Dietary Behaviors and Influencing Factors among Rural Left-behind Children Aged below 7 Years in China

Left-behind children comprise a special population inChinese rural areas. According to the 2007 China Census,the number ofleft-behind children aged≤14 years was estimated at 58 million which suggested that these childrencon stituted a

Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in Impoverished Rural China:A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of First Grade Junior High School

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.

Parental Migration’s Effects on the Academic and Non-Academic Performance of Left-Behind Children in Rural China

This study investigates the impact of parental labor migration on the academic achievements and non-academic growth of left-behind children in fourth and seventh grades. Employing survey data collected from rural China in 2014, 2015, and 2016, we examine the effect of parental absence on children's academic achievement using Propensity Score Matching(PSM) and Difference in Difference(DID) methods. The results demonstrate that left-behind children whose parents have migrated for one year have statistically significantly lower academic scores. Academic scores drop lower for fourthgrade students and students from higher-income families. There are also adverse effects on left-behind children's confidence, teacher-student relationships, subjective well-being, and educational expectations if parents migrate for one year. Surprisingly, if parental migration lasts longer(totaling two years), these adverse effects disappear, and student's educational expectations even improve. These results may be because, over time, the adverse effects that occur immediately after parental migration are offset by the positive effects of migration(i.e. higher income). These conclusions can inform migrant parents on ways to utilize their resources to improve the academic performance of their left-behind children.

Preliminary Study on Crime Prevention of Left-behind Children in Rural China

In the process of social and economic development in China,there appears the inevitable problem of crime of left-behind children.Extensive researches and disputes prove that it is,to a greater extent,a social phenomenon resulted from social factors. It is recommended to improve the treatment of migrant workers and solve the problem of school admission for their children,provide effective legal education for those left-behind children whose problem can not be solved in a short term,and supplement the guardianship role to control the crime rate of leftbehind children. Another more effective method is to resume effective control of people's social life through the rural cultural tradition,to fundamentally prevent crime of left-behind children.

Psychological Capital Status of Left-Behind Rural Children in China and Its Relationship with Mental Health

Background:The mental health of left-behind rural children of China has become a prominent social problem.At the same time,psychological capital has become a positive psychological resource to promote personal growth.However,the relationship between psychological capital and mental health of left-behind rural children has not been explored.Method:A total of 332 left-behind rural children were investigated using a questionnaire of psychological capital and mental health scale.The psychological capital status of left-behind rural children and its impact on mental health were analyzed.Results:(1)Left-behind rural children were found to have a psychological capital score of was 3.16±0.56;Gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on psychological capital.(2)Left-behind rural children obtained a mental health score of 2.21±0.5 G and gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on mental health.(3)A significant negative correlation is found between psychological capital and mental health scores of left-behind rural children.Regression analysis shows that psychological capital is negatively correlated with mental health scores.Conclusion:The psychological capital of left-behind rural children can positively predict their mental health,and thus developing the former can promote the latter.

A Survey on English Reading Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of Northern China

Taking Suining County in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu province as the survey subject,this paper is to study the current English reading situation of the left-behind children based on a questionnaire survey of 472 respondents from 4 primary and middle schools in rural areas.The result indicated that there are serious problems in the current situation of English reading among left-behind children in rural areas,which are as follows:insufficient reading time and books,few access to having books,increased digital reading,many reading disabilities,poor reading environment,etc.This paper analyzes the reasons and gives corresponding countermeasures for society,school and family,to improve the English reading condition of rural left-behind children and to better promote their reading ability and habits.It also provides the reference for narrowing the disparity gap of reading resources services between urban and rural China.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

Secular Changes of Stature in Rural Children and Adolescents in China, 1985-2010

Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010. Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student＇s Constitution and Health. The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in rural areas of provincial capitals. Results An overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010. The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls, respectively. The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade, respectively. There were differences in body height increase among eastern, central and western regions. The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest, followed by central region and western region. The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions. The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious. 〈br〉 Conclusion Positive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China, and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth. More attention should be paid to the differences in children＇s body height between western region and eastern/central region.

