Land Cover Changes and Drivers in the Water Source Area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(MR-SNWDP)in China,with construction beginning in 2003,diverts water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to North China for residential,agriculture and industrial use.The water source area of the MR-SNWDP is the region that is most sensitive to and most affected by the construction of this water diversion project.In this study,we used Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)and HJ-1 A/B images from 2000 to 2015 by an object-based approach with a hierarchical classification method for mapping land cover in the water source area.The changes in land cover were illuminated by transfer matrixes,single dynamic degree,slope zones and fractional vegetation cover(FVC).The results indicated that the area of cropland decreased by 31%and was replaced mainly by shrub over the past 15 years,whereas forest and settlements showed continuous increases of 29.2% and 77.7%,respectively.The changes in cropland were obvious in all slope zones and decreased most remarkably(–43.8%)in the slope zone above 25°.Compared to the FVC of forest and shrub,significant improvement was exhibited in the FVC of grassland,with a growth rate of 16.6%.We concluded that local policies,including economic development,water conservation and immigration resulting from the construction of the MR-SNWDP,were the main drivers of land cover changes;notably,they stimulated the substantial and rapid expansion of settlements,doubled the wetlands and drove the transformation from cropland to settlements in immigration areas.

Geological conditions and key rock mechanics issues in the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In terms of special geological conditions of the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the classification method for surrounding rocks is discussed by combining with the construction method of tunnel boring machine （TBM）. The classification standard of surrounding rocks is put forward on the basis of physical simulations and engineering practices. Damage, deformation and evolution of surrounding rocks induced by TBM excavation are discussed. Meanwhile, the long-term deformation mechanisms and stability of surrounding rocks are also studied. On this basis, a three-dimensional constitutive model for interbedded sandstone slate and a fiat shell-joint element-foundation system for calculating internal forces of segment lining are established. The deformation features of surrounding rocks of deep and steep interbedded sandstone slate and their influences on internal forces of segment lining are presented. Finally, the design methods of segment lining constructed in deep and steep flysch are proposed.

The Training Model and Development Route of Market-oriented Professional Farmers

To cultivate new professional farmers is a key way for rural labor development, resolving existing problems such as how to farming. It is notable that government and market take advantages in training of new professional farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee government and market playing the roles. The research explored market-oriented farmer training model and the characteristics and investigated training routes for new professional farmers.

Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China

Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(ERSNWDP)in Shandong Province as the study area,and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North(MRSNWDP),the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed.Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries.These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water,total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10000 RMB,average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances.Based on the scenarios,comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated.The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level.However,some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated.Under the recommended water-saving scenario,the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3,accounting for 5.33%of the current total water consumption,of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture,600 million m3 in industry,is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector.Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural,industrial and domestic water uses.Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant.The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City,Heze City,Weifang City and Jinan City;the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City,Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.;the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City,Jining City and Heze City.

Regulations of Business Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises

Regulations of Busi- ness Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises(CCAR- 287),which were passed at the executive meeting of Civil Aviation Ad- ministration of China on May 19,2008,were hereby promulgated and became effective as of July 11,2008.

Following the Inspection Route of Emperor Qianlong

THE AREAS in the southerm part of the villa served as a residence and workplace for the Qing emperors.The scenery takes in all sorts of terrain,including plains,lakes and hills,and is reminiscent of the topography of souther China.From 1713 to 1780,11 monaster-ies were built to the north and east of the villa.Eight have survived the ages,including one still in ruins,and they are known as the Eight Outer Monasteries.

