Research on the Reform of"Separation of Three Rights"for Rural Homesteads in Juancheng County,Shandong Province

In order to realize rural revitalization in an all-round way and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society,China is committed to deepening the pace of building a new countryside with Chinese characteristics.The reform of the"Separation of Three Rights"of rural homesteads is a key measure,which aims to activate rural resources,enhance the vitality of rural economic development,and then promote the overall process of rural revitalization.This study selects Juancheng County,Heze City,Shandong Province as a typical case.Through an in-depth analysis of the relevant policy orientation of the national homestead reform and the specific practice of local promotion work,it systematically sorts out the registration of homestead rights,transfer of use rights and relevant policy measures adopted in paid use,qualification conversion,policy publicity and system establishment.After in-depth research on the system reform practice of the"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads in Juancheng County,this paper reveals the main problems existing in the current reform,including the lack of clear policy support for the mechanism of paid use of homesteads,difficulties in the process of identifying qualification rights and challenges,the imperfection of the transfer mechanism of use rights,and the lack or lag of relevant policies.A series of problem-oriented policy suggestions are put forward,including establishing and improving the system of paid use of rural homesteads,improving the income distribution mechanism,promoting the innovation of the mortgage guarantee system for the right to use homesteads,and optimizing the homestead qualification certification procedures.These suggestions aim to provide a useful reference for the Juancheng County Government in promoting the reform of"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads,and then promote the rational allocation and efficient utilization of rural homestead resources.

Withdrawal Intention of Farmers from Vacant Rural Homesteads and Its Influencing Mechanism in Northeast China: A Case Study of Jilin Province

The effective use of land in Northeast China is of great significance for ensuring national food security and regional rural revitalization.In this study,based on the survey data collected from Jilin Province,Northeast China,we analyzed the vacancy rates of rural homesteads in suburban,outer suburban,and remote villages,as well as the withdrawal intention of rural-settled farmers,urbansettled farmers,and farmers with urban and rural dual residency from vacant homesteads.From the perspective of farmers’perceptions,this study constructed a theoretical framework of the influence mechanism of their withdrawal intention and analyzed such mechanism by constructing a structural equation model.The results indicated that:1)rural homestead vacancy rates increased with distance from the village to the city.2)rural-settled farmers showed a low withdrawal intention for vacant rural homesteads,followed by urban and rural dual-residence farmers,and urban-settled farmers showed the highest withdrawal intention.3)the relative importance of the factors influencing withdrawal intention is in the following order:policy awareness>interest perception>living environment perception>family characteristics.Finally,this study discussed the reformation of the homestead system and rural homestead transition in Northeast China,which can provide policy support to increase the potential of cultivated land and promote sustainable rural development and urban-rural coordination.

Farmers'Willingness to Withdraw from Rural Homesteads

In order to grasp the relationship between farmers'willingness and behavior to withdraw from rural homesteads,based on the theory of planned behavior,a survey was conducted in Jizhou District,Tianjin using convenience sampling method.A total of 443 valid questionnaires were collected and they were analyzed by SPSS.The results are as follows.(i)The willingness of farmers to withdraw from rural homesteads is affected by pre-cognitive factors such as behavioral attitude,subject norm and perceived behavior control.(ii)Among the benefits that can be brought by the withdrawal of homesteads,farmers value the improvement of the housing environment the most.(iii)Family members'view and relatives and neighbors'withdrawing from homesteads also exerts greater pressure on farmers.(iv)Farmers generally lack trust in the village committees or government departments'claims.(v)The cost of relocation also restricts the perceived behavior control of farmers'homesteads withdrawing.Based on above result,the following suggestions are made:strengthening policy publicity,raising farmers'awareness of policies related to the withdrawal of homesteads,fully respecting farmers'wishes,promoting the withdrawal of rural homesteads in an orderly manner,expanding the scope of compensation for withdrawal of rural homesteads,and enriching compensation methods.

Study on Proper Use of Rural Homestead in Anhui Province

On the basis of analyzing current situations and problems in conserving and intensive use of rural homestead in Anhui Province,this paper came up with corresponding countermeasures and recommendations,to provide certain reference for promoting proper use of rural homestead,realize sustainable use of land,and promoting beautiful countryside construction of Anhui Province.