Characteristics of Child Labour and Their Health Problems: Findings from Rural Community of India

Background: Child labour is a big problem. Studies have indicated several problems of child labour. However, few studies have indicated the characteristics of child labour rural India. Objectives: This study has explored characteristics of child labour and their families in the rural community of eastern India and also identified their health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to explore their characteristics in purposively selected areas in rural Howrah, India. Frequency table and bar-diagrams were used. Results: The study identified 72% boys and 28% girls as child labour. Majority of the children (67.9%) were labour because they wanted to help their parents. In 8.9% cases, they were forced to work by their parents. In 5.4% cases, they were orphans. Majority of the children were not satisfied (78.6%) with their job place and job status. Conclusions: Child labourers are not satisfied with their job. Their money is used in family. Parents are illiterate. Lack of effective education system and availability of functional schools are both causes and consequences of child labour. Due to illiteracy, working conditions for these children get worse as they are not even aware of the occupational benefits.

Child Mortality Patterns in Rural Areas of Anhui and Henan Provinces in China, 1990

County-based IMR and U5MR in Anhui and Henan provinces in China were estimated and analyzed by using the 1990 Census Data. Census was conducted on July 1,1990, the number of deaths only occurred in the first half year of 1990 was collected. In order to obtain the total population and total number of deaths in the same year, the total number of deaths in each eqersex group for the whole 1990 was then estimated by taking the death number in the first half of 1990 as the base and multiplying a coefficient, which varied in different age-sex-region groups. Two major adjustments for some possible underreporting cases in female birth and infant death were made. If the sex ratio at age 0 in some counties was beyond 1. 2, then it was taken as 1. 15 for rural counties and 1.10 for urban cities, which were the estimates of sex ratios for the children at ape 5 in the national 1% Population Sampling Survey in 1995. The adjustment for IMR were made by comparing the segment of the county lift table from age 15 through 59 with that from the same age groups in the international and Chinese Model Life Tables. The IMR in the county life table would be substituted by the one in the closest Model Life Talbe, if it was less than in the latter.The findings of the analysis may be summarized as fol1ows: (i) Total county-based IMR and U5MR were 33. 4 Per 1000 and 41. 4 per 1000 respectively, with great variations between urban cities (25. 4 per 1000 for IMR and 31. 4 per 1 000 for U5MR) and rural counties (35. 1 Per 1000 for IMR and 43. 6 per 1000 for U5MR). There were also sighficant differences in child mortality between nationally identified Poor counties and other counties in rural areas. In the opr counties the total IMR was 40. 7 per 1 000 living births in average while in non-opr counties it was only 33. 2 per 1000 in average (P < 0.05). The U5MR in opr counties was 25 percent higher than in non-opr counties (51. 5 vs 40. 9 Per 1 000 living births).(ii) Statistically significant correlation between child mortality and socio-economic variables was revealed from the data set, among which gross social economic products per capita was found to have the strongest relationship with child mortality. The neqative correlation was found between child mortality and a set of socalled' rich' variables including the gross social products, gr-oss agricultural products, gna industrial products and the proportions of high-educated population at county level, whereas the poSitive correlation was found between child mortality and a set of'poor' variables, such as proportions Of residents with lower 1evel of education and illiteracy rate.(iii) thfferences in child mortality between these two provinces were found, which were identical to the trends of differences in socio-economic indicators between them.tower child mortality proved to be associated with better socio-economic conditions(higher per capita products, higher proPortions of residents with higher level of education, lower proportion of less educated people and illiteracy) in province Henan.

Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

Investigation of children’s habits of smartphone usage and parental awareness of myopia control in underdeveloped areas of China

AIM: To investigate the behaviors of smartphone usage and parental knowledge of vision health among primary students in the rural areas of China. METHODS: In this school-based, cross-sectional study, a total of 52 606 parents of students from 30 primary schools in the Xingguo County were investigated through an online questionnaire from July 2020 to August 2020. The self-designed questionnaire contained three parts: the demographic factors of both children and parents, parental knowledge and attitude toward myopia, and the preventive treatment of myopia.RESULTS: A total of 52 485 appropriately answered questionnaires were received, showing an effective response rate of 95.1%. The average age of the primary students was 10.1±0.98 y and the prevalence of myopia among the primary students was 40.3%. The age of myopia occurrence in elementary students was significantly correlated with the parents’ educational level(95%CI: 0.82-0.98, P=0.013), children’s gender(95%CI: 1.08-1.20, P<0.001), school location(county or countryside)(95%CI: 0.59-0.66, P<0.001), children’s smartphone ownership(95%CI: 1.09-1.26, P<0.001), and the average time spent on smartphone per day(95%CI: 0.78-0.88, P<0.001). School location in the county town, high family income, and high parents’educational level significantly affected both parents’ myopia awareness and children’s vision-threatening behaviors(P<0.01). Left-behind children showed a higher incidence of vision-threatening habits than those who lived with their parents(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The results reveal the current situation of myopia development among rural primary school students and their parents. This survey will serve as a guidance for designing myopic prevention policies in the rural areas of China.

