Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.

Effects of Shrub on Runoff and Soil Loss at Loess Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m^2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m^2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.

Phosphorus losses via surface runoff in rice-wheat cropping systems as impacted by rainfall regimes and fertilizer applications

Phosphorus（P） losses from agricultural soils contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. This field plot study investigated effects of rainfall regimes and P applications on P loss by surface runoff from rice（Oryza sativa L.） and wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） cropping systems in Lake Taihu region, China. The study was conducted on two types of paddy soils（Hydromorphic at Anzhen site, Wuxi City, and Degleyed at Xinzhuang site, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province） with different P status, and it covered 3 years with low, high and normal rainfall regimes. Four rates of mineral P fertilizer, i.e., no P（control）, 30 kg P ha^（–1） for rice and 20 kg P ha^（–1） for wheat（P_（30＋20））, 75 plus 40（P_（75＋40））, and 150 plus 80（P_（150＋80））, were applied as treatments. Runoff water from individual plots and runoff events was recorded and analyzed for total P and dissolved reactive P concentrations. Losses of total P and dissolved reactive P significantly increased with rainfall depth and P rates（P〈0.0001）. Annual total P losses ranged from 0.36–0.92 kg ha^–1 in control to 1.13–4.67 kg ha^–1 in P150＋80 at Anzhen, and correspondingly from 0.36–0.48 kg h^–1 to 1.26–1.88 kg ha^–1 at Xinzhuang, with 16–49% of total P as dissolved reactive P. In particular, large amounts of P were lost during heavy rainfall events that occurred shortly after P applications at Anzhen. On average of all P treatments, rice growing season constituted 37–86% of annual total P loss at Anzhen and 28–44% of that at Xinzhuang. In both crop seasons, P concentrations peaked in the first runoff events and decreased with time. During rice growing season, runoff P concentrations positively correlated（P〈0.0001） with P concentrations in field ponding water that was intentionally enclosed by construction of field bund. The relative high P loss during wheat growing season at Xinzhuang was due to high soil P status. In conclusion, P should be applied at rates balancing crop removal（20–30 kg P ha^–1 in this study） and at time excluding heavy rains. Moreover, irrigation and drainage water should be appropriately managed to reduce runoff P losses from rice-wheat cropping systems.

SWAT Model Application to Assess the Impact of Intensive Corn-farming on Runoff, Sediments and Phosphorous loss from an Agricultural Watershed in Wisconsin

The potential future increase in corn-based biofuel may be expected to have a negative impact on water quality in streams and lakes of the Midwestern US due to increased agricultural chemicals usage. This study used the SWAT model to assess the impact of continuous-corn farming on sediment and phosphorus loading in Upper Rock River watershed in Wisconsin. It was assumed that farmers in the area where corn was rotated with soybean would progressively skip soybean for continuous corn as corn became more profitable. Simulations using SWAT indicated that conversion of corn-soybean to corn-corn-soybean would cause 11% and 2% increase in sediment yield and TP loss, respectively. The conversion of corn-soybean to continuous corn caused 55% and 35% increase in sediment yield and TP loss, respectively. However, this increase could be mitigated by applying various BMPs and/or conservation practices such as conservation tillage, fertilizer management and vegetative buffer strips. The conversion to continuous corn tilled with conservation tillage reduced sediment yield by 2% and did not change TP loss. Increase in P fertilizer amount was roughly proportional to increase in TP loss and 11% more TP was lost when fertilizer was applied four months before planting. Vegetative buffer strips, 15 to 30 m wide, around corn farms reduced sediment yield by 51 to 70% and TP loss by 41 to 63%.