Functional Transformation of Rural Homesteads:A Field Survey of Poyang County,Jiangxi Province,China

The rural homestead is a major part of the rural land system,which is an important carrier of various rural issues such as rural decline,rural hollowing and others.Great changes have occurred in China’s rural areas,while the rural homestead has also undergone transformation.Based on summarizing the multi-functional classification of homesteads from previous research,this study divided and defined the population bearing function,assets,and residential function of homesteads from the perspective of functional improvement according to the results of a survey questionnaire.Using Poyang County as the case study,this paper analyzed the functional transformation of rural homesteads through the model of coordinated transformation degree.The results demonstrated the following trends.(1)From 2000 to 2017,the transformation degrees of rural homestead functions in Poyang County have obviously improved overall.(2)The high value areas of the transformation degrees were mainly distributed in the northern hilly region and around Poyang Lake,while most of the low value areas were distributed in the plain areas near the county town.(3)In the regions with better location conditions and resource endowments,the basic conditions and trend of non-agriculturalization of the population,capital and other factors are more significant.According to the differentiation of rural homestead transformations which occurred in different regions,the government could put forward targeted development suggestions for the future.

Development and Utilization of Rural Idle Homesteads in the Context of Rural Revitalization——A Case Study of Leisure Agriculture

The existence of a large number of idle homesteads in rural areas not only causes waste of land resources,but also injures farmers' property rights and hinders the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. The emergence and vigorous development of rural leisure agriculture provides a new way of utilization and method for the development and utilization of rural homesteads. From the perspective of leisure agriculture,this paper analyzed the characteristics,advantages and disadvantages of the overall development model of rural idle homestead,farmstay model and characteristic industry development model,and discussed the actual case to enrich the research on the development and utilization of idle homestead. It pointed out that there are problems such as insufficient tourism resources and single management content,lack of legal basis for revitalizing the homestead,lagging reform of rural land property rights system,and difficulty in expanding the space for leisure tourism development in the process of developing rural idle homestead. It is recommended to provide reference for the effective improvement of the efficiency of idle homestead utilization,increase farmers' income,and promote the rural revitalization strategy.

农村宅基地制度改革的现实需求、主要困境与应对策略

基于江西省农村宅基地制度改革实践经验,采用演绎归纳法分析农村宅基地制度改革的现实需求和面临的主要困境,并提出应对策略,为稳慎推进农村宅基地制度改革、促进乡村振兴提供实践参考。结果表明:1)农村宅基地制度改革有助于策应“三产融合”发展用地保障、农村人居环境改善、新时代文明乡风建设、农村社会治理提升等多维现实需求。2)改革面临村庄差异难以形成可推广的统一模式,村集体自组织能力偏弱使得改革内生动力形成难,政策稳定性不足导致宅基地历史问题处置难,退出宅基地再次利用优势不足使得闲置宅基地盘活难等现实困境。据此,深化农村宅基地制度改革,应坚持需求导向、系统思维、农民主体地位,以及先立后破的原则,对待历史遗留问题保持历史耐心,充分发挥村民的主人翁精神,把农村宅基地制度改革与乡村振兴战略融合,因村施策精准推进。

土地政策松绑与县域新型城镇化——来自农村宅基地改革的经验证据

以县域为重要载体的新型城镇化是实现中国式现代化的必由之路,但随着农村剩余劳动力的不断外流,土地粗放利用、宅基地闲置甚至抛荒问题日益凸显。宅基地改革是促进土地要素与新型城镇化协调发展的重要举措,基于宅基地改革试点政策,运用多期双重差分法构造准自然实验,检验农村宅基地改革能否促进县域新型城镇化。研究发现:农村宅基地改革可以显著提升县域新型城镇化水平。政策路径识别发现,农村宅基地改革从非农就业、产业结构升级和激发市场潜能三方面提升县域新型城镇化水平。异质性研究表明,行政区划上,农村宅基地制度改革对于县、县级市和市辖区的新型城镇化水平提升能力呈现递增趋势;地区差异上,农村宅基地制度改革的政策效应在东部、中部地区县域得到有效发挥,对西部地区县域新型城镇化水平提升效果有限。通过土地政策改革推进以县域为载体的新型城镇化提供了经验证据,同时也从经验上就如何稳慎推进农村宅基地改革试点提供政策启示。

宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用方向与机制完善——基于三个改革试点典型实践的对比分析

宅基地“三权分置”是农村宅基地制度改革的重要内容,是乡村振兴的重要抓手。宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴具有特定的作用方向,理论上可通过加速农村产业发展、提升农村居住环境、促进城乡文化交流、优化乡村治理结构、增加农民财产收入等途径发挥推动作用,实践上改革试点地区已探索出诸多特色路径模式。基于对上海松江区、安徽金寨县、广西北流市三地典型实践的对比分析发现,宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴既与制度初衷和目标追求精准匹配,也存在作用发挥不充分的离散困境。为此,建议从联动设计相关配套政策、建立分级联动工作机制、相关职能部门协助好服务保障、搞好宣传咨询与跟进引导服务等方面完善相关机制,从而更好地提升宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用效果。