Children's Deviation in the Acquisition of Variable Linguistic Gender Patterns

This study examines the acquisition of variation from the vernacular Syrian input of 22 parents in the output of their 21 children in the village of Oyoun Al-Wadi in Syria, using the four rural vowel variables (o), (o:), (e), and (e:). Each variable has two realizations: rural [o, o:, e, e:] respectively and urban [a, a:, a, a:] respectively.Fathers use the rural vowels more than mothers, but the difference is statistically insignificant. Like fathers, boys use more rural vowels than girls. However, the difference between boys and girls is statistically significant. No correlation emerged between the children’s and parents’ use of the variants, indicating that children are not acquiring their parents5 exact frequencies, which suggests developmental effect rather than statistical learning of parental input effect. The boys’ higher use of the rural forms after age eight is attributed to a social, psychological polarization process between boys and girls to create a highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior in line with another highly differentiated gendered linguistic behavior related to a stereotypical consonant variable, (q), which is observed in both parents and children.

农村夫妻就业分化对生育意愿的影响

生育属于夫妻共同决策,探究农村夫妻就业分化引致的生育意愿变动及其内在机理,可能为中国低生育率的破解提供新视角。基于2014年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,实证检验农村夫妻就业分化对生育意愿的影响。结果表明,农村夫妻就业分化会降低其生育意愿,与务农型夫妻相比,兼业型夫妻和非农型夫妻的平均生育意愿分别减少0.037个和0.054个。使用CMP模型和Tobit模型进行稳健性检验后,结论依旧成立。就业分化对35岁以下、村庄宗族氛围不浓厚的农村夫妻生育意愿的抑制作用更强。机制检验表明,抚育能力削弱和传统生育观念弱化是农村夫妻就业分化导致生育意愿下降的重要原因。农村夫妻就业分化对其生育二孩和生育三孩的行为亦存在显著负向影响。因此,包容性生育政策改革需着重关注农村夫妻的抚育成本和时间顾虑,并通过营造新型生育文化,以激发农村夫妻的生育动力和情感需求。

“三孩”政策背景下我国乡村生育政策的创新与完善研究

进入新世纪以来,受长期计划生育政策惯性、生育观念转变和大范围人口流动的影响,我国乡村人口呈现出总量快速下降、人口结构恶化、总和生育率下降、新生儿性别比失调等问题。2021年“三孩”政策推出,提出应对我国生育政策进行综合性设计,以顺应我国乡村人口发展的需求。我国现有生育支持政策对于化解乡村生育问题还存在较多不足,需要秉持科学化和统筹城乡理念,抛弃历史包袱和政策惯性,遵循推进政策普惠化和系统化的思路进行政策调整,并不断完善政策执行体系。

海南乡村亲子旅游高质量发展路径探析

近年来,乡村亲子游成为一种全新的旅游业态并得到快速发展。海南省是传统的旅游大省,在开发乡村旅游资源、发展乡村亲子游过程中存在几个问题:一是配套设施相对薄弱,二是部分景区开发及管理不科学,三是旅游产品同质化现象严重,四是各乡村农民缺乏参与旅游开发的积极性。海南省需要完善乡村基础设施建设、科学合理配置旅游资源、打造旅游景点个性特色并提高村民开发乡村旅游资源的积极性,以促进海南旅游的高质量发展。

