Auditory Health and Risk Factors in Rural Workers Exposed to Pesticides in Piedade de Caratinga County-Minas Gerais

In Brazil, the amount of pesticides consumed doubled in the last 10 years. Thus, in 2008 it assumed the lead position in the world. However, its indiscriminate application in agriculture without the use of the necessary care has contributed to environmental degradation and increased occupational exposures, making it a serious health problem in the country. The recent study looked to evaluate the auditory health and risk factors in rural workers exposed to pesticides in Piedade de Caratinga County—MG, and chart their socioeconomic profile and lifestyle while identifying the types of crops and the use and management of pesticides. Developed, then, a descriptive and exploratory study involving 23 men, rural workers, exposed to pesticides, with no history of exposure to noise, with changes in meatoscopy and aged ≤50 years of age. The results show the sample consisted of 23 men with a mean age of 36.7 ± 9.3, whom have low education, with a monthly income of 1 minimum wage, working in the fields for over 15 years. There was a predominance of horticulture using organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroids. Part of the sample shows auditory loss, the most common sensorineural conductive loss. It is essential that the population exposed to this type of risk is informed and receives guidance from educational campaigns developed by the multidisciplinary team of basic health units.

What Drives Migrants Back to Set up Firms?Return-home Entrepreneurial Intention of Rural Migrant Workers in China

The extant literature on international immigrants has discussed migrants’entrepreneurial activities in the context of Western countries but has paid little attention to return-home entrepreneurial intention(RHEI).Rural migrant workers(RMWs)in China,who used to promote rural development by remittances and were characterized by similarities with early international migrants,have gradually returned to their hometowns to initiate entrepreneurial activities.Based on the structured questionnaire conducted in 2015 and 2020in Anhui Province,China,this article combines the concept of mixed embeddedness with the idea of double-layered embeddedness and analyzes the impacts of the social,economic and institutional context in RMWs’hometowns and migration destinations on RMWs’RHEI by using binary logistic regression.The article shows that the social,economic,and institutional environments of RMWs’hometowns and migration destinations have effects on their RHEI.The embeddedness in the economic and informal institutional context in RMWs’RHEI is even more important than personal characteristics.Compared with migration destinations,RMWs’hometowns exert a more influential effect on their RHEI.However,that does not mean that the role of migration destinations can be undervalued.Actually,the better the social,economic,and institutional environments of migration destinations RMWs moved into is,the higher entrepreneurial intention they will have after returning to their hometowns.The article proposes a modified framework in combination of mixed embeddedness with double-layer embeddedness and proves that it is suitable for analyzing RMWs’RHEI.The framework has important implications for strengthening China’s RMWs to return home to start their own businesses.

Temporary Rural Workers in Beijing

Many young farmers leave their native bomes and come to Beijing in search of a new life.

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ‘urban diseases’ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.

Issues concerning Migrant Workers' Participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and Countermeasures——Based on the Survey in Wenjiang District and Jintang County, Chengdu City

We conduct questionnaire survey of migrant workers in Wenjiang District and Jintang County of Chengdu City,respectively,using the method of key-point investigation and the sampling survey. We describe the status quo of the sample migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,analyze the issues concerning migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,and put forward the countermeasures and recommendations as follows: using many types of medical insurance; establishing universal reimbursement points in strange land and premium-paying system for migrant workers; making the proportion of reimbursement open and transparent; establishing and improving medicare security system for migrant workers.

General report on the status of Chinese rural migrant workers and their development trends

This paper reviews the development of the rural migrant worker issue in China since reform and opening-up began. Firstly,utilizing substantial investigation,the authors analyze the new characteristics of Chinese rural migrant workers;Secondly,authors analyze the migrant workers’ contributions to reshaping the rural landscape and to driving China’s economic development and social structural change;Finally,using a quantitative analysis model,they examine the long-term trends of rural migrant workers and their interactions with macroeconomic and social development.

Preparing rural migrant workers for new jobs amid crisis

Referencing statistical yearbooks and census data,we first estimate the total number of rural migrant workers in China at about 238 million in 2008,including 71.4 million working across provinces.We also estimate how many migrant workers will be affected by the financial crisis and may lose their jobs.The coastal areas are the hardest hit.We predict that China in the first half of 2009 will face the most serious employment situation since the dawn of the new century, and that structural unemployment of rural migrant workers is the main problem.We estimate that around 34.18 million rural migrant workers would be facing the risk of structural unemployment.In order to cope with the shocks to rural migrant workers’ employment,the government should put a policy emphasis on adjusting rural migrant workers to new jobs.

