Private Rights Absorbed in Quasi-public Goods: A Probe into the Relationship of Intellectual Property Rights and Standardization

Standards are a double edge sword and have come to be the main technical tariff and a window for market access to international trade. Standards are closely related to intellectual property, especially patents. The essence of intellectual property in standardization lies in the fact that standards are a kind of quasi-public good, while patents are essentially private property. The absorption of patents into standards creates an opportunity for a patent holder to take advantage by making a profit. To prevent the abuse of patents in standards by the patent holder, SDOs (Standards Development Organizations) have to adjust the disclosure policies of the standards in patents.

The Supply-Demand Analysis and Mechanism Innovation of Chinese Rural Public Goods

The connotation of rural public goods is expounded.The rural public goods refer to the products and labors that satisfy the production and living of rural residents,economic growth and social progress.The rural public goods is characterized by non-excludability,non-competitiveness and indispensability of other general public goods.The supply situation of Chinese government to rural public goods is analyzed,as well as the demand situation of rural public goods,which includes farmers' demand on training,the assistance demand of rural weak groups,farmers' demand on comfortable living conditions and farmers' demand on "soft" public goods.The paths for innovating the supply mechanism of rural public goods are put forward,which cover perfecting the decision mechanism of public goods supply;scientifically distributing the supply responsibility of rural public goods;facilitating the reform of each supporting equipment and exploring the multiple capital collecting channels of rural public goods.

The Theoretical Foundation and its Mode Transformation of Rural Public Goods Supply in the Perspective of Organizational Competition

Theoretical expositions of public goods supply by the liberalism,new institutionalism and the school of public choice are conducted in the perspective of organizational competition.And the theoretical foundation of rural public goods is put forward.Then,the changes of the supply mode of rural public goods are discussed before and after the tax reform,that is,the "Community Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods before the tax reform and the "Organization Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods after the tax reform.Finally,the diversification of rural public goods supply in China in future is forecasted.

Improvement of Rural Human Settlements and Rural Planning Strategies From the Perspective of Public Goods

Rural human settlements cover the environment and facilities related to rural production, life and ecology, and belong to the category of rural public goods. Due to the long-term implementation of the strategy of giving priority to the development of cities, the supply of rural public goods in China has been in a state of inadequacy. From the perspective of public goods supply, rural human settlement projects can be divided into three categories: public welfare projects, quasi-public welfare projects and operational projects. Because of its particularity and complexity, quasi-public welfare projects often become weak links in rural human settlements. We should give full play to the respective advantages of the government, enterprises and village collectives, and work together to promote the effective supply of rural public goods. In this process, rural planning should shoulder the responsibility as a means of public policy and governance. Rural planning needs to clearly define the future-oriented rural system, pay attention to peopleoriented facility needs, and provide a variety of services. Through guiding rural construction and allocating public resources, the countryside planning will be an important part of rural revitalization strategy.

Study on Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Public Goods Supplying System

In current China, the main problem existing in the rural public goods supplying system is the unbalanced condition of public goods supply, and the chief reason for which is unitary system of supply main body. Thus the leading countermeasure for comer of public goods supply is to reform the present unitary rural public goods supplying system, to strengthen functional transfer of rural grass-roots directive organization, to adopt diversified mode and provide public goods on the base of overall planning of urban and rural areas and to implement unitary and diversified supplying strategy. In this way, supplying efficiency of the rural public goods will be improved.

Difficulties in Implementing Supply Mechanism of Rural Public Goods in the Context of Urban-rural Integration

Through in-depth interviews and questionnaires,we take Mianyang City,Aba Prefecture,and Suining City in Sichuan Province as the study object,to analyze the relationship between the basic situation of farmers and the supply mechanism implementation of rural public goods.The research results show that the younger the farmers,the higher the educational level,the higher the annual household income,and the higher the enthusiasm in participating the discussion of the supply of rural public goods.And the correlation between farmers'annual household income and participation in the supply of public goods is the highest.Finally corresponding countermeasures and proposals are put forth based on farmers' educational level and annual household income,the two difficulties in supply mechanism implementation of rural public goods.

The Rural Elite and the Supply of Public Goods in Rural Areas

Based on the theory of collective action and social capital theory,social capital is introduced into the game analysis of the supply of public goods between the rural elite and ordinary villagers.I establish the income model of public goods utility concerning the rural elite and ordinary villagers;research the incentive of social capital for the rural elite and villagers,and impact of social capital on the rural elite and villagers.Three inferences can be drawn from the model:the precondition for the elite to prompt the collective cooperation is having " good reputation" ;" good reputation" of the elite in the supply of public goods can abate farmers' motive of " free rider" ;the role of the elite in organizing the supply of public goods can save the transaction costs in the process of collective action.Taking the case of Shunhe Village,Panyu District,Guangzhou City,I explain this model.Finally,some policy recommendations are put forth as follows:rebuilding the community credit;giving full play to the role of the rural elite in the supply of public goods in rural areas.

