Phosphorus Containing Rubber Seed oil as a Flame Retardant Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride

The application of phthalate plasticizers has been restricted around the world due to their poor migration and potential harm to the human body.Hence,producing functional bio-based plasticizers via exploiting clean and reusable resources meets the satisfaction of current demands.In this study,flame-retardant rubber seed oil-based plasticize(FRP)was prepared via epoxidation reaction and ring opening addition reactions,which was used as a flame-resistant plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride to replace petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer.When DOP was replaced with FRP,the torque of PVC blends increased from 11.4 to 18.4 N⋅m,the LOI value increased from 24.3%for PVC-FRP-0%to 33.1%for PVC-FRP-20.The THR value diminished from 39 MJ/m^(2)(pertaining to PVC-FRC-0)to 22 MJ/m^(2)Tg increased from 23°C to 47°C,the weight loss of plasticized PVC blends significantly reduced from 22.6%to 2.8%in leaching tests.The study provided a new way to prepare flame retardant plasticizer using rubber seed oil as raw material.

Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst

Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.

Tribological Behavior of Plant Oil-Based Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additive in Water-Ethylene Glycol Liquid

A water-soluble lubricant additive(RSOPE)was prepared by esterification reaction using fatty acid from rubber seed oil.The RSOPE was added into water-ethylene glycol(W-EG)solution as lubricant additive.Dispersion stability and rheological properties were investigated.We used a four-ball tribotester to assess the lubrication performance of W-EG based fluid with the RSOPE additive.The stainless-steel surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Good dispersion stability was observed in the RSOPE/W-EG solutions.Furthermore,non-Newtonian fluid behavior at low shear rates and Newtonian fluid behavior at high shear rates was exhibited.The addition of RSOPE into water-glycol reduced the friction coefficients(COF)and wear scar diameters(WSD).The maximum non-seizure loads(PB)increased from 98 N to 752 N and the W-EG solution with RSOPE had good corrosion resistance properties.Good tribological performances for W-EG solution with RSOPE were attributed to the boundary tribofilm composed of iron oxide,iron phosphide and so on.

Thermo-physical properties of rubber seed useful in the design of storage structure

This study was carried out to determine the thermo-physical properties of rubber seed in the moisture range of 9.1%to 14.8%(w.b.).The length,width,thickness,measured surface area,bulk density and true density increased with increasing moisture content with high coefficients of determination(significant at p<0.05).Their optimum values at 14.8%moisture content were 17.00 mm,11.94 mm,8.26 mm,285.20 mm^(2),295.00 kg/m^(3) and 470.67 kg/m^(3),respectively.The angle of repose increased as moisture content increased with low coefficient of determination and has optimum value of 28.81°at 14.8%moisture content.The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity decreased linearly while thermal diffusivity increased exponentially with an increase in moisture content(significant at p<0.05).The optimum values of specific heat capacity,thermal conductivity and diffusivity at 14.8%moisture content were 55.84 kJ/(kg.K),0.032 W/(m.K)and 1.93×10^(-9) m^(2)/s,respectively.The results are essential in the design of storage structure for rubber seed.

Converting rubber seed oil into hydrocarbon fuels via supported Pd-catalyst

The one-step hydrotreatment of rubber seed oil to produce hydrocarbon fuels has been carried out via supported Pd-catalyst,and analyzed emphatically some elements affected catalytic cracking process,for example,temperature,hydrogen partial pressure and dosage of catalyst,etc.Through experimental research,the author found out the appropriate catalytic cracking conditions as follows:310℃ of reaction temperature,2 MPa of hydrogen partial pressure,15 of the ratio of oil to catalyst(m(oil)/m(catalyst)),100 r/min of stirring speed.Under these conditions,effective component of hydrocarbon fuels in the converted oil accounts for 99.49%,and the proportion of C_(8)-C_(16) can reach as high as 79.61%.The converted oil was similar to petroleum-based oil in chemical composition,and can be used for future the aviation biofuels development as the source of raw material because it contains a large amount of hydrocarbon in the range of C_(8)-C_(16).