我国农村宅基地使用权退出法律机制研究

宅基地使用权退出在农村宅基地制度中扮演着重要角色,对于统筹城乡发展、保障农民财产权及加强宅基地的财产属性具有重要作用。在改革试点工作中,J省Y区成效显著,但也反映出农村宅基地使用权退出机制面临立法不健全、资金压力大、缺乏退出后长效保障机制等实践困境。构建农村宅基地使用权退出机制,是我国农村宅基地改革的关键点,也是农村宅基地改革的堵点与痛点。对此,应当从完善立法、拓宽资金来源、加强社会保障等方面入手,探索完善农村宅基地使用权退出机制的可行路径。

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革、司法裁判与实践创新

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革经历了从允许到限制的转变,体现了政府政策的强制驱动和利益诱导的结合。宅基地使用权依托农房转让的司法裁判具有明显的被动性,农户在集体经济组织外部转让农房时,法院一般会认定该转让合同无效,但司法政策又为宅基地改革预留了政策空间,体现了原则性与灵活性的统一。在宅基地使用权依托农房转让的实践创新中,国家并没有直接废除宅基地使用权依托农房限制转让的既有路径,径行允许转让,而是秉持审慎原则,独辟蹊径。试点地区宅基地使用权依托农房转让下受让人范围拓展,与集体经营性建设用地入市衔接,与宅基地资格权退出耦合及与宅基地入股、合作打通,均体现了对宅基地使用权权能受限的克服。

农村宅基地制度改革后农民福利变化研究--基于义乌试点地区的调查

基于阿马蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,采用模糊数学综合评价方法构建模糊函数,对浙江省义乌农村宅基地制度改革后的农民福利变化进行评价。评价结果表明,农民福利总模糊综合指数为0.568,农民经济状况模糊综合指数为0.542,居住水平为0.589,社区环境为0.632,社会保障为0.527,政治参与为0.570。研究结果显示,宅基地制度改革后农民福利水平总体得到提升;宅基地制度改革改善了农民的社区环境和居住条件,但并没有显著改善农民的家庭经济状况和社会保障状况;宅基地制度改革降低了农民从事农业活动的收入,也降低了农民对农村医疗保险的获得感。政策含义为,宅基地制度改革须坚持“农民生活质量不下降”“先立后破”的原则;改革推进的着力点分别是促进非农就业,完善社会保障和丰富社区建设,通过着力点的建设提高农民收入,提升农民获得感、幸福感和安全感,从而全方位提升农民福利水平。

农村“三块地”制度深化改革的现实梗阻与突破路径——基于L省H市的考察

随着和美乡村建设与新型城镇化的不断推进,农村承包地、宅基地、集体经营性建设用地制度改革进入攻坚期和深水区,需要在凝练土地制度改革经验的同时,找寻妥适的路径破解农村产业用地供给保障与利用不足、农村建设用地财产价值未充分显现、农村宅基地粗放利用、农村集体土地收益来源不稳定等“三块地”制度改革面临的现实梗阻,以便更好地引导乡村产业振兴、优化城乡土地空间布局,从而适配国家最新发展战略,统筹推进城乡融合发展和乡村全面振兴。为此,应以稳慎推进农村宅基地制度改革、健全土地流转价格形成机制、深化农村集体产权制度改革为根本遵循,通过全域土地综合整治支撑农村产业用地供给,优化宅基地退出流转机制以提高土地资源配置效率,通过土地权能优化配置提高农村土地财产价值,构建多元化收益分配机制保障农民财产权益。

海南省宅基地“三权”分置试点方案之比较研究

全国农村宅基地制度改革试点工作正在推进,海南结合本省情况对宅基地“三权”分置开展试点探索。三亚市试点探索了农村集体经济组织在宅基地退出、收回和整治基础上,为第三方设立宅基地经营权的“两权”分置模式,且允许设立物权性质宅基地经营权,该探索具有一定的创造性与突破性。文昌市试点既探索了农户基于宅基地使用权或农村集体经济组织基于农户暂时退出的宅基地,将债权性质宅基地利用权流转给第三方的“三权”分置模式,也探索了农村集体经济组织在农户永久退出宅基地的基础上将债权性质宅基地利用权流转给第三方的“两权”分置模式,该探索更具有全面性。三亚市与文昌市的试点方案均有进一步完善的空间。

风险认知、生计资本与农户宅基地退出意愿研究——以兰州市八里镇移民安置区农户为例

农户自愿有偿退出宅基地对深化农村改革影响深远。研究风险认知对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,以及生计资本在风险认知影响农户宅基地退出意愿中的调节作用,引导农户自愿有偿退出宅基地,提高农村土地资源利用效率,对促进城乡融合发展、推动乡村振兴战略实施具有重要现实意义。本研究基于兰州市八里镇移民安置区农户调研数据,利用二元Logit模型和调节效应模型,理论分析并实证检验了风险认知与生计资本对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,进而分析生计资本在其中发挥的调节作用。研究结果表明,农户在宅基地退出决策中具有显著的规避风险的意识,农户在宅基地退出中产生的风险认知对退出意愿有负向作用,而生计资本则对农户宅基地退出意愿有正向作用;此外,生计资本还可以缓解农户宅基地退出意愿中的风险认知。基于此,加快推进农户宅基地自愿有偿退出,应完善农户宅基地退出后的各项保障政策、引导农户树立正确科学的风险意识以及构建差别化的宅基地退出机制。