Research in migration route of hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) in the Bohai Bay using method of SSR marker

This study provides new insights for the hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis),including proportion,dynamic migration route,after they were released into nature for stock enhancement using a new strategy quite different than ever.Chinese shrimp were sampled at 22 survey stations during two investigation voyages acrossing 74 survey stations in the Bohai Sea from July 16 to August 9 in 2015.Among 289 sampled individuals during the second voyage,totally 155 shrimps were identified as hatchery shrimp released into the Laizhou Bay at mid-May in 2015 based on finger-print of eight SSR(simple sequence repeats)markers,and the proportion of hatchery released shrimp in recapture samples were from 41.30%–85.71%in each station with an average value 53.63%,which verified a previous view point that up to 90%of autumn season Chinese shrimp landing in the Bohai Sea were composed of hatchery released.Meanwhile,the dynamic migration route of hatchery released shrimp revealed that part of released shrimp migrated heading northwest along the west coast of the Bohai Sea up to the Bohai Bay but just remained at the Laizhou Bay until over-wintering migration at midOctober when they initiate over-wintering migration.Present unnatural spring season shrimp fishing model cut the throat of spawner shrimp chance to swim back to their respective spawning plants at each spring,it still no chance to clarify whether the hatchery released shrimp could replenish to the reproduce population and complete a whole life cycle as same as their natural relatives.

Non-Alcohol Route of Biodiesel Synthesis from Fried Palm Oil using Immobilized Candida rugosa Lipase

Synthesis biodiesel using biocatalyst is an emerging and attracting alternative process to replace the conventional process. However, biocatalyst is easy to be deactivated by alcohol, which is a reactant in biodiesel synthesis reaction. Therefore, it is needed to develop new method to maintain the activity and stability of the biocatalyst during reaction. New method to be developed is by changing the reaction route which is using alcohol to the reaction route which is not using alcohol. Route reaction of non alcohol can be done by changing the alkyl alcohol with alkyl acetate. Both have the same function as alkyl supplier during the reaction. In this research, methyl acetate was reacted with triglyceride from fried palm oil using Candida rugosa lipase in batch reactor. The reactants and products were analyzed using HPLC. The effect of operating factors such as enzyme concentration, substrates ratio, operating temperature and addition of inhibitor using free and immobilized enzyme were investigated. The experimental results showed that 89.6% of triglyceride from fried palm oil was converted to its corresponding methyl esters under the condition of 4% wt lipase based on substrate weight, 1/12 mol rasio of oil/methyl acetate after 50 hours reaction using immobilized lipase. Stability test indicated that the activity of the immobilized biocatalyst was still remained after three reaction cycles.

Therapeutic Route of Patients with Cirrhosis in Bangui

Introduction: Cirrhosis is the final stage in the development of any chronic liver disease. The objective of our study was to determine the therapeutic route of patients with cirrhosis. Patients and Methods: This was a one-year cross-sectional study of consenting patients of both sexes with cirrhosis who were hospitalized for the first time. The study took place from October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on clinical, biological and morphological arguments. Results: In total, 1028 patients were hospitalized, including 202 for cirrhosis (19.6%). One hundred and four patients (10.1%) met our inclusion criteria. These were 70 men (67.3%) and 34 women (32.7%). The sex ratio was 2.05. The average age was 43.74 ± 13.74 years. In 68 cases (65.4%), cirrhosis was considered a supernatural disease and in 36 cases (34.6%) was a natural disease. At the first signs, 88 patients (84.6%) had consulted (traditional healer in 34 cases, pastor in 25 cases, marabout in 16 cases and general practitioner in 13 cases). The pastor prayed to 25 patients (24%). The traditional healer made the patients ingest herbal preparations (n = 18), associated or not with scarification (n = 4) and/or enema (n = 28). The marabout recited Quranic verses written on a board, then washed and ingested in 16 cases (15.4%). The general practitioner prescribed treatment to the 13 patients (12.5%). The various treatments received had led to hepatic encephalopathy (21 cases), digestive hemorrhage (15 cases), abdominal pain (3 cases), jaundice (3 cases), increased abdominal bloating (21 cases). The patients had consulted the specialist within an average of 74 ± 15.3 days. The average time to hospital was 21 days ± 13. Conclusion: Cirrhosis is diagnosed at the complication stage due to inappropriate treatment by pastors, marabouts and the general practitioner. The population must be made aware of the early use of health care facilities.