Quantifying Tillage and Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria nigritana Stapf) Strips Spacing Effects on Runoff, Soil Loss and Maize Yield in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Soil erosion induced by inappropriate tillage remains a serious problem on many agricultural fields in the humid tropics. Studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006, on an Alfisol in Ogbomoso in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of Vetiver Grass(Vetiveria nigritana) Strips(VGS) under different tillage systems. The experiment was split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with two replications on 6% slope with 18 runoff plots. Main plot treatments were tillage systems; Manual Clearing(MC), Ploughing(P) and Ploughing plus Harrowing(PH). Subplot treatments were VGS spaced at intervals of 5 m(eight strips) and 10 m(four strips) with the control(no-vetiver). Runoffs and soil losses were collected after each major storm. Chemical analyses of eroded sediments and runoff were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05. The results showed that tillage had no significant reduction in runoffs and soil losses, but they were reduced with MC compared with P and PH. Mean total runoff on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of the control by 74.4% and 45.0%, respectively. Corresponding soils loss on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were 27.1% and 53.5%, respectively. Mean NO3-N levels in runoff water were lower under PH plots than those under MC plots by 79.0% and 66.5%, respectively in 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. VGS spaced at 5 m significantly(p<0.05) reduced NO3-N loss than the control by 108.8% in 2004. Nutrients loads of eroded sediments were consistently higher for the control(no-vetiver) plots and least for 5 m VGS plot. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of eroded sediments were 90%-92.4%, 83%-83.6% and 97%-97.8%, respectively, and were lower on 5 m than other treatments. Maize grain yield was significantly(p<0.05) affected by both tillage and VGS spacing only in 2005 growing season. P plot produced higher grain yield than MC and PH by 79.9% and 99.1%, respectively. Also, grain yield on VGS plot was significantly(p<0.05) higher on 5 and 10 m VGS plots than the control by 82.2% and 85.4%, respectively. The significant beneficial effect of PH in producing higher yields was dwarfed by the potential danger of soil erosion in the absence of a soil erosion control measure. The results showed that a balance needed to be struck between mechanical clearance and protective measure against soil erosion.

不同配置乡村植被缓冲带阻控径流污染特征研究

植被缓冲带是河湖的重要生态空间屏障,对于减缓人类活动对河湖的直接干扰、阻隔农业面源污染等具有重要意义。为系统研究不同类型缓冲带对农田氮磷等污染物的拦截功效,本研究在定远张山设计8个缓冲带小区,结合自然降雨方式,持续两年观测不同缓冲带对地表径流及其主要污染物(TN、TP、COD)的削减效果。结果表明:林地和3°、8°横垄耕地缓冲带对径流的拦截效率较高,减流率分别达到了62.4%、52.0%和60.6%,径流量随雨强增大先升高后下降。与8°坡耕地缓冲带相比,降坡(3°)处理竖垄、横垄缓冲带泥沙流失量分别降低53.3%、50.9%。降雨产流的养分流失以氮素和有机质为主,林地缓冲带对径流NH4+-N的拦截率平均高达95.2%,此外降坡和横垄耕作措施也能有效减少径流冲刷的氮素流失。不同处理缓冲带对径流TP均有较好的拦蓄效果。3°、8°横垄耕地缓冲带CODMn流失量较低,拦截率达到53.0%、58.6%。林地缓冲带中高覆盖度的植被和发达的根系能够有效减缓降雨对地表的冲刷,减少径流和养分流失。在南方丘陵山地的乡村地区实施横坡垄作是拦蓄径流、降低面源污染风险的有效措施。

Assessment of Runoff, Sediment Yields and Nutrient Loss Using the Swat Model in Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan

The main objective of this study is to understand the runoff, sediment yield and water quality of the Upper Indus River Basin of Pakistan. To achieve this goal, specific objectives have been met which include, setup of a hydrological model using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) then calibration and validation of the hydrological model using river discharges and in the end investigating the performance of the hydrological model by SWAT. This research will have great impacts on socio-economic conditions of Pakistan because study of upper Indus River basin is imperative to provide data needed for its management, and to warrant that it is sustainable to support the increasing population and conservational flows. A set of programmable mapping components MapWindow Geographic Information System (GIS) was used which is an open source GIS based mapping application. It is SWAT used spatially distributed information on elevation, land use, slope and soil. The program Sequential Uncertainty Fitting ver.2 (SUFI-2) in a combination of uncertainty analysis and calibration of outputs was used in SWAT-CUP. SWAT model used input data, which have climate information to obtain results. The observed climate data of temperature gauges and rain gauge were used as input in the SWAT model;the calibration results for three discharge stations were produced. The initial P-factor value was satisfactory but more iteration to attempt narrow uncertainty band with improving goal function, resulted in small percentage of observed data within uncertainty band. A warm up period of three years (1979-1982) was used for simulation of SWAT model. The model was calibrated for selected three catchments for the period 1982-2000 and validated for period 2001-2010. Results are quite comparable with the observed flows.

