Contribution of molecular cladistics to the taxonomy of Rutaceae in China

The treatment of Rutaceae in the Chinese flora chose to follow Engler in recognizing Rutoideae and Toddalioideae as two separate subfamilies. Morphological and chemical comparisons, however, suggested grouping those two subfamilies in one subfamily, Rutoideae. This move has received support from molecular phylogenetic analyses, which also showed that the Chinese taxa in Euodia should be placed in Tetradium and Melicope following Hartley. Investigations into the chemistry and molecular phylogeny of Murraya also indicated that the species in the section Bergera without yuehchukene should be removed from Murraya. These findings clearly show the value of molecular cladistics to the taxonomy of Rutaceae in China and also directions for further investigations. Key words Bergera, Euodia, Melicope, Murraya, Rutaceae, Rutoideae, Tetradium, Toddalioideae.

Glycosmis longipetala F.J.Mou & D.X.Zhang,a new species of Rutaceae from China

Glycosmis longipetala F. J. Mou ＆ D. X. Zhang is described from Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in southwestern China. The new species is similar to G. cochinchinensis （Lour.） Pierre ex Engl. by its simple leaves, but distinguishable in having long-elliptic or oblanceolate （vs. ovate） leaves, long-ovoid to ellipsoid （vs. ovoid） floral buds, ovaries with many tubercles （vs. smooth） and glabrous （vs. pubescent） stamens. The pollen grains of the new species are 23.9±3.09 （20.8-27.0）×22.0±1.80 （20.4-24.4）μm in size with reticulate exine ornamentation in equatorial area and foveolate in polar area. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n=72.

Molecular Phylogeny of the “True Citrus Fruit Trees” Group (Aurantioideae, Rutaceae) as Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Sequence

The genus Citrus L. has a long controversial taxonomy history, and a well-resolved molecular phylogeny of the ＂true citrus fruit trees＂ group in the future will provide new information for advancing breeding techniques and developing better conservation strategies. In the present study, three cpDNA fragments （TrnL-TrnF, PsbH-PetB, and TrnS-TrnG） of 30 genotypes chosen from the six genera of the ＂true citrus fruit trees＂ group were analyzed. A molecular phylogenetic tree of the ＂true citrus fruit trees＂ group ＂~as reconstructed based on plastid DNA sequences. The results confirmed that the ＂true citrus fruit trees＂ group was monophyletic, and thereby the group was divided into genera as previously suggested based on morphological characters. The cpDNA data also suggested that Poncirus might be the first genus separated from the other five genera in the group. The genus Fortunella were of hybrid origin and Citrus might be as its putative paternal parent. The genera Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, and Clymenia were possibly monophyletic and their common ancestor might branch out from Citrus. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships within the Citrus genus were discussed.

A new flavone C-glucoside from Glycosmis arborea(Rutaceae)

A new C-glycosyl flavone 7,4＇-dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavone-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside 1 has been isolated and characterized form ethanolic extract of leaves part of Glycosmis arborea.The structure of compound was verified by means of high field 1D and 2D NMR（DEFT,COSY,DQF-HSQC,HMBC） and HRMS spectral analysis,respectively.

Assessment of candidate plant DNA barcodes using the Rutaceae family

DNA barcoding is a rapidly developing frontier technology that is gaining worldwide attention.Here,seven regions (psbA-trnH,matK,ycf5,rpoC1,rbcL,ITS2,and ITS) with potential for use as DNA barcodes were tested for their ability to identify 300 samples of 192 species from 72 genera of the family Rutaceae.To evaluate each barcode’s utility for species authentication,PCR amplification efficiency,genetic divergence,and barcoding gaps were assessed.We found that the ITS2 region exhibited the highest inter-specific divergence,and that this was significantly higher than the intra-specific variation in the "DNA barcoding gap" assessment and Wilcoxon two-sample tests.The ITS2 locus had the highest identification efficiency among all tested regions.In a previous study,we found that ITS2 was able to discriminate a wide range of plant taxa,and here we confirmed that ITS2 was also able to discriminate a number of closely related species.Therefore,we propose that ITS2 is a promising candidate barcode for plant species identification.