Cultural Route of Ancient Villages and Towns in Zhuozhang River Valley

Shanxi Zhuozhang River Basin has a long history of human habitation,which is one of important cradles of Central-Plains civilization.It has a distinctive valley landscape and holds the glorious Shangdang culture through the Fukou pathway of the ancient 8 valley pathways in Taihang,one of the main activities of Shanxi Lu Trader,and the old revolutionary base areas of Chinese Communist Party.Within the study area,the common factors infl uencing the ancient villages and towns space characteristics were systematically revealed from fi ve aspects of valley landscape environment,Lu Trader development lines,Buddhism propagation path,regional folklore and military activity site.By exploring the uniqueness and similarity,this study analyzed the spatial pattern of ancient villages and towns in the Zhuozhang River Basin and the infl uence of natural,social and historical factors.The feasibility of constructing cultural route in the Zhuozhang River Basin was demonstrated.

The Shu Road and the Silk Road:Re-verifying the Diffusion Route of Indian Buddhism in Central China

The Shu Road is an important part of the Silk Road.As the transfer station for connecting the Maritime Silk Road with the Overland Silk Road and the starting point of the Southwestern Silk Road,Shu Yuandu Dao Route(Sichuan-India Road)-the predecessor of the Southwestern Silk Road,was the cultural exchange passage for China and its overseas neighbors before the opening of the famous Overland Silk Road.According to many archaeological findings and materials,Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains along the Silk Road during the first century BC.Meanwhile,it was introduced into Bashu(the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas)along the Southwest Silk Road during the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220)and was integrated into local cultures,which lead to the creation of the brilliant Buddhist culture and arts.

Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route:Who should be screened?

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a global health concern,with advanced-stage diagnoses contributing to poor prognoses.The efficacy of CRC screening has been well-established;nevertheless,a significant proportion of patients remain unscreened,with>70%of cases diagnosed outside screening.Although identifying specific subgroups for whom CRC screening should be particularly recommended is crucial owing to limited resources,the association between the diagnostic routes and identification of these subgroups has been less appreciated.In the Japanese cancer registry,the diagnostic routes for groups discovered outside of screening are primarily categorized into those with comorbidities found during hospital visits and those with CRC-related symptoms.AIM To clarify the stage at CRC diagnosis based on diagnostic routes.METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study using a cancer registry of patients with CRC between January 2016 and December 2019 at two hospitals.The diagnostic routes were primarily classified into three groups:Cancer screening,follow-up,and symptomatic.The early-stage was defined as Stages 0 or I.Multivariate and univariate logistic regressions were exploited to determine the odds of early-stage diagnosis in the symptomatic and cancer screening groups,referencing the follow-up group.The adjusted covariates were age,sex,and tumor location.RESULTS Of the 2083 patients,715(34.4%),1064(51.1%),and 304(14.6%)belonged to the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.Among the 2083 patients,CRCs diagnosed at an early stage were 57.3%(410 of 715),23.9%(254 of 1064),and 59.5%(181 of 304)in the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.The symptomatic group exhibited a lower likelihood of early-stage diagnosis than the follow-up group[P<0.001,adjusted odds ratio(aOR),0.23;95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.19-0.29].The likelihood of diagnosis at an early stage was similar between the follow-up and cancer screening groups(P=0.493,aOR for early-stage diagnosis in the cancer screening group vs follow-up group=1.11;95%CI=0.82-1.49).CONCLUSION CRCs detected during hospital visits for comorbidities were diagnosed earlier,similar to cancer screening.CRC screening should be recommended,particularly for patients without periodical hospital visits for comorbidities.

Red Study Greenway Route Selection at County Scale: A Case Study of Ji’an County, Jiangxi Province, China

Using multi-source data like remote sensing images,resource point coordinates,road networks and land type,a suitability assessment system for red study greenway route selection is constructed with red study resource layer,traffic condition layer,ecological condition layer,and service radius layer as the selection elements.Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)and Delphi method aree used to determine the selection factors and weight allocation of each element,and the single factor evaluation and multi factor overlaying analysis are used to accurately identify suitable selection corridors.The potential position is determined based on the lowest cost path.Finally,the final red study greenway is obtained through manual optimization based on the current situation of the road network.The analysis results show that the areas with the highest suitability were those with the richest distribution of first,second,and third level red study resources.An effective connection of red resource points and various elements helps to enhance the competitiveness of red study tours in Ji’an County,providing a realistic path for selecting study greenways for cities rich in red resources.