秸秆和生物炭对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙与氮素流失的影响

[目的]探究不同添加量的秸秆和生物炭对紫色土坡耕地的具体改良效果,从而为合理防治三峡库区水土流失提供理论参考。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨的方法,以裸坡为对照,研究了紫色土中添加水稻秸秆(施用量4,7,10 t/hm^(2))和生物炭(含量13,39,65 t/hm^(2))对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙与氮素流失的影响。[结果](1)高强度降雨条件下,紫色土混掺生物炭加快了坡面产流进程,而施加碎混秸秆能延长起始产流时间、削减产流速率;(2)紫色土添加生物炭后累积产沙量较对照增加了0.64%~66.29%,而施加碎混秸秆后减少了42.58%~70.27%,且施加碎混秸秆对坡面产沙的抑制效应远强于对坡面产流的控制作用;(3)地表径流中氮素流失过程以NO-3-N为主,且TN,NO-3-N和NH+4-N的流失量和养分流失模数整体表现为生物炭处理最大,碎混秸秆处理最小。[结论]紫色土坡耕地施加碎混秸秆能促渗阻流、有效控制水土及养分流失,而短期施加生物炭可能会产生负面影响。

梁子湖流域降雨径流过程及氮磷流失对不同景观格局的响应

景观格局决定小流域能源流动与水沙过程,是影响氮磷流失的重要因素。以湖北梁子湖流域的双溪(农林复合型)和石桥(林地型)2个典型小流域为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下,于2016年1-12月对流域出口断面水质水量进行了连续监测,并结合丰水期典型次降雨径流过程,探讨了不同景观格局下小流域降雨径流过程和氮磷输出特征,为梁子湖环境综合治理提供一定的科学依据。结果表明:(1)降雨径流过程在不同景观格局小流域内呈现出明显差异。相比于双溪小流域,石桥小流域产流能力较强,径流过程呈现出汇流时间较短、径流响应速度较快、径流模数较大的趋势;(2)双溪小流域总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)月均输出浓度范围分别为1.29~4.28 mg/L和0.04~0.22 mg/L,均高于石桥小流域(TN:0.62~1.90 mg/L;TP:0.02~0.11 mg/L),其中硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)是氮素流失的主要形态,占TN流失的51.8%~88.2%。相比于石桥小流域,双溪小流域的NO_(3)^(-)-N/TN较大。2个小流域的氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)和亚硝态氮(NO_(2)^(-)-N)输出浓度均较低并且无明显变化趋势;(3)双溪小流域的TN和TP月均输出通量范围分别为1.83~20.03 g/s和0.04~1.45 g/s,均高于石桥小流域(TN:0.62~10.01 g/s;TP:0.01~0.54 g/s),且与同时段流量呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.01);(4)双溪小流域的TN和TP流失强度分别为3.68和0.20 t/(km^(2)·a),分别是石桥小流域的1.32倍和1.30倍。氮磷流失主要集中在降雨频繁的4-7月,占全年流失负荷的70%以上。综上,梁子湖流域景观格局显著影响养分流失,优化土地利用配置和科学合理施肥是改善该流域水环境的科学措施。

不同厚度降解地膜对坡耕地溶解态氮磷流失的影响

[目的]为探究降解地膜覆盖对径流及溶解态氮磷流失的影响。[方法]利用野外原位径流小区,以覆膜垄作花生种植为研究对象,设置0.003 mm厚聚乙烯普通地膜覆盖处理(PF)和厚度为0.006 mm(BF1),0.008 mm(BF2),0.010 mm(BF3),0.012 mm(BF4)的降解地膜覆盖处理及未覆膜处理(CK),测定不同处理在自然降雨条件下的径流量及径流中铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、速效磷(PO_(4)^(3-)-P)浓度,分析不同厚度降解地膜覆盖条件下径流及养分流失特征。[结果](1)降解地膜降解所需时间随地膜厚度的增加而增加。(2)各处理的累积径流量由小到大为BF1<BF2<BF3<PF<CK<BF4,BF1与BF4之间差异显著(p<0.05)。(3)与CK相比,各覆膜处理均能不同程度减少氮磷累积流失量。其中,BF1处理对NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N流失量的削减效果较好,而BF2处理对PO_(4)^(3-)-P流失量的削减效果较好。(4)在5个覆膜处理中,BF4处理的NO_(3)^(-)-N和PO_(4)^(3-)-P流失量最高,而BF3处理的NH_(4)^(+)-N流失量最高。[结论]研究结果可为防治覆膜坡耕地水土及养分流失、解决农业面源污染等问题提供理论基础,对绿色农业发展和生态可持续发展具有重要意义。

