A case of gregarious flowering in bamboo, dominated lowland forest of Assam,India: phenology,regeneration,impact on rural economy,and conservation

We recorded gregarious flowering of three bamboo species viz. Bambusa arundinacea, Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera during rainy season from early March to late May, 2008 at lowland forest of Bajali area of Indo-Burma hotspot region. A regular method of field sampling of various forest types was used to map the bamboo species in Assam, India. Moreover, people＇s perception on bamboo blooming was investigated at 17 sample plots covering 258 respondents inhabiting at the site at an average of 15 in each plots. A floral clump （inflorescence） emerged and developed into a giant panicle comprising of numerous florets. Two types of seeds viz. bacea and caryopsis were recorded in different species. Viviparous germination was noticed in few bacca seeds produced by M. baccifera and this has unusual occurrence in bamboo. Seed viability test shows that 75% caryopsis seeds were viable; these seeds had the potential of germination and can be used for mass regen- eration. Most local respondents believe that bamboo flowering can result in population explosion of rodent, therefore, they think bamboo flower- ing is positively correlated with famine. This traditional belief results in massive destruction of bamboo clumps, which significantly impacts on rural economy.

Rural Economy of Guangdong Province

Guangdong Province is situated in thesouthern part of China,neighbouringHongkong and Macao and facing theSouth China Sea.It has a land area of 178,000square kilometres. Since the drive of reform and openingwas launched,the province has used itsgeographical superiority and rich agriculturalresources to the full,readjusted its productionstructure,renewed its varieties and appliedadvanced science and technology to developagriculture.The rural economy has seengreat changes in comprehensive economicresults. In 1994,total rural social output valuewas RMB471.149 billion,15.3 times thefigure for 1978;total agricultural outputvalue was RMB71.979 billion.a 179.5%increase;the income for farmers

Study on the coordinated development of the rural infrastructure and the rural economy

Through the construction of the comprehensive evaluation index system and the coordination degree model of the rural in- frastructure and the rural economic development level, the author carries out an empirical analysis on the rural infrastructure and economic coordinated development in the country＇s 31 regions. Research shows that the gap between the levels of the development of the rural in-frastructure in China is large, presenting the gradually reducing gradient distribution from the east to the west. The rural infrastructure de- velopment level has significant positive correlation with the level of economic development. For those provinces of the high development level of the rural economy, the infrastructure construction level is also relatively high. From the view of the coordination degree, it presents the obvious ＂dumbbell＂ shape, and there are more provinces which belong to the high quality coordination and the serious imbalance, with the coordinated degree in the eastern regions obviously higher than that in the central and western regions.

Coordinated Development of Rural Tourism and Economy——with a Case of Lianyungang City

Rural tourism is a tourism type al owing interplay between tourists and targeted areas in rural areas. ln order to maintain coordinated development between rural tourism and local economy, with Lianyungang City as an example, some countermeasures and suggestions were proposed, such as establishing benefit feed-back system, forging brands and ruling management system.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

Mechanism Research on Standardized Development of Rural Private Finance

In generalizing the researching conditions of researchers on private finance,the paper introduces the connoted meaning of rural private finance broadly and narrowly.The paper states the forms of rural private finance(including private loaning,private bank,rural private collecting,financing organizations,cooperatives,NGO,small loaning organizations and so on),the relations between rural private finance and rural economic relations,pointing out that it is the combination of the strong and the weak,which may generate benefits with the operation of marketing mechanisms.The paper analyzes the historical causes,supervision causes and cultural causes of rural private finance,discussing mechanisms of standardized development of rural private finance:firstly,standardize the organization management mechanisms,including scaled controlling mechanisms and bank management mechanisms;secondly,complete finance supervision mechanisms;thirdly,moderate government intervention,including affording liberal policy environment and reducing the improper intervention;fourthly,upgrading qualities mechanisms,including cultivating the rural credit culture and improving the quality of regulatory personnel.

Impact of Mental Poverty on Rural Economic Development

This paper introduces the definition of mental poverty and the status quo of mental poverty in China's rural areas.Mental poverty in China's rural areas embodies the following aspects:the sense of parochialism is serious;the small farmer consciousness is strong;there is misgiving about identity.This paper analyses the reason of mental poverty influencing farmers' behaviour model and rural economic development.Mental poverty influences the farmers' changing current situation;mental poverty influences the rural population structure;mental poverty influences the rural normal order.The countermeasures and proposals are put forward to obviate mental poverty in rural areas as follows:first,strengthen farmers' consciousness of main body,and improve farmers' psychological feeling;second,coordinate urban-rural development,and strengthen farmers' social identity degree;third,increase inputs into cultural building,and promote farmers' quality;fourth,open up mind,and encourage the outflow of labour forces.