Innovation of Adult Education Supply in Rural Areas from the Aspect of Rural Public Goods——A Case Study of Quzhou City,Zhejiang Province,China

Status of rural adult education in Quzhou City is analyzed from three aspects of supply main body,supply method and fund source.Problems in the rural adult education in Quzhou City are pointed out.Firstly,the top-down supply decision model can not fully meet the needs of farmers.Secondly,education resources can not be best allocated.Thirdly,both rural labor force market and employment service are not perfect.In order to promote the development of rural adult education,the education supply mode of rural adults should be established,which is "supplied by the government,coordinated by the government,participated by the society,operated according to market mechanisms".This needs to set up the leading position of government,to establish the pattern of diversified main bodies of adult education supply in rural areas,and to construct the market operation mechanism driven by interests.

Demand of Rural Public Goods in Western Ethnic Minority Areas

In the context of Development of the West Regions and the construction of new countryside,on the basis of defining the concept of public goods,this article analyzes the status quo and layers of demand of rural public goods in western ethnic minority areas:the demand of rural public goods in ethnic minority areas shows "pyramid" structure,that is,the most basic layer is production-based rural public goods,followed by life-based rural public goods and democratic-management-based rural public goods.Finally the countermeasures for achieving effective demand of rural public goods are put forward as follows:adhere to customers(farmers)-oriented principle;innovate upon the rural residents' demand expression mechanism of public goods in ethnic minority areas;achieve diversification of supply subject of rural public goods in ethnic minority areas.

Evaluation on the Efficiency and Fairness of Coordinating Public Goods Supply in Urban and Rural Areas

By setting the urban-rural public goods supply model,this paper evaluates the effects of coordinating supply public goods on resource allocation and welfare from efficiency and fairness,and examines the necessity and possibility of coordinating public goods supply in urban and rural areas. The model assumes that the population size of urban and rural areas is different,and the population can not flow freely between urban and rural areas; there are different degrees of spillover in the public goods supply. Model results show that coordinating public goods supply in urban and rural areas is the result of optimizing resource allocation efficiency,but the residents' individual utility level will not necessarily improve,so residents' willingness to support coordinated urban-rural supply is different,and public goods spillover and different tax systems are the factors that affect the residents' utility level. Finally,this paper uses the practice of coordinating urban and rural compulsory education in Chengdu City to confirm the above conclusions.

Analysis of Public Goods Supply of New Generation Migrant Workers' Urban and Rural Double Marginalization

Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers' education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers' demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments' direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers' double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.

Research on Supervision of Country Public Goods Supply Based on Public Choice Theory

To increase the provision of rural public goods is a major task of Chinese new rural construction, while it can not do without the necessary supervision. This paper described the relationship between public choice theory and the provision of rural public goods and it was a basis for in-depth study of the government＇s subject behavior from the perspective of public choice, and led to the necessity of regulation of rural public goods provision in rural areas, then it presented a strengthen monitoring of the rationalization proposals.

Problems and Countermeasures of Bike-Sharing System in China Based on the theory of Public Goods

Under the new normal of China’s economic development,bike-sharing,a new product of the“Internet+”era,opens the door to a novel lifestyle for the society,and is in the stage of rapid development.Nevertheless,with the explosive growth of the number of bicycles,some new problems gradually come out,such as disorderly parking,serious damage and waste of resources,which in turn restrict its further development.Based on the theory of public goods,this article studies the quasi-public goods attributes and problems of bike-sharing,as well as provides feasible measures for its long-term development,so as to realize the co-governance and sharing among enterprises,consumers and government.

An Unfortunate Patient's Good Luck——Story of a Rural Woman and a Pharmaceutical Company

Xi Jianying is unfortunate and fortunate at the same time. Now in her late 60s, the woman in Shandong Province, eastern China, has suffered an unknown pain in her head since young. She is fortunate in that for the past 20 years, a pharmaceutical company in Jinan, the provincial capital, has done everything it can to relieve her of the pain. Believe it or not, the Dongfeng (meaning East Wind) Pharmaceutical Factory has been producing a "miracle" medicine just for one patient, for Xi, who lives in a mountainous village on the suburbs of Tai’an City, in total disregard of the huge cost involved and the loss thus incurred.