不同农作措施下紫色土坡耕地氮磷流失特征

为揭示不同农作措施下径流氮磷流失变化特征,基于2020年12场次的自然降雨产流事件,分析了顺坡无施肥(对照,CK)、顺坡混合施用有机肥和化肥(T1)、顺坡单施化肥(T2)、顺坡单施化肥增量(T3)、横坡单施化肥(T4)5种处理下径流量及径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)质量浓度与流失量、氮磷比(TN/TP)的变化特征.结果表明:①各处理径流TN,TP最高质量浓度均发生在施肥后的前6次降雨,其中的4次降雨事件造成了超50%的总氮、总磷流失.②与单施化肥相比,有机肥化肥配施的径流TN,TP流失量没有显著差异,且径流TN,TP质量浓度与施肥后天数都呈极显著线性负相关(p<0.01).③和顺坡耕作相比,横坡垄作可以显著削减76.85%的径流量、75.12%的径流总氮流失量和87.97%的径流总磷流失量.④CK处理的TN/TP显著高于T2和T3(p<0.05),但与T1,T4差异无统计学意义(p>0.05),所有处理下全年超50%的TN/TP≥50,表现为磷限制.

控释氮肥减量对作物产量、氮素吸收与径流损失的影响

玉米蔬菜轮作是我国南方丘陵山地农区一种主要的旱地种植方式。为指导施肥,减少农业面源污染,于2020—2021年持续开展定位试验,探究控释氮肥及减氮处理对玉米小白菜轮作体系作物产量、氮素吸收残留、氮素径流损失的影响。试验共设置6个处理:CK,不施氮肥;U,常量施用普通尿素;CRU,施用等氮量的控释氮肥;90%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮10%;80%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮20%;70%CRU,施用控释氮肥,并较常量减氮30%。结果表明,与U处理相比,玉米在减氮20%条件下未显著减产,小白菜在减氮30%时均未显著减产。与U处理相比,合理施用控释氮肥可使总氮流失量显著(P<0.05)降低25.3%~43.5%,以70%CRU处理的总氮流失量最少。径流水中的氮素流失主要以颗粒氮为主,占比60.0%~67.0%。与U处理相比,除70%CRU处理外,其他施用控释氮肥处理的玉米地上部氮素积累量无显著差异;80%CRU处理的氮肥利用率显著提高9.4百分点。与U处理相比,施用控释氮肥0~80 cm各土层的总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量均未显著增加,不会提高土壤无机氮的流失风险。综上,在该试验条件下,与U处理相比,80%CRU处理可以在确保产量不降低的同时,减少氮素投入,降低氮素径流损失,提高肥料利用率,是试验条件下较为合理的施肥方式。

安徽省重点水土流失区土壤可蚀性K值评估与修正

[目的]评估不同土壤可蚀性K值计算方法在安徽省重点水土流失区的有效性,并基于实测可蚀性K值校正各计算方法。[方法]应用Nomo方程、修正Nomo方程、EPIC模型、DG模型及Torri模型估算各径流小区土壤可蚀性K值,并基于霍山县、广德县、岳西县及歙县四地的径流小区监测资料,获取真实土壤可蚀性K值,以评估各方法的有效性。[结果]霍山县、广德县、岳西县及歙县土壤可蚀性K值分别为0.033~0.035,0.018,0.021,0.041(t·hm^(2)·h)/(hm^(2)·MJ·mm)。不同方法计算的土壤可蚀性K值差异较大且都远远高估了实测值,整体表现为K_(Torri)>K_(Nomo)>K_(M-Nomo)>K_(DG)>K_(Epic)。校正后的各可蚀性K值计算方法较之前均有很大改进,其中校正后的Nomo方程及修正Nomo方程具有较高的性能。[结论]校正后的Nomo方程及修正Nomo方程被推荐在安徽省重点水土流失区使用。

基于3种降水产流方案的洪水过程模拟研究——以西南地区孙水河流域为例

精确模拟洪峰流量和洪水过程线对防洪减灾分析至关重要,其中涉及的降雨损失和产汇流计算往往对洪水过程的模拟最为关键。为评估不同降雨损失模型和产流模型在我国西南地区孙水河流域的适用性,设计了3套降雨产流方案。方案1:SCS曲线数法+Sndyer单位线法;方案2:初始常速率法+Clark单位线法;方案3:Green-Ampt法+SCS单位线法,使用HEC-HMS模型对我国西南地区孙水河流域2007—2018年15场洪水过程进行模拟和分析。结果表明,方案1、方案2对研究区洪水过程线的模拟效果最优,其中方案1对单峰洪水过程的模拟效果更好,方案2对复峰洪水过程的模拟效果更好;方案3模拟效果偏差。论文结果可为相似地区的洪水模拟、预报预警提供参考。

