Relationship between serum S-100 protein level and ischemic damage degree in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective: To investigate the time course of serum S-100 concentrations of patients with acute cerebral infarction,and their relation with the clinical data and the prognosis. Methods: Serum S-100 levels were serially determined in 36 patients with acute cerebral infarction within 12 h, at 24 h and day 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10 after acute cerebral infarction and in 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. An S-100 content assay was performed using a two-site radioimmunoassay technique. The clinical status was assessed using NIH Stroke Scale. The functional deficit at 4 weeks after acute cerebral infarction was scored using the modified Rankin scale. A cranial computed tomography was performed initially. Results: Elevated concentrations of S-100 (>0.2 μg/L) were observed in 29 of 36 patients with acute cerebral infarction,but none of the control subjects. The S-100 peak levels were at day 2 and 3 after acute cerebral infarction and were significantly high in those patients with severe neurological deficit at admission, with extensive infarction or with space-occupying effect of ischemic edema as compared with the rest of the populations. Conclusion: Serum S-100 level assay can be used as a peripheral marker of ischemic brain damage, and may be helpful for evaluation of therapeutic effects in acute ischemic stroke.

S100 PROTEIN-POSITIVE DENDRITIC CELLS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR DENSITY IN GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS

Quantitative analysis of dendritic cells (DC’s) was carried out in tissue specimens of normalgastric mucosa (n=15),gastric ulcer (n=19),chronic atrophic gastritis (n=28),and gastriccarcinoma (n=65) by ABC immunostaining with S100 protein antibody.Significant increasein DC number were observed in chronic atrophic gastritis with type Ⅲ intestinal metaplasiaand/or grade Ⅱ,Ⅲ dysplasia.The result suggests that DC’s are potentially capable opresenting neoantigens associated with malignant transformation at the precancerous stagewhen malignant morphological changes have not yet taken place.Combined with routinediagnostic methods,the serial monitoring of DC density in gastric mucosa may be usefulin the follow-up of premalignant lesions in the stomach and the diagnosis of early gastriccarcinoma.

S100 calcium binding protein A6 and associated long noncoding ribonucleic acids as biomarkers in the diagnosis and staging of primary biliary cholangitis

BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is a chronic and slowly progressing cholestatic disease,which causes damage to the small intrahepatic bile duct by immunoregulation,and may lead to cholestasis,liver fibrosis,cirrhosis and,eventually,liver failure.AIM To explore the potential diagnosis and staging value of plasma S100 calcium binding protein A6(S100A6)messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA),LINC00312,LINC00472,and LINC01257 in primary biliary cholangitis.METHODS A total of 145 PBC patients and 110 healthy controls(HCs)were enrolled.Among them,80 PBC patients and 60 HCs were used as the training set,and 65 PBC patients and 50 HCs were used as the validation set.The relative expression levels of plasma S100A6 mRNA,long noncoding ribonucleic acids LINC00312,LINC00472 and LINC01257 were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.The bile duct ligation(BDL)mouse model was used to simulate PBC.Then double immunofluorescence was conducted to verify the overexpression of S100A6 protein in intrahepatic bile duct cells of BDL mice.Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells were treated with glycochenodeoxycholate to simulate the cholestatic environment of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in PBC.RESULTS The expression of S100A6 protein in intrahepatic bile duct cells was up-regulated in the BDL mouse model compared with sham mice.The relative expression levels of plasma S100A6 mRNA,log10 LINC00472 and LINC01257 were upregulated while LINC00312 was down-regulated in plasma of PBC patients compared with HCs(3.01±1.04 vs 2.09±0.87,P<0.0001;2.46±1.03 vs 1.77±0.84,P<0.0001;3.49±1.64 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001;1.70±0.33 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001,respectively).The relative expression levels of S100A6 mRNA,LINC00472 and LINC01257 were up-regulated and LINC00312 was down-regulated in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells treated with glycochenodeoxycholate compared with control(2.97±0.43 vs 1.09±0.08,P=0.0018;2.70±0.26 vs 1.10±0.10,P=0.0006;2.23±0.21 vs 1.10±0.10,P=0.0011;1.20±0.04 vs 3.03±0.15,P<0.0001,respectively).The mean expression of S100A6 in the advanced stage(III and IV)of PBC was up-regulated compared to that in HCs and the early stage(II)(3.38±0.71 vs 2.09±0.87,P<0.0001;3.38±0.71 vs 2.57±1.21,P=0.0003,respectively);and in the early stage(II),it was higher than that in HCs(2.57±1.21 vs 2.09±0.87,P=0.03).The mean expression of LINC00312 in the advanced stage was lower than that in the early stage and HCs(1.39±0.29 vs 1.56±0.33,P=0.01;1.39±0.29 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001,respectively);in addition,the mean expression of LINC00312 in the early stage was lower than that in HCs(1.56±0.33 vs 2.07±0.53,P<0.0001).The mean expression of log10 LINC00472 in the advanced stage was higher than those in the early stage and HCs(2.99±0.87 vs 1.81±0.83,P<0.0001;2.99±0.87 vs 1.77±0.84,P<0.0001,respectively).The mean expression of LINC01257 in both the early stage and advanced stage were up-regulated compared with HCs(3.88±1.55 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001;3.57±1.79 vs 2.37±0.96,P<0.0001,respectively).The areas under the curves(AUC)for S100A6,LINC00312,log10 LINC00472 and LINC01257 in PBC diagnosis were 0.759,0.7292,0.6942 and 0.7158,respectively.Furthermore,the AUC for these four genes in PBC staging were 0.666,0.661,0.839 and 0.5549,respectively.The expression levels of S100A6 mRNA,log10 LINC00472,and LINC01257 in plasma of PBC patients were decreased(2.35±1.02 vs 3.06±1.04,P=0.0018;1.99±0.83 vs 2.33±0.96,P=0.036;2.84±0.92 vs 3.69±1.54,P=0.0006),and the expression level of LINC00312 was increased(1.95±0.35 vs 1.73±0.32,P=0.0007)after treatment compared with before treatment using the paired t-test.Relative expression of S100A6 mRNA was positively correlated with log10 LINC00472(r=0.683,P<0.0001);serum level of collagen type IV was positively correlated with the relative expression of log10 LINC00472(r=0.482,P<0.0001);relative expression of S100A6 mRNA was positively correlated with the serum level of collagen type IV(r=0.732,P<0.0001).The AUC for the four biomarkers obtained in the validation set were close to the training set.CONCLUSION These four genes may potentially act as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of PBC.Moreover,LINC00472 acts as a potential biomarker for staging in PBC.

The S100 protein family and its application in cardiac diseases

The S100 protein family is the largest group of EF-hand signaling proteins in humans. The members of the S100 protein family are expressed in many tissues and play different functions. Many diseases are related to S100 proteins, which function as new biochemical markers especially in cardiac diseases. The most studied members, protein S100Β and protein S100A1, exhibit activities in cardiac diseases, and these immunohistochemical expressions or serum levels have been used in predicting neurologic outcome after resuscitation of cardiac arrest or recovery of cardioprotective function.

S100 protein expression during induced Schwann cell-like cell differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells in vitro

BACKGROUND： S100 protein can promote axonal growth. Therefore, transplantation of induced bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） that can secrete S100 may provide a beneficial microenvironment for neural regeneration. OBJECTIVE： To explore the changes in S100 expression during rat MSCs differentiation into Schwann ceils in vitro. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This cytology experiment was performed at the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University in China, from January 2006 to May 2007. MATERIALS： The rabbit anti-S100 polyclonal antibody was purchased from Dako, Denmark; the mouse anti-rat S100 monoclonal antibody was purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： MSCs were cultured from adult Sprague-Dawley rat femur and tibia. Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT method and CD markers, and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. MSCs were induced to differentiate into SC cells. SC cells were stained for S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. S100 protein and mRNA levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： S100 protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS： MSCs exhibited high amplification potential over eight passages. Prior to induction, the majority of MSCs were at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. After induction, MSCs displayed morphology changes similar to Schwann cells. Moreover, induction increased S100 mRNA levels. Immunofluorescence showed that MSCs expressed S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor at 7 days of induction. Induction also increased S100 protein levels compared with untreated MSCs. CONCLUSION： MSCs are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells-like cells under conditional induction in vitro, with increasing S100 mRNA and protein expression.