From "Migrant Workers Boom" to "Migrant Workers Scarcity"——Analysis of Institutional Bottleneck of Rural Surplus Labors Transfer in China

Through description of three-steps characteristic of dual economic theory and its practical significance to the process of industrialization and urbanization in China,and making comparative analysis between important criterion of "Lewis turning point" and current situation of rural surplus labors market in China,we can find that there exists a great deal of surplus labors in rural areas in our country,improvement of peasant income is the result of external interference of government,and demographic dividend in our country hasn't finished.These phenomena go against the theory of "Lewis turning point".So it can prove that "Lewis turning point" in China hasn't come yet.The paper points out the major factors of coexistence of "migrant workers scarcity" and labors redundancy in our country.The first one is structure contradiction of labors market;the second one is law of supply-demand of labors market;the third one is institutional barrier which hinders labors in free flow of census register and social guarantee.Therefore,if we want to realize successful transfer of rural surplus labors and the goal of industrialization and urbanization,we must promote upgrading of industrial structure,change the style of economic growth and realize harmonious development of regional economy in macrocosmic level;And in microcosmic level,we should eliminate institutional barrier which hinders transfer of rural surplus labors.

A discourse on creating and rendering educational and cultural enrichment services to rural migrant workers by public libraries

As far as China's enormous success in her economic reforms and development is concerned,Chinese rural migrant workers indeed have had their biggest share of contributions.Yet ironically in return,they have only received a disproportionate meager share of benefit rewards.These people represent a huge economically deprived group at the bottom of the social totem pole in China's metropolises.On the whole as a social group,their educational attainment is relatively low as compared to their average urban coworkers.As such being the case,their rights to access some of the cost-free cultural and educational enrichment programs in the society are limited and not always assured.Nevertheless and in general speaking,they manifest a strong and consistent desire to acquire all sorts of new and practical knowledge by means of accessing the resources and facilities of their local public libraries.It is suggested in this paper that public libraries are in a good position to give strong support to the central government's strategic planning for the development of a public culture service systema).In implementing such a government initiative with an unswerving purpose of advancing social justice and equality,public libraries should strife to provide as many as possible their library services at no cost to the public,especially to those socially deprived rural migrant workers.

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Migrant Workers' Individual Decisions concerning "Change from Rural Residents to Urban Residents" in Chongqing City

This paper,from the city integration perspective,analyzes the main beneficiaries who benefit from the household registration system reform,and studies the influence of individual decisions about the transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture. Based on it,this paper makes an empirical research by using the survey data about migrant workers in Chongqing. The research findings are as follows:( i) The urban employment,the living condition and the rural connection have a significant impact on migrant workers' transfer decision;( ii) If the value of those factors( such as the working stability,the family income,the urban house condition and the urban social security) is higher,then the migrant workers who have no economic interest in rural areas are better able to integrate into the urban areas,therefore the inclination to transfer the household registration from agriculture to non-agriculture will be much stronger. It is proposed that we should do some significant things,such as enhancing the investment of security housing,bringing the migrant workers into the city housing accumulation fund system and giving them prior allocation right,perfecting land elastic exit mechanism,creating a harmonious employment environment,which are important strategies promoting migrant workers to integrate into the urban areas and affecting their individual decision about transferring from agriculture to nonagriculture.

Analysis of Public Goods Supply of New Generation Migrant Workers' Urban and Rural Double Marginalization

Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers' education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers' demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments' direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers' double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.

动因与逻辑:我国农民工欠薪治理政策演进的二维分析

农民工欠薪治理不仅关乎劳有所得的公平性和可及性,更是实现全体人民共同富裕的必然要求。本文通过梳理我国农民工欠薪治理的政策演进脉络,借鉴历史制度主义构建分析框架来解释政策演进的动因与逻辑,探索二者的有机关系。在演进动因上,央地政府、农民工、用工企业等行动主体,通过共时性调适促成关系合力,关系合力的方向调整和强度凝聚牵引着欠薪治理政策不断演进。在演进逻辑上,高位推动、刚性规制、扶弱固本的路径依赖,通过历时性重构塑造内在规律,渐进延续规律和迭代升级规律的耦合使欠薪治理政策保持着稳中有进、变中有新的连贯形态。而动因和逻辑之间,存在着问题解释上的互补关系和作用路径上的互促关系。本研究不仅从政策分析层面作出了边际贡献,为理解中国场景下的民生政策演进提供了共性借鉴,而且厘清了政策优化的着力方向,有利于筑牢农民工群体融入共同富裕的政策支持。