生物炭施加垄沟集雨种植对水土流失及紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

为缓解我国黄土高原区干旱胁迫和控制水土流失,本研究采用裂区设计,生物炭施加模式(生物炭施加和无生物炭施加)为主区,耕作模式(打结垄、开敞垄和平作)为副区,研究不同生物炭施加模式和耕作模式对土壤水分、径流、泥沙流失、养分流失、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,在2019和2020年紫花苜蓿生育期,与平作处理相比,开敞垄和打结垄处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷、有机质流失量分别减少20.1%~37.7%和60.1%~64.7%,54%~75.5%和77.1%~87.6%,44.4%~65.5%和49.0%~81.8%,36.7%~75.3%和48.6%~87.3%,48.2%~72.9%和58.6%~85.4%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加39.5~52.1和31.2~60.5 mm,26.2%~31.7%和26.5%~35.2%,10.07~14.86和12.14~16.55 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。与无生物炭施加处理相比,生物炭施加处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷和有机质流失量分别减少48%~69%,94%~125%,12%~24%,28%~46%和35%~48%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加42.93~26.09 mm,106%~111%和1.96~6.90 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。本研究表明,生物炭施加打结垄沟集雨种植是该区域适宜耕作模式。

植被调控水土流失机制研究进展及展望

植被是调控水土流失的关键因子。从植被与水土流失关系的研究方法、植被调控土壤侵蚀的表征指标、植被不同部分(冠层、根系、枯落物)对土壤侵蚀的作用机制、植被对侵蚀泥沙分选性的影响机制、植被与其他因子交互作用的土壤侵蚀效应等5方面对植被调控水土流失机制的研究成果进行综述,并提出该领域的研究展望。笔者认为:植被盖度未达稳定值时其减沙的正向效应受到挑战,且植被盖度稳定值因土壤质地、植被类型和坡度而异,其机理尚不明确;在气候变化背景下,需要加强极端暴雨条件下植被根系促进浅层滑坡的机理研究;植被枯落物混入土壤后对土壤可蚀性的影响机理及其季节性变化机制有待进一步明晰;需加强植被覆盖下坡面径流水动力学特征及其对侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选性的影响机制研究,以及基于泥沙分选理论的林下土壤流失量化研究;植被与坡度、坡长、降雨强度等其他侵蚀因子交互作用的土壤侵蚀效应机理有待深入研究;另外,亟需研发包括植被参数、土壤参数、降雨和坡面流水动力学参数在内的植被侵蚀动力学方程,以推动土壤侵蚀物理模型的深入发展。

坡度及作物种类对红壤坡耕地水土流失的影响研究

坡耕地水土流失会导致作物产量及土壤生产力下降,坡度及作物种类是其主要影响因素之一,针对不同坡度及作物种类开展水土流失量对比研究,对于南方红壤区合理利用土地及水土流失防治措施具有指导意义。在5°、10°、15°坡地种植大豆、木薯、玉米等作物,开展了连续4 a的降雨侵蚀观测。2016-2019年的观测数据表明:作物种植类型对坡面径流量和土壤流失量影响显著,在自然降雨情况下,同一坡度的坡面,大豆种植的产流量及产沙量明显小于时蔬,并且大豆种植不仅是在种植当年能有效减少水土流失,在种植两年大豆之后再在同一坡面种植时蔬的单位面积土壤流失量要比一直种植时蔬的坡面小0.6 t/hm2,花生与木薯间作能降低年径流量与径流侵蚀量,是同坡度条件下的三分之二,在间作种植木薯与花生的情况下15°的坡面产流与产沙要明显小于10°的坡面,说明大豆种植及花生木薯间作更有利于南方红壤地区的水土保持治理,15°的坡面更利于种植经济作物。