4~7岁儿童代谢综合征有关指标之间相关模式研究

目的探究4~7岁儿童代谢综合征有关指标之间的相关模式。方法依托前期开展的孕期增补复合微量营养素预防母婴不良结局项目,在河北满城、元氏2县选取参加项目孕妇所生儿童1454名,于儿童4~7岁时测量身高、体重、腰围、血压并检测血脂和血糖。采用Pearson相关分析检验体质指数(BMI)、腰围、总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、收缩压和舒张压共9个指标之间的线性相关关系。参照美国心脏学会标准判定儿童中心性肥胖、高血压、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症和高血糖发生情况,采用关联分析的φ系数描述5个代谢综合征组分间的相关关系。结果儿童CHO与LDL-C相关关系强(r=0.82,P<0.001),腰围与BMI、收缩压与舒张压、CHO与HDL-C相关关系较强(r依次为0.63、0.60和0.74,P均<0.001),CHO与TG、TG与LDL-C、HDL-C与LDL-C中等强度相关(r依次为0.34、0.30和0.43,P均<0.001),其他指标之间为弱相关或无相关。儿童中心性肥胖与高血压、高TG血症、低HDL-C血症三者均呈弱相关关系(φ系数依次为0.06、0.08和0.07,P均<0.05),高血压和高TG血症呈弱相关关系(φ=0.05,P<0.05),其他代谢综合征组分间的φ系数无统计学意义。结论儿童收缩压与舒张压之间、腰围与BMI之间以及几个血脂指标彼此之间相关关系较强,包括HDL-C与CHO、LDL-C均为中等强度正相关关系,而血压、肥胖与血脂三类指标之间无明显相关,血糖与所有指标均无明显相关;儿童代谢综合征各组分间相关较弱或无相关,提示儿童代谢指标间相关模式与成人不完全相同,代谢综合征这一概念应用于儿童宜审慎。

农村中小学寄宿生亲子关系对抑郁的影响:基于变量中心和个体中心的分析

为考察亲子关系对农村中小学寄宿生抑郁的影响及其作用机制,研究基于资源保存理论对1773名农村中小学寄宿生的亲子关系、归属需要、心理资本及抑郁进行测量。基于变量中心的分析发现:农村中小学寄宿生亲子关系负向预测其抑郁水平,心理资本在其中发挥部分中介作用,且归属需要在亲子关系与心理资本的关系间发挥调节作用;基于个体中心的分析发现:农村中小学寄宿生按亲子关系与归属需要可划分为“优关系高需要型”、“中上关系高需要型”、“中下关系高需要型”、“差关系低需要型”四类;以“优关系高需要型”为参照,发现其他三个类别均显著正向预测其抑郁水平,且心理资本在其中发挥部分中介作用。这表明亲子关系、归属需要及心理资本在预防农村中小学寄宿生抑郁中具有重要作用,且其亲子关系与归属需要存在不同匹配模式。

基于儿童友好的乡村旅游景观设计策略研究

随着国家大力推进乡村振兴战略和全域旅游的发展,乡村旅游成为促进农村经济发展的重要途径。在此背景下,如何在乡村旅游景观设计中融入儿童友好理念,创造一个安全、教育意义丰富且充满趣味的旅游环境,成为当前研究的热点问题。本研究基于扎根理论,深入挖掘儿童在乡村旅游中的特定需求,通过Nvivo12软件进行三级编码提炼出趣味互动、便捷功能、设施安全等核心要素,得到儿童友好乡村旅游景观设计影响因子。随后,实施了问卷调查,并使用SPSS22软件对数据进行了信效度分析和因子分析,证明了影响因子理论模型的合理性,在儿童友好乡村旅游景观设计中具有重要意义和实际应用价值。最终,本文提出了三大设计策略:环境行为设计、心理需求设计和感知体验式设计。这些策略为政策制定者和设计实践者提供了理论支持和实践指导,有助于推动儿童友好型乡村旅游的可持续发展。

我国农村隔代养育的承担者及发展趋势研究

通过混合研究方法探究我国农村地区隔代养育承担者的群体特征及其发展变化的新趋势。研究发现,一方面,我国农村隔代养育情况呈上升的发展趋势:农村隔代养育的承担者以60~70岁老年人为主要群体,老年人深度参与孙辈抚养,且呈现性别差异逐步缩小、性别结构趋向均衡的发展趋势。另一方面,农村隔代养育出现了一些新现象,这些新现象与农村出现的新的育儿观念、家庭经济条件密切相关。在家庭经济条件允许的情况下,农村地区的儿童养育模式将从完全由祖辈养育演变为祖辈只承担一部分养育职责甚至退出养育任务的新模式。据此,我国城市化进程中的拆分式家庭结构带来了代际反哺的变化。与此同时,国家为现代家庭提供完善的制度保障,成为改善隔代养育、实现乡村振兴的有效途径。