乡村振兴视域下农村电商高质量发展面临的主要问题及对策

乡村振兴视域下,农村电商高质量发展对于推动农村经济发展和提高农民收入具有重要意义。农村电商的高质量发展,需要从完善农村交通和网络基础设施、打造特色品牌、建立和完善农村物流服务体系等方面着手,充分挖掘和有效整合农村潜在资源,促进农村一、二、三产业融合发展,推动农村经济结构调整和升级,从而使农村电商成为拉动农村经济增长的新动能,保证农村经济提质增效和农民增产增收,不让农民既流汗又流泪,实现“惠农、富农、强农”目标,为全面实施乡村振兴战略助力。

政策激活自治:农村公共品有效供给的实践路径——以人居环境整治为例

在农村公共品供给中,一些村庄在政策的牵引下,动员村庄精英和普通村民积极参与公共品供给的民主实践,从而激活了村庄潜在的治理能力,实现了公共品的有效供给。这种现象可称之为“政策激活自治”。公共品供给政策的灵活性、以村干部为核心的组织动员能力以及以小组为单位的内生性治理能力构成了政策激活自治的政策、组织和社会基础。基于公共品分类的视角可发现,政策的牵引效应主要作用于与农民关系紧密、投入较少的建设项目上,而对与农民关系松散、投入较多的公共项目作用有限。政策激活自治的存在,启发我们在公共品供给中掌握政策统一性和灵活性的平衡,区分不同项目与农民的利益链接,通过适当的政策激发村民参与的积极性。

协同治理推进乡村治理现代化:理论机制、现实困境与实现路径

乡村治理现代化是推进中国式现代化进程的有机组成部分,协同治理理论的嵌入,有助于推进乡村治理现代化的进程,实现乡村“善治”的治理目标。因此,构建协同治理推进乡村治理现代化的理论机制成为当下的关键。然而,现阶段多元主体在参与乡村治理中依然存在主体能力建设相对欠缺、数字赋能相对乏力以及制度体系建设相对滞缓等现实困境。文章从提升多元主体推动乡村治理现代化的能力、激发数字技术赋能乡村治理现代化的活力、健全制度体系保障乡村治理现代化的效力三个方面构建实现路径,以期为推进乡村治理现代化提供有益参考。

公共产品一体化引领县域城乡融合的机理、挑战与对策

现阶段,县城成为城镇化体系建设中的重点环节,乡村振兴战略全面深入实施,推进县域城乡融合正当其时。公共产品一体化是城乡融合的重要载体并具有先导作用。其中,社会公共产品一体化促进城乡要素自由流动,经济公共产品一体化促进城乡产业融合,数字公共产品一体化促进城乡治理融合。县域公共产品一体化受到城乡二元体制、县级财政能力、县域公共产品特性及农村公共产品供给短板等因素挑战。需要统筹规划、构建多元可持续的投融资模式、公共产品分类转型供给、全面提升农村公共产品供给等,以公共产品一体化引领县域城乡融合。

循数善治:数字技术如何赋能基层治理?——基于浙江衢州“邻礼通·三民工程”的案例分析

社区治理是我国基层治理的重要组成部分,提升社区治理效能是实现基层善治、推动国家治理能力现代化的关键一环。目前我国的社区治理体系具有管控性强、覆盖率高等优势,然而社区治理难度增大和治理任务繁重等现实难题也阻碍着治理效能的进一步提升。本文提出依托数字技术赋能城市社区治理的研究框架,根据现实基层治理的困境和难点,提炼了“循数善治”的赋能模式,总结了五条数字技术赋能基层治理的作用机制,并结合浙江衢州“邻礼通·三民工程”的案例具体分析。衢州市的基层治理改革创新对治理模式转向善治的本土化耦合提供了循数善治的数字赋能路径,为解决基层治理难题、实现国家善治,开拓了一条数字时代的基层治理新路。

农村集体经济对农户人居环境整治行为的影响

农村集体经济是中国特色社会主义公有制经济的重要组成部分,其不仅担负着组织农民和发展农民的重任,还具有乡村治理的功能。农村集体经济对于人居环境整治的作用是乡村振兴乃至农业农村现代化进程中的重要议题。该研究基于2020年中国社会科学院农村发展研究所的中国乡村振兴调查数据,利用Mvprobit模型实证分析了农村集体经济与农户人居环境整治行为间的关系及作用机理。主要发现如下:①农村集体经济的发展壮大能够显著提高农户采用科学方式处理生活污水和使用卫生厕所的概率,该结论不受变量设定方式和干扰性因素等影响,并且通过了内生性检验,具有非常强的稳健性。②农村集体经济的发展提升了村庄公共事务支出力度和农户收入水平,满足了人居环境整治所需资金由公共部门和私人部门进行两阶段联合付费的俱乐部物品属性。此外,农村集体经济的发展还可以提高村民对村干部的信任程度和公共事务参与程度,提升了农户参与人居环境整治的积极性。换言之,在人居环境整治过程中,农村集体经济可以将经济资源转化为治理资源,促进和美乡村建设。③在过度依赖政府转移性收入的村集体中,农户采用科学方式处理生活污水和改厕的可能性越低;老龄化程度越高的家庭,农村集体经济激励农户生活污水改善的行为越会受到掣肘。该研究结论表明,在农村人居环境治理过程中,需要多途径提高农村集体经济收入尤其是经营性收入,以便将经济资源转化为治理资源,建设宜居宜业和美乡村。