Five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts alleviate H2O2 and LPS-induced inflammation via NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 pathway in HaCaT cells

This study was designed to investigate the effects of five Rutaceae family ethanol extracts(FRFEE):Citrus medica Linn(CML),Citrus aurantium L.Cv.Daidai(CAD),Citrus medica Linn.var.sarcodactylis(Noot.)Swingle(CMS),Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck(CSO)and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim(ZBM)on retarding the progression of H_(2)O_(2) and LPS-induced HaCaT cells.Cell inflammatory injury model was established by H_(2)O_(2) and LPS.The alleviative effects of FRFEE were evaluated by detecting the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH)and the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).The inflammatory signaling pathways of NF-κB and JAK-STAT3 were detected by Western blotting,the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factors were detected by RT-PCR.50%ethanol extracts of five medicinal and food homologous herbs of Rutaceae family showed different levels of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.The FRFEE effectively improved SOD and GSH content and decreased ROS levels.Meanwhile,FRFEE strongly suppressed two inflammatory signaling pathways NF-κB and JAK-STAT3.The RT-PCR examination of inflammatory factors and skin barrier factor revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects of FRFEE.It was worth noting that among the five extracts,Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract had the best anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects.In addition,it could strongly inhibit the expression of psoriasis factor CCL20.In summary,these results suggested that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim extract could be used as an anti-psoriatic agent in the treatment of psoriasis among FRFEE.

Chemical constituents of the unripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Aim To investigate the chemical constituents of the unripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa （Juss.） Benth. and provide a scientific basis for its quality control. Methods The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified by spectral analysis. Results Sixteen compounds were identified as evodiamine （1）, rutaecarpine （2）, β-sitosterol （3）, isorhamnetin（4）, evodol （5）, quercetin （6）, limonin （7）, wuzhuyurutine A （8）, evodirutaenin （9）, shihulimonin A （10）, wuzhuyurutine B（ll）, wuchuyuamide Ⅰ （12）, daucosterol （13）, trans-caffeic acid methylate （14）, dehydroevodiamine （15）and sucrose （16）. Conclusion Compounds 4, 6, 10 and 14 were isolated from the title plant for the first time.

锦橙花蜜腺发育规律研究

锦橙(Cicrus sinensis Osb.)为芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘属(Citrus)橙类,常绿灌木或小乔木,在年均温16~2l℃,≥l0℃的年积温6000℃左右、1月均温7~10℃、极端最低气温高于-4℃,年日照1300~1400小时、年降雨量1000毫米以上的地域内均能栽培[1]。

Two New Indole Alkaloids from Evodia rutaecarpa

Two new indole alkaloids. wuchuyuamide I and II were isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

Dasycarine, a New Quinoline Alkaloid from Dictamnus dasycarpus

Dasycarine, a new quinoline alkaloid along with five known compounds, dictamine, dihydroobacunone, obacunone, fraxinellone and beta-sitosterol, were isolated from Dictamnus dasycarpus. The structure of dasycarine was identified as 4, 5, 8- trimethoxyl -3- (3- methyl -2-butenyl)- 2- quinone by 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

Three New Coumarins from Micromelum integerrimum

Three derivatives of micromelin, named hydramicromelins A-C (1-3), were isolated from the aerial part of Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham) Roem., respectively. Hydramicromelins A-C (1-3) were epimers which possessed the same plane structure and molecular formula. Their structures were elucidated based on MS and NMR data. The relative configurations of 1-3 were established by NOE analysis.

Cytotoxic and Anti-Tumour Promoting Activities of Carbazole Alkaloids from Malayan <i>Murraya koenigii</i>(L.) Spreng

Murraya koenigii (L.) (Rutaceae) is an indigenous medicinally important herb of Indian origin and now is widely distributed throughout southern Asia. The stem bark, leaves and roots of Malayan Murraya koenigii were selected for phytochemical investigation. Eight carbazole alkaloids was isolated and identified using spectroscopic methods including NMR, IR, UV, MS spectra data. Crude extract and isolated compounds from the roots of this plant were screened for cytotoxic activity and antitumor promoting activity. All crude extracts of the roots including the isolated compounds, mahanimbine, mahanine and murrayafoline-A exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against CEM-SS cell line with IC50 3mg/mL. Girinimbine inhibited EBV-activation in the antitumor promoting assay.

Two Novel Sesquiterpene Diglycosides from Dictamnus dasycarpus

Two novel sesquiterpene diglycosides named dictamnosides F 1 and G 2 were isolated from methanol extract of the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical analysis.

黄菠萝的人工繁殖与栽培管理

黄菠萝（Phellodendron amurense Rupr.）为芸香科（Rutaceae）黄檗属（Phellodendron）落叶乔木,又称黄皮树、黄檗,在我国东北地区的阔叶林中有零散分布,黄菠萝是东北地区常用的绿化树种之一。黄菠萝的花、叶子和果实因含有芳香类物质和甘露醇等,常用于工业和化妆品领域。

A New Indole Alkaloid from Limonia Crenulata

A new indole alkaloid, crenulatine 1, was isolated from the stems of Limonia Crenulata. The structure was identified by spectral means.

