Rural transformation,income growth,and poverty reduction by region in China in the past four decades

China has experienced rapid rural transformation in the past four decades.Accompanying the rapid transformation is a significant rise in rural household income and a substantial fall in rural poverty.This paper examines the evolutions of and the relationships between rural transformation(high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment)and its outcomes(per capita rural income and rural poverty incidence)using provincial-level data.The results show that 31 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities have undergone significant rural transformation,but the level and speed of rural transformation differed considerably.Moreover,an increased level of rural transformation is often associated with higher per capita rural income and reduced rural poverty incidence.Notably,a category of provincial rural transformation based on high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment is also analyzed.We further discuss the likely impacts of institutions,policies,and investments(IPIs)on rural transformation and conclude with policy implications.

Causes of Corruption in China's Rural Areas in the New Period and Countermeasures

In the new period,corruption in China's rural areas is becoming increasingly prominent. There is frequent occurrence of violation of laws and disciplines,such as the use of power for personal gain,and corruption and bribery. Main causes for the corruption in China's rural areas include imperfect rural supervision mechanism,imperfect financial system,and low crime cost. How to deal with the increasingly serious corruption situation is a topic faced at present and in the future. It is required to continue to reinforce the democratic supervision and education of village cadres,improve the comprehensive quality of villagers,and increase the crackdown and punishment of corrupt practices,so as to guarantee healthy operation of rural authorities.

The Theoretical Foundation and its Mode Transformation of Rural Public Goods Supply in the Perspective of Organizational Competition

Theoretical expositions of public goods supply by the liberalism,new institutionalism and the school of public choice are conducted in the perspective of organizational competition.And the theoretical foundation of rural public goods is put forward.Then,the changes of the supply mode of rural public goods are discussed before and after the tax reform,that is,the "Community Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods before the tax reform and the "Organization Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods after the tax reform.Finally,the diversification of rural public goods supply in China in future is forecasted.

Rural Survey of Agricultural College of University of Nanking in the Republic of China and Its Realistic Enlightenment

In the new era of implementing the rural revitalization strategy,it is necessary and indispensable to review and sort out the rural survey of the Agricultural College of University of Nanking and think about its beneficial enlightenment.

Progress of research on urban-rural transformation and rural development in China in the past decade and future prospects

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China＇s new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China＇s development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.

Rural Transformation and Planning Tactics in the 13^(th) Five-Year Plan Period

Rural development has long been the focus of China's central and local governments. Since the late 2000 s, rural areas have presented new transformation features and development trends. To stimulate rural transformation and development in the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, this paper reviews major ideas on rural development in related disciplines. This study also summarizes main rural transformation features, including the aging population, hollow villages, changes in the allocation of land resource, semi-urbanization, and regional differences in rural development. Finally, it also provides suggestions for planning tactics in the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, such as making differentiated rural development strategies, exploring new methods to stimulate rural stock land planning and use, and enforcing relevant policy and management reforms.

The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China

Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology （both dominant morphology and recessive morphology） of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM （Thematic Mapper） data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that： （1） during 2000-2008, the correlation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; （2） the result of Spearman rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and （3） it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development.

数字化转型背景下乡村教育高质量发展的时代蕴涵与路向探索

乡村教育高质量发展是我国教育强国建设的重要组成部分之一,数字中国建设和教育数字化转型为其高质量发展提供了良好契机。当前乡村教育面临着教育主体数字素养与技能孱弱、乡村学校数字化教育资源有待优化、乡村教育治理中数字化变革任重而道远等诸多问题。全面提升乡村师生数字素养,优化资源配置构造智慧教育体系,促进多元主体协同参与乡村教育治理,可破解乡村教育实践中的难题。

民国时期师范学校乡村教育课程设置

20世纪二三十年代,为帮助乡村教师候选人了解将要从事的乡村教育工作,乡村师范、高中师范科和部分高校专门开设了“乡村教育”课程。出于训练适合乡村需要的乡村教师的目标,民国时期的乡村教育课程汇总了与乡村社会和乡村教育相关的各方面内容,强调乡村教师候选人应深入乡村进行实践,在课程实施中与农业类课程相辅相成。在当今的乡村教师培养过程中,应重新思考乡村教育课程的性质与定位,探寻开设乡村教育课程的可行性路径;主动适应乡村社会需求,培育乡村教师的特殊素养;积极联系乡村实际,增强课程教学的实践性。