The Influence of Price Discrimination from Airports on the Route Development Behavior of Airlines

Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.

The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Roadway Design and Evacuation Routes in Delaware

As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.

Manual Order Picking Route Optimization in Distribution Warehouse of Chain Furniture Retail Enterprise

Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of online shopping, the offline sales of IKEA Fuzhou have been declining since 2020. Because the cost of distribution warehouse is a major expense for offline chain furniture retailers, and the picking process is a key activity in distribution warehouse operations. To reduce the cost of distribution warehouse and alleviate the survival pressure of the offline chain furniture retailers, this paper focuses on optimizing the picking route of the IKEA Fuzhou distribution warehouse. It starts by creating a two-dimensional coordinate system for the storage location of the distribution warehouse using the traditional S-type picking strategy to calculate the distance and time of the sorting route. Then, the problem of optimizing the picking route is then transformed into the travelling salesman problem (TSP), and picking route optimization model is developed using a genetic algorithm to analyze the sorting efficiency and picking route optimization. Results show that the order-picking route using the genetic algorithm strategy is significantly better than the traditional S-type picking strategy, which can improve overall sorting efficiency and operations, reduce costs, and increase efficiency. Thus, this establishes an implementation process for the order-picking path based on genetic algorithm optimization to improve overall sorting efficiency and operations, reduce costs, increase efficiency, and alleviate the survival pressure of pandemic-affected enterprises.

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of single-crystal ZnO hexagonal pyramids by PEG400-assisted thermal decomposition route

Large-scale synthesis of ZnO hexagonal pyramids was achieved by a simple thermal decomposition route of precursor at 240 oC in the presence of PEG400. The precursor was obtained by room-temperature solid-state grinding reaction between Zn（CH3COO）2-2H2O and Na2CO3. Crystal structure and morphology of the products were analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The results of further experiments show that PEG400 has an important role in the formation of ZnO hexagonal pyramids. Difference between the single and double hexagonal pyramid structure may come from the special thermal decomposition reaction. The photoluminescence （PL） spectra of ZnO hexagonal pyramids exhibit strong near-band-edge emission at about 386 nm and weak green emission at about 550 nm. The Raman-active vibration at about 435 cm-1 suggests that the ZnO hexagonal pyramids have high crystallinity.

Research on the Harmony between Route Design of and Landscapes along Highway

Through analyzing landscape environment which is the principal factor to be considered in the route design of highway,principles to be followed by the highway route design are proposed,and approaches of maintaining the harmony between route design and landscape along the highway under different conditions are discussed.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy produced by SSTT and RAP route in semi-solid state

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a ZK60 magnesium alloy produced by the semi-solid thermal transformation （SSTT） route and the recrystallization and partial melting （RAP） route were studied, respectively. The microstructure evolution during partial remelting was studied at different temperatures for different time. The tensile mechanical properties of thixoformed components by the two routes at room temperature were examined. The results show that coalescence is dominant in the SSTT alloy and Ostwald ripening is dominant in the RAP alloy. Compared with the SSTT route, the RAP route can produce finer semi-solid microstructure under the similar isothermal holding condition. The microstructure of the RAP alloy is much more spheroidized compared with the SSTT alloy. Thixoforming for the ZK60 magnesium alloy produced by the SSTT and RAP route results in successful filling of the die, and the thixoforming process improves the mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy. The RAP alloy shows significantly advantageous mechanical properties over that of the SSTT alloy.

Routes Choice of Urban Agriculture,Ecotourism and Cultural Innovation Industry Fusion

The fusion of urban agriculture, ecotourism and cultural innovation industry has been a necessary way for industry updating, value increase and income im- provement of farmers in suburbs. The methods available of the fusion are as fol- lows： corporation development and operation, led by government with an integrated plan; corporation management and development under guidance of market with sup- port from government; collective development under guidance of market and policies; individual development and operation with the model of ＂villagers participation de- pending on infrastructure provided by government＂. The four routes enjoy exclusive advantages and characters. Hence, different villages and towns should adopt the most suitable one according to local conditions for further development and management.