步用实测资料对Rouse公式、张小峰公式、E M Laursen公式、莱恩-卡林斯基公式进行了对比研究及合理性分析,选择适用于长江中游各段悬沙垂向分布计算的合理公式。结果表明:当泥沙颗粒较细且含沙量较小(S<0.1 kg/m^3)时,Rouse公式、张小峰公式、E M Laursen公式、莱恩-卡林斯基公式的计算结果与实测资料都比较吻合;在含沙量较小、紊动较大的中泓处,张小峰公式和E M Laursen公式的计算精度高;在长江中游河段近两岸处,莱恩-卡林斯基公式的计算精度较高。展开更多
Retroviral replication proceeds through the integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host cellular genome, a process that is mediated by the viral integrase(IN) protein. IN catalyzes two distinct che...Retroviral replication proceeds through the integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host cellular genome, a process that is mediated by the viral integrase(IN) protein. IN catalyzes two distinct chemical reactions: 3'-processing, whereby the viral DNA is recessed by a di- or trinucleotide at its 3'-ends, and strand transfer, in which the processed viral DNA ends are inserted into host chromosomal DNA. Although IN has been studied as a recombinant protein since the 1980 s, detailed structural understanding of its catalytic functions awaited high resolution structures of functional IN-DNA complexes or intasomes, initially obtained in 2010 for the spumavirus prototype foamy virus(PFV). Since then, two additional retroviral intasome structures, from the α-retrovirus Rous sarcoma virus(RSV) and β-retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus(MMTV), have emerged. Here, we briefly review the history of IN structural biology prior to the intasome era, and then compare the intasome structures of PFV, MMTV and RSV in detail. Whereas the PFV intasome is characterized by a tetrameric assembly of IN around the viral DNA ends, the newer structures harbor octameric IN assemblies. Although the higher order architectures of MMTV and RSV intasomes differ from that of the PFV intasome, they possess remarkably similar intasomal core structures. Thus, retroviral integration machineries have adapted evolutionarily to utilize disparate IN elements to construct convergent intasome core structures for catalytic function.展开更多
文摘为探明长江中游河段悬沙垂向分布规律,在总结分析相关研究成果的基础上,进一步用实测资料对Rouse公式、张小峰公式、E M Laursen公式、莱恩-卡林斯基公式进行了对比研究及合理性分析,选择适用于长江中游各段悬沙垂向分布计算的合理公式。结果表明:当泥沙颗粒较细且含沙量较小(S<0.1 kg/m^3)时,Rouse公式、张小峰公式、E M Laursen公式、莱恩-卡林斯基公式的计算结果与实测资料都比较吻合;在含沙量较小、紊动较大的中泓处,张小峰公式和E M Laursen公式的计算精度高;在长江中游河段近两岸处,莱恩-卡林斯基公式的计算精度较高。
基金Supported by United States National Institutes of Health grant,No.R01AI070042
文摘Retroviral replication proceeds through the integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host cellular genome, a process that is mediated by the viral integrase(IN) protein. IN catalyzes two distinct chemical reactions: 3'-processing, whereby the viral DNA is recessed by a di- or trinucleotide at its 3'-ends, and strand transfer, in which the processed viral DNA ends are inserted into host chromosomal DNA. Although IN has been studied as a recombinant protein since the 1980 s, detailed structural understanding of its catalytic functions awaited high resolution structures of functional IN-DNA complexes or intasomes, initially obtained in 2010 for the spumavirus prototype foamy virus(PFV). Since then, two additional retroviral intasome structures, from the α-retrovirus Rous sarcoma virus(RSV) and β-retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus(MMTV), have emerged. Here, we briefly review the history of IN structural biology prior to the intasome era, and then compare the intasome structures of PFV, MMTV and RSV in detail. Whereas the PFV intasome is characterized by a tetrameric assembly of IN around the viral DNA ends, the newer structures harbor octameric IN assemblies. Although the higher order architectures of MMTV and RSV intasomes differ from that of the PFV intasome, they possess remarkably similar intasomal core structures. Thus, retroviral integration machineries have adapted evolutionarily to utilize disparate IN elements to construct convergent intasome core structures for catalytic function.