返乡农民工乡村旅游创业动机对创业幸福感的影响机制——基于链式中介效应的实证研究

返乡农民工旅游创业为乡村创造了大量就业岗位,使得乡村活力不断增强,为经济和社会发展带来了贡献和价值.该研究通过对321位返乡旅游创业农民工进行的调查问卷,运用多元回归分析和Bootstrap中介检验方法,对返乡农民工乡村旅游创业动机如何影响创业幸福感的影响机制进行了实证研究.结果显示:返乡农民工乡村旅游创业幸福感和创业自我效能感均处于中等偏上的水平;创业动机能够显著提升创业幸福感;创业环境和创业自我效能感是创业动机提升创业幸福感的中介变量,二者存在链式中介效应;返乡农民工的乡村旅游生存性创业动机对创业幸福感是完全中介效应,社会性创业动机对创业幸福感是部分中介效应,社会性创业动机比生存性创业动机的返乡农民工创业幸福感更高.

农民工市民化影响城乡融合发展的理论阐释与实证分析

将农民工市民化与城乡融合发展纳入统一分析框架,在构建城乡融合发展进程评价指标体系和计算农民工城市融入工资测算农民工市民化程度的基础上,基于2009—2021年省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型,实证检验农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的影响。研究发现:推进农民工市民化能够显著促进城乡融合发展;分区域看,农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的促进作用在中西部地区更加明显;通过加快农业现代化、加快农村现代化、促进基本公共服务均等化以及提高新型城镇化质量等作用渠道推进农民工市民化促进城乡融合发展。

农民工返乡创业的“流”与“留”——基于推拉理论视角的阐述

农民工群体是返乡创业队伍中的重要组成部分,也是实现乡村振兴的重要人才保障。在乡村振兴战略的背景下,那些曾经外出务工的农民,一部分成为拥有一定资金、技术和资源的返乡创业人员,以一种“愿意返乡”的新姿态出现。农民工返乡创业作为一种人口流动形式,也遵循着人口流动理论中的推拉原则。国家政策的利好、创业环境宽松、乡愁与乡情的拉力吸引着农民工返乡,而创业发展潜力不足、风险较大、农村空心化等推力则阻碍着农民工返乡创业的步伐。要想促进更多的农民工返乡创业,完善农民工创业路径,就必须在原有拉力基础上进一步丰富农村地区的拉力源,同时减缓农村地区的各种推力,并努力提升创业者自身的整体素质和能力。

新生代农民工的家庭再生产与乡村发展——基于打工地和输出地的城乡多点研究

新生代农民工“离土出村”之后,其家庭再生产安排深刻影响乡村发展。基于打工地和输出地的城乡多点研究发现,由于打工城市的排斥,新生代农民工将家庭再生产嵌入乡村社会,形成代际联系紧密的直系留守家庭,通过拓展留守家庭经营、为下一代加盖房屋等促进了乡村发展。然而,近年来农民工输出地的县域城镇化提供了新的家庭再生产空间,很大一部分新生代农民工的家庭再生产发生上移,家庭劳动力和家庭经济资源从乡村抽离,造成留守家庭规模锐减、经营萎缩、盖房停滞等乡村空心化现象。与此同时,大量新生代大龄单身男工因难以实现家庭化而陷入家庭再生产残缺,与留守家庭的联系逐渐疏离,不愿参与留守家庭经营和房屋营建,导致农地抛荒、房屋破败、照护危机等乡村发展困境。本研究有助于修正新生代农民工“离土出村”造成乡村空心化的线性变革观点,突显家庭再生产分析对理解其与乡村发展的复杂关系的重要意义。

数字乡村建设对农户共同富裕的影响--基于农民工返乡创业的中介作用

全民共同富裕关键在于农户共同富裕,而数字乡村建设是实现农户共同富裕的重要渠道。基于2012—2022年我国30个省份(因数据缺失,未包括西藏地区和港澳台地区)面板数据,创新性将数字乡村建设、农民工返乡创业与农户共同富裕纳入同一发展框架,以实证检验三者间关系。研究结果显示,数字乡村建设有助于促进农民工返乡创业和农户共同富裕;数字乡村建设可以通过农民工返乡创业正向影响农户共同富裕,且该结论具有一定稳健性;数字乡村建设的促进效应存在受教育程度和农业劳动生产率的异质性,具体表现为对农户受教育程度较低地区以及与低农业劳动生产率地区农户共同富裕的促进效应更强。基于研究结论,本文从全面加快推进数字乡村建设、多措并举促进农民工返乡创业就业、因地制宜推动区域协调发展方面,提出促进农户共同富裕的关键路向。