径流深和侵蚀量与集水面积、坡度及降雨量关系研究

[目的]分析径流深、侵蚀量与集水面积、坡度等影响因子间定量关系,为土壤侵蚀物理模型构建及参数率定提供参考。[方法]基于不同下垫面措施野外径流小区天然降雨实测资料,构建了年降雨径流深、侵蚀量多参数非线性估算模型。[结果]降雨产流阈值随集水面积、坡度呈先减后增、先增后减的变化趋势。年径流深(Y_(1))和年土壤流失量(Y_(2))随面积呈先增后减变化趋势;Y_(1)随坡度呈先减小后迅速增加变化趋势,Y_(2)随坡度呈持续递增变化规律;Y_(1)和Y_(2)随年降雨量持续增加。当坡面面积为130 m^(2)时,Y_(1)和Y_(2)均达最大值;当坡度为13.5°时,Y_(1)达最小值。Y_(1)多参数非线性回归估算模型精度较好,70%数据点相对误差分布在±30%内。[结论]集水面积、坡度和年降雨量三者交互作用对年降雨径流深和侵蚀量影响作用最大;对于年降雨径流深和侵蚀量而言,均存在临界集水面积和临界坡度值。

伊犁河谷不同雨型下自然与人工植被的水土流失特征

【目的】为科学防控西北干旱区草地水土流失以及比较不同雨型下植被的径流调控效果。【方法】2021—2022年雨季在伊宁市铁厂沟水土保持径流场,采用K均值方法将研究区13场侵蚀性降雨划分为3类,并监测5种自然植被(霸王、驼绒藜、伊犁绢蒿、骆驼刺、苦豆子)和3种人工植被(榆树、紫穗槐、狗牙根)的产流产沙特征,探讨不同雨型下各植被的产流产沙规律,采用灰色关联度分析雨型和植被小区对产流产沙的影响。【结果】①伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀的主导雨型是B雨型(中雨量、短历时、中雨强),对坡面产流产沙的贡献程度达到53.5%。A雨型(低雨量、长历时、低雨强)和C雨型(高雨量、长历时、高雨强)贡献率较低;②自然植被的减流减沙效益高于人工植被,自然植被在A雨型下减流减沙效益最好(87.3%~95.2%),人工植被在C雨型下减流减沙效益最差(39.2%~52.7%);③降雨量和平均雨强显著影响径流深和土壤流失量(P<0.05),灰色关联度从大到小排序为伊犁绢蒿>苦豆子>霸王>紫穗槐>骆驼刺>狗牙根>榆树>驼绒藜。【结论】伊犁河谷进行植被恢复可有效减少水土流失,不同雨型下自然植被的减流减沙效益优于人工植被,单一植被的减流减沙效益与其覆盖度有关。研究结果可为西北干旱区国土绿化、土地荒漠化和水土流失防治提供理论基础。

横坡垄作对坡耕地产流产沙及氮磷养分流失过程影响研究

横坡垄作是一种常见的水土保持耕作措施,它通过增大坡面拦蓄和入渗能力,进而影响坡面土壤侵蚀过程。为揭示黄土坡耕地养分流失特征,通过人工模拟降水试验,利用投影面积为4.5 m×1.5 m的径流小区,设计降雨强度(90 mm·h-1)、5个地表坡度(3°、5°、10°、15°、20°)以及横坡垄作和平整坡面两种坡面处理,探究横坡垄作对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙特性及其携带的氮磷养分流失情况。结果表明:(1)坡面坡度小于20°时,横坡垄作能明显降低降雨过程中坡面的产流产沙量,产流量和产沙量最大分别可降低95%和99%;而当坡度增大至20°时,横坡垄作坡面发生断垄,横坡垄作对径流和泥沙的控制效应随之减弱,产流和产沙量会接近或大于平整坡面。(2)横坡垄作对养分流失浓度的影响较小,但对养分流失量具有明显影响。坡面坡度小于20°时,横坡垄作具有较好的控制坡面养分流失量的效果;当坡度增大至20°时,横坡垄作控制养分流失的作用减弱。径流中全氮的流失量始终大于全磷的流失量;除横坡垄作10°坡面外,泥沙中全磷的流失量均大于全氮的流失量。(3)坡面养分流失量主要由坡面径流量和泥沙量决定。径流养分流失率和产流速率、泥沙养分流失率和产沙速率满足线性正相关关系。横坡垄作对径流和泥沙中养分减少效益分别可以达到45%~100%、59%~100%。整体而言,横坡垄作是控制坡面土壤侵蚀及减少养分流失的一种有效方法。