民国时期师范学校乡村教育教科书的编撰特点及启示

民国时期,随着乡村教育课程在乡村师范学校逐步开设,乡村教育教科书相继编撰出版。这一时期出版的乡村教育教科书特色鲜明,在编撰理念上凸显出引领实践、丰富理论的特点,编撰内容上显现出立足乡土、全面探究的特征,编撰视角上体现出取法中外、跨越学科的特色。民国时期的乡村教科书编写对当今构建乡村教师教育课程体系和编写相关教科书具有重要启示:明确乡村教师的公共使命,为乡村振兴贡献教育力量;立足时代需求和乡村实际,构建多维度的乡村教育内容体系;探索理论研修与实践调查相融合的路径,改善新生代乡村教师候选人的学习方式。

Differentiation regularity of urban-rural equalized development at prefecture-level city in China

The urban-rural equalized development （URED） as a definite measure and operating model is beneficial to gradually eliminating the dual-track structure of urban-rural development, bridging the gap of urban-rural development, and creating harmonious urban-rural interactions. This paper aims to explore the status quo of URED in China at prefecture level, and to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of URED and its differentiation regularity. The results show that： （1） China＇s URED level can be categorized into two parts, i.e., the eastern and the western, according to the ＂HU Huanyong Line＂, presenting a pattern of ＂east high and west low＂ and the URED level improves on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; （2） China＇s URED level can also be categorized into the northern and the southern parts according to ＂Kunlun-Qinling-Huaihe Line＂, presenting a pattern of ＂north high and south low＂, and the URED level reduces on the whole with the increase of distance from the line; （3） At the national level, China＇s URED has a significant trend of spatial agglomeration, the high and low URED regions tend to be adjacent, namely, the URED level presents obvious regional unbalance; （4） The five sub-dimension indicators of the URED level in the geographical space also reveal similar regional differentiation pattern, and in the aspect of space a decreasing trend is found in the URED level from the eastern （northern coast, eastern coast and southern coast）, the northeastern, the central （the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River） to the western （northwest and southwest）; and （5） China＇s URED at prefecture-level city can be divided into five types of differentiation areas. This study contributes to promoting the integrative cognition of the status quo of China＇s URED and can serve as a scientific ref- erence concerning the decision-making of coordinating urban-rural development and of pushing forward new-type urbanization strategy in China.

民国时期陆叔昂的农村改进思想对乡村振兴战略的启示

陆叔昂详细论述农村改进的起源、内容和组织模式,阐明乡村建设运动的前因后果,并强调农村改进既需要农民的积极主动参与,也离不开专门的农村改进人才的带动、指导。陆叔昂的农村改进思想为当下的乡村建设提供了启示:乡村振兴应以农民为中心,激发农民主体意识;乡村振兴既要推动农村经济发展,也要提升农民素质素养;乡村振兴应重视人才作用,培养更多乡村自治人才;乡村振兴应因时因地制宜、分类指导、精准施策。

技术赋能下的术语翻译与术语管理——以中华学术外译项目《论中国乡村变迁》的英译为例

迅猛发展的语言智能技术及工具有助于提升大型翻译项目中术语的翻译质量和管理效率。文章以中华学术外译项目《论中国乡村变迁》的英译为例,探讨利用语料库技术、CAT技术和ChatGPT解决人工识别术语效率低、术语预翻译结果不佳、管理效率不高的问题。文章设计并实施了基于Sketch Engine、云译客和ChatGPT的术语翻译及管理流程,较为快速、准确地整理了高频术语表,创建了双语术语库并实现了术语存储、检索、维护及分享。结果显示,Sketch Engine术语自动识别功能的精确率达到约69.35%;云译客平台的智能化程度高,使用简单流畅;ChatGPT在辅助术语的译后编辑过程中能快速提供专业知识、背景信息及翻译建议等。可见,所提出的流程能有效地提升术语的翻译质量和管理效率。

新中国成立初期农村党员教育与农业互助合作运动的推进--以山东为中心的考察

新中国成立初期,为了消除农村党员对社会主义社会和共产主义社会的错误认识,打破“革命成功”的胜利情绪,农村基层党组织进行了一次较为系统的党员教育。通过农村党员教育,中国共产党在农村党的组织初步建立了党课制度,提高农民党员的思想觉悟和理论水平,改变部分党员存在的“个人生产、发家致富”的思想,划清党员干部先锋队与群众的界限,启发他们带头参加农村互助合作组织,并在其中发挥示范作用,有效推进了农业互助合作运动的进程。新中国成立初期,山东作为当时农村党员占比最多的省份,其农村党员教育积累了一定的经验,对当下党员干部教育有积极启示意义。