乡村振兴视域下农民闲置宅基地退出的权利风险及防范对策

宅基地退出是拥有农村闲置地的农民将其宅基地使用权退回给农村集体,农民原来享有的宅基地使用相关权利消灭的法律行为。宅基地退出后农民将面临一系列权利风险,主要在于农民就业权、居住权和社会保障权面临风险等。究其原因主要在于,城乡二元体制的影响,宅基地退出机制不健全以及农民风险意识缺失。破除农民的权利风险,应破除城乡二元体制,建构城乡一体化发展体制;应制定《中华人民共和国宅基地法》,加强立法保障;应强化政府责任,加强宅基地退出风险监管;应加强风险教育,提升农民风险防范能力。

宅基地有偿使用制度探索:问题、挑战与应对

始于1988年在山东德州等地开展的宅基地有偿使用制度试点,1993年被全面取消;2015年首轮农村宅基地制度改革试点再次被提上日程。2020年新一轮宅改试点方案启动后,各试点地区采取稳慎态度稳妥推进,取得初步成效的同时,也暴露出一些共性问题,包括有偿使用收费范围扩大化、收费对象瞄准错位化、收费标准存在一定的随意性、收费起征点“一刀切”等。究其原因,既有对宅基地有偿使用的性质和法理依据的认识不清,也有对宅基地政策变迁的历史节点把握不准,以及基础性工作不扎实、不到位。未来应顺应城镇化、非农化不可逆转的态势及建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制的内在要求,强化有利于增进最广大农民利益的指导思想,强化有利于构建城乡住房保障一体化体系的顶层设计,将有偿使用的重点瞄准非农经营性宅基地和一些发达地区新增宅基地的分配,有偿使用的标准应坚持于法有据,分区域、分人群稳步推进。

乡村振兴战略实施中农民权益的法治保障——以土地征收和宅基地“三权分置”制度改革为视角

土地征收和宅基地“三权分置”制度改革与农民利益息息相关,加强农民权益保护、提高农民财产利益,是实施乡村振兴战略、促进农业农村现代化发展的重要举措。当前,在土地征收和宅基地制度改革过程中,损害农民权益的情形时有发生。土地征收应完善法律制度的保障与供给,以规范和平衡各方利益关系,并畅通司法救济渠道;宅基地制度改革,应严格规范宅基地所有权主体的行为,建立腾退宅基地反悔期制度,构建股权化补偿体系和机制,以保障农民合法权益。

外生性环境对农户宅基地流转意愿的影响机制研究——基于需求层次的中介效应

基于福建省845份实地调研数据,采用聚类分析法对农户宅基地需求层次进行界定,借助中介效应模型,探究外生性环境、需求层次对流转意愿的影响机制。结果表明:外生性环境显著影响流转意愿,交易市场的子变量流转案例对流转意愿的促进作用最为强烈;需求层次在政策激励、交易市场影响流转意愿中发挥中介作用,在社会环境影响流转意愿中发挥遮掩效应;外生性环境对流转意愿的影响在需求层次上具有异质性,生活类需求层次的农户流转宅基地更易受政策的激励,而情感类需求层次的农户更易受社会环境的影响。据此,建议探索侧重住宅用地属性的宅基地管理方式,落实农户资格权延期兑换制度,扩展宅基地基层治理网络,以全面推进宅基地流转工作。

农村宅基地有偿使用改革:历史回顾、现实困境与优化路径

采用归纳演绎法、比较历史分析法和政策文本分析法等,梳理宅基地有偿使用改革历史理论逻辑并探索其现实困境,历史回顾发现,宅基地有偿使用改革正在向着更人性化、更公平和更符合农村实际情况的方向发展。目前“宅改”仍面临政策系统性不足,村集体权益面临观念性、法律性、人力资源性困境构成的综合性体制机制困局,潜存着权力寻租、贫富差距扩大、干群冲突等社会风险。“宅改”需破除上述三重困境,构建一套综合性的支持体系,强化政策间的耦合衔接性;建立“监督—评估—问责”三位一体机制;提升政策公平性和透明度;完善集体土地法规体系与加强基层激励约束体系建设;立法明确政府和集体在宅基地管理中的职责以及设定补贴制度。