Furoquinoline Alkaloids and Methoxyflavones from the Stem Bark of Melicope madagascariensis(Baker)T.G.Hartley

Melicope madagascariensis(Rutaceae)is an endemic plant species of Madagascar that was first classified as a member of the genus Euodia J.R.&G.Forst(Rutaceae)under the scientific name Euodia madagascariensis Baker.Based on morphological characteristics,Thomas Gordon Hartley taxonomically revised E.madagascariensis Baker to be M.madagascariensis(Baker)T.G.Hartley.Chemotaxonomical studies have long been used to help the identification and confirmation of taxonomical classification of plant species and botanicals.Aiming to find more evidences to support the taxonomical revision performed on E.madagascariensis,we carried out phytochemical investigation of two samples of the plant.Fractionation of the ethanol extracts prepared from two stem bark samples of M.madagascariensis(Baker)T.G.Hartley led to the isolation of seven known furoquinoline alkaloids 1–7 and two known methoxyflavones 8 and 9.The presence of furoquinoline alkaloids and methoxyflavones in the title species is in agreement with its taxonomic transfer from Euodia to Melicope.Antiprotozoal evaluation of the isolated compounds showed that 6-methoxy-7-hydroxydictamnine(heliparvifoline,3)showed weak antimalarial activity(IC_(50)=35μM)against the chloroquine-resistant strain Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum.Skimmianine(4)displayed moderate cytotoxicity with IC_(50)value of 1.5 lM against HT-29 colon cancer cell line whereas 3,5-dihydroxy-30,40,7-trimethoxyflavone(9)was weakly active in the same assay(IC_(50)=13.9μM).

Phytochemical Study of <i>Glycosmis Mauritiana</i>

Three quinolinone alkaloids, two acridone alkaloids and a flavones glycoside were isolated from the aerial parts of Glycosmis mauritiana. These compounds were characterized as 7, 8-Dimethoxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-pyrano quinolin-5-one, 4-Methoxy 1-methyl quinolin-2-one, 6-Hydroxy N-methyl 2,3-furo-quinolin-4-one, 1-Hydroxy-10-methyl acridone, 1- Hydroxy-2, 3-dimethoxy-10-methylacridin-9-one and Luteolin-4'-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-{α-L-rhamnopyra- nosyl-(1→6)}-β-D-glycopyranoside]. The isolated compounds were characterized by UV, IR and N. M. R (1H, 13C) studies.

正品吴茱萸与伪品吴茱萸的鉴别

吴茱萸始载于《神农本草经》列为中品。性大热、味辛苦,有小毒。温中止痛,止呕。为芸香科(Rutaceae)植物吴茱萸Evodia rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth。疏毛吴茱萸E.rutaecarpa(juss)Benth.var.bodinieri(Dode)Huang和石虎E.rutaecarpa(juss.)Benth.Var.Officinalis(Dode)Huang的干燥未成熟果实。主产于贵州、广西、四川等地。其性状呈五角状扁球形,或浅裂成梅花状,表面黑褐色或绿褐色、粗糙、有许多突起的点状油点,顶端裂成五瓣,有的则呈五角星状裂缝。基部有结节状宿萼,常有短小果柄。

柑桔属果皮挥发油成分的研究

柑桔为芸香科(Rutaceae)柑桔属(Citrus)植物,约20种和上千个栽培品系。我国连引种栽培的14种,福建有7种,一个变种,几十个栽培品系。柑桔属大多为果树,我国主要分布于长江以南各省。柑桔果皮含有丰富的挥发油,挥发油是一类有生理活性的成分,具有止咳、平咳、发汗、解表、祛痰、驱风镇痛、杀虫抗菌等作用,广泛应用于医药工业,同时也是食品工业和日用化学工业的重要原料。

Chemical constituents from Murraya tetramera Huang

The aim of this study is to perform a phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Murraya tetramera Huang. Nine compounds were isolated by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, together with preparative TLC and HPLC methods. By analysis of the MS and NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with those in literature, these nine compounds were identified as 3,3＇-[oxybis（methylene）]bis（9-methoxy-9H-carbazole）（1）, murrastifoline B（2）, murrayaquinone A（3）, 2,4-dimethoxyphenol（4）, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene（5）, 3-methylanisole（6）,（–）-syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）, β-sitosterol（8）, and octadecanyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxylbenzeneacrylate（9）, respectively. Among them, compounds 4–6 and 9 were described from the genus Murraya for the first time, and compounds 2–9 were isolated from M. tetramera for the first time.