民国时期江苏省农村调查资料及其价值初探

进入二十世纪二三十年代,伴随半殖民地半封建的社会矛盾加深,中国农村顿时陷入崩溃境地,于是出现中国农村调查的潮流。江苏省是民国时期的京畿之地,是开展农村调查次数最多的地区之一,留下了大量高质量的调查报告资料。对于民国时期农村调查资料的整理与利用,国内学者已经进行了许多有价值的研究,围绕这一时期的农村调查资料形成了许多论著。然而,目前仍缺乏对民国时期江苏省农村调查资料及其价值的全面和系统的深入研究。本文对民国时期江苏省农村调查资料的概况、内容、特点与价值作了全面的梳理和探讨。

成为“群众的报纸”:瑞金时期《红色中华》办报模式转型

瑞金时期,在由城市转向农村的办报实践中,既有的办报模式不能适应新环境的需要,以《红色中华》为代表的党报党刊发生模式转变,逐渐形成依靠群众的办报模式。本文以《红色中华》为视点,通过该报在瑞金时期的报刊实践发现,《红色中华》从创办之初以公示和政论为主的“命令和指令的机关”转变为信息多样、贴近群众的“群众的报纸”。这一转变反映了根据地成立之初党报从城市到农村的变化过程,同时表现出党内对列宁党报理论经历了从认识与改造到结合苏区斗争实践的反思过程。这一转变也与延安时期群众办报的观念遥相呼应。

“转型期”我国学校体育课程教学目标体系的发展与探索

运用文献资料研究法 ,通过对国家有关政策、法规文献的调研 ,专家访谈及定量分析 ,就转型期我国学校体育课程教学目标发展现状 ,国内、外学校体育课程教学目标的比较与分析 ;我国学校体育课程教学目标的发展等问题进行了探索 ,提出了新世纪我国学校体育与健康课程教学目标体系的基本框架。为转型期我国学校体育课程目标的发展提供一定的理论参考。

西南喀斯特地区城乡融合发展乡村振兴路径研究

西南喀斯特地区是中国乡村振兴建设的重点及难点地区。针对西南喀斯特地区乡村振兴发展条件及面临的问题,该文探讨了西南喀斯特地区城乡发展关系、乡村振兴的路径。研究表明:1)西南喀斯特地区应在已有城镇体系的基础上,构建以小城市、小城镇、重点镇及中心村为主体的新型山地特色城镇体系,完善城乡城镇体系,在提高城镇化率,减少乡村人口及乡村数量的基础上实现乡村振兴。2)以新型山地特色城镇体系和农业现代化转型为核心,促进乡村经济与城市经济的深度融合,形成乡村振兴的"内源"驱动发展机制。3)乡村振兴路径,应结合西南喀斯特山地特色,实施新型山地特色城镇体系建设工程,通过城镇的辐射带动,促进城市经济与乡村经济融合;实施以"劳动+技术+资本"多重集约化为特征的农业现代化转型,提高单位土地生产率和劳动生产率,保障农户收入持续增加;实施山地特色农业的纵向、横向延伸产业化工程建设,实现农业生产与经济发展的深度融合,实现农业的内源驱动发展。4)乡村振兴政策,应着力从创新农业经营体系,加强智力、人才支持,创新农村土地利用管理体制机制,因地制宜、科学规划,完善基础设施等方面,保障乡村发展转型与振兴。

用二进小波分析方法对华北地区强震活动期的研究

利用二进小波变换对华北地区 130 0～ 1996年的强震时间序列进行了多尺度分解 ,并据此划分了不同的地震活动期。认为公元 130 0年之后 ,华北地区的强震存在两个平静期 (135 0～ 14 5 0年、 170 0～ 1780年 )和两个活跃期 (14 5 0～ 170 0年、 1780～ 1996年 )。与以往华北强震的活动期划分方案进行比较 ,本文的结果在总体规律上与以前的研究差别不大 ,但在第三、第四地震活动期中活跃期起始界限的划分上比其它方法略有提前 ,而在平静期的划分上相对较短。文中采用 32a尺度的小波分析信号进行分析 ,既考虑了较大尺度上地震的活动特征 。