Current Situation of E-commerce Entering Rural Areas in Datong County of Qinghai Province

Datong County has been developed for nearly 5 years since it was selected as a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce entering rural areas in 2017.In this context,this paper analyzes the development status of e-commerce in rural areas of Datong County,and provides feasible suggestions for the development of e-commerce entering rural areas in demonstration counties.

Research on the Rural Logistics Development Model Based on Online and Offline Transactions

As the world’s second largest economy and a traditional agricultural country,China has not yet achieved the goal of modernizing the logistics of agricultural products.The overall modernization of its logistics industry has not been achieved either.Due to the poor overall performance of its agricultural product logistics,the level of China’s agricultural product logistics is still in its infancy,with high logistics costs,large losses,and low efficiency.In fact,the construction of a modern agricultural product logistics system in China is lagging behind.This has seriously affected the process of agricultural industrialization in China.Compared with its urban socio-economic development,its rural development is relatively lagging behind.The“three-rural”(including agriculture,rural area,and peasant)problem caused by the divided urban-rural structure in China has distorted the relationship between workers and peasants.This has become a global problem,affecting China’s economic and social development.The core problem is the slow growth of farmers’income.The bottleneck that has been restricting their income has shifted from production to circulation.In recent years,the promulgation of a series of policies and documents has brought both,hope and challenges to the online and offline integration and development in the field of agricultural product circulation.This paper briefly outlines the characteristics and status quo of rural logistics development based on online and offline transactions,and provides some effective suggestions on how to build a new rural logistics development model based on online and offline transactions,in hope to assist the development of new rural logistics models in China.The construction provides a reference for the development of the logistics industry in China’s rural areas,thereby promoting the circulation of agricultural and sideline products,and better developing China’s rural economy.

The Actual Trends of Olive Growing in Albania

The olive tree （Olea Europaea） owns the status of national patrimony in Albania. In the past, olive plantations were dictated by Agricultural Policies, where olive trees were cultivated mainly in marginal lowland areas and hills. The highest efficiency in olive production is reached mainly in the Southern and Central regions of the country. After 1990s, olive farming has been highly impacted due to shifts in the economic system. Its interest in the economical aspect is going to be very important in the near future. The government has developed a national scheme for the intensification of olive farming by increasing the planted area by 60,000 ha, or in total to 20 million olive trees. Our study presents an overall view of actual trends of olive farming, olive industry, subsequent environmental problems resulting from farming and olive mills by-products, and finally the role that the government has to play in that sector,

Tess of the D＇Urbervilles is the victim of poverty： Analyzing Tess＇s tragedy from the perspective of Marxist literary theories

This paper is intended to analyze Tess＇s tragedy from the perspective of economy based on Marxist literary theories. The Industrial Revolution with its impact disintegrated the traditional English agriculture, undermined the patriarchal system, and impoverished the peasants to the core. Economic factor is a decisive element which frames Tess＇s tragedy. Poverty is closely connected with Tess＇s two ＂falls＂. It is poverty that triggers and fulfils the tragedy.

Migration Experience of Village Leaders and Local Economic Development:Evidence from Rural China

This paper examines the impact of migration experience of vzTlage leaders on local economic development, based on the village-level data of the 2005 China General Social Survey. Our results show that the human capital of village leaders accumulated during the migration period has had a positive effect on per capita net income and per capita non-agricultural income in rural China. The migration experience of village leaders also plays a positive role in entrepreneurial activities in rural regions. From a policy perspective, these findings call attention to the importance of harnessing potential benefits of return migration to local economic development in rural China.

Transportation Accessibility of Central Towns in Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Sites in Mountainous Areas and Its Impact on Local Economic Development: A Case Study of Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System, Yunnan

Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions with each other, an appropriate method is needed to evaluate their transportation accessibility. This paper takes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System(HHRTS) as a study area and develops a model to determine shortest time-distances from central towns in the study area to the nearest high-grade city as a way to evaluate transportation accessibility(TA). We then analyze the relationship between the accessibility of these towns and their economies. The study finds that the TA of the central towns in HHRTS is not good as a whole. More than 70% of the towns are more than 1 hour away from their nearest high-grade city. Of the four counties in the study area, Yuanyang County has the best traffic conditions, while Lvchun County has the worst traffic conditions. The central towns in the northern and middle regions have better TA than those in the west, southwest and east margin regions. The small-scale rural economy has little dependence on the transportation network, while secondary industries are obviously impacted by the transportation network. In the future, to support the integrated development of industries in HHRTS, traffic conditions in each town should be improved appropriately according to the industrial orientation of the town, but excessive investments to construct roads irrespective of eco-environmental impacts and economic benefits should be avoided. Especially in the case of ecologically vulnerable towns, the building high-grade roads should be banned.