APPLICATION OF HMB－45 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AND S100 PROTEIN IN THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MELANOMA

We tested a variety of fixed embedded sections of malignant tumors with HMB-45 MoAband S-100 polyclonal antibody.The results showed that RMB-45 was a highly sensitive and specificantibody for recongnizing melanoma on fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections, it reacted with 96.6percent of melanomas tested(all primary and 6 of 7 metastatic lesions)Both pigmented and nonpigmeated melanomas were recongnized.Malignant tumors of epithelial,lymphoid and mesenchymal origin were all negative.Although antibody to S-100 protien quite sensitive,it was not melanome-specific and it reached with all melanomas including the one metastatic melanoma that did not react withHMB-45,it we also positive in one of five lymphomas and one of three sarcomas.AdditionallyHMB-45 reacted with junctional nevi and componentes of compound neai and not with intradermalnevi and the dermal components of compound nevi.

S100β对重症肺炎患者预后评估的价值

目的:探讨S100β对重症肺炎患者预后的评估价值。方法:以出院作为研究的观察终点,对2021年5月至2023年10月期间中山大学附属第一医院急诊科收治的107例重症肺炎患者的资料进行回顾性分析,根据S100β的血清学浓度分为阴性组和阳性组,根据患者出院存活状态分为存活组及死亡组,用GCS评分评估患者入院时神志,用CURB-65评分、SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分、PSI指数评估重症肺炎患者病情严重程度,采用出院时存活情况、机械通气时间(天)、去甲肾上腺素剂量(mg)、CRRT时间(天)评估重症肺炎患者预后。结果:107例重症肺炎患者中S100β阳性组的患者48人(44.9%),阴性患者59人(55.1%)。S100β阳性患者GCS评分低于S100β阴性患者,SOFA评分高于S100β阴性患者。S100β阳性组的患者住院期间机械通气时间、去甲肾上腺素使用剂量、CRRT治疗时长均高于S100β阴性患者。S100β阳性组的患者院内死亡率(62.5%)显著高于S100β阴性患者的(23.7%)。S100β联合SOFA评分及APACHEⅡ评分预测重症肺炎预后时,能辅助原有评分,提高诊断的特异性。结论:重症肺炎患者脑损伤发生率较高,可达44.9%,S100β能反映重症肺炎患者的病情严重程度,是预测重症肺炎患者预后不良的独立危险因素。

Effects of Maixuekang Capsules Combined with Edaravone on Serum MMP-9, S-100β Protein Levels and Neurological Functions in Patients with Hemorrhagic Cerebral Infarction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Maixuekang Capsules combined with edaravone on serum matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9), S-100β protein levels and neurological functions in patients with hemorrhagic cerebral infarction. METHOSDS: A total of 76 patients with hemorrhagic cerebral infarction treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology from January 2017 to May 2018 were selected and were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, with 38 patients in each group. The control group was given edaravone, and the treatment group was given Maixuekang Capsules on the basis of the control group. The clinical efficacy, serum MMP-9 and S-100β protein levels, neurological function recovery, activity of daily living and incidence rate of adverse reactions were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate of the treatment group was 92.11%, which was higher than 71.05% of the control group(P < 0.05); the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) score in the 2 groups decreased(P < 0.05), and the Activity of Daily Living Scale(ADL) score increased(P < 0.05), the improvement of the above 2 scores in the treatment group were better than those in the control group(P < 0.05); the level of MMP-9 was gradually decreasing in the 2 groups, on the 7th day, 14 th day after treatment, and the levels of MMP-9 decreased significantly(P < 0.05), and the treatment group was lower than the control group at all time points(P < 0.05); on the 3rd day after treatment, the levels of S-100β protein in the 2 groups increased significantly(P < 0.05); on the 7th day, 14 th day after treatment, the levels of S-100β protein in the two groups decreased significantly(P < 0.05), and the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group(P < 0.05); there was no significant difference in incidence rate of adverse reactions between 7.89% in the control group and 5.26% in the treatment group(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of Maixuekang Capsules and edaravone is effective in treating hemorrhagic cerebral infarction, and it can significantly improve neurological function defect and daily living ability, reduce serum MMP-9 and S-100β protein levels, and has higher safety.

Effects of Propofol combined with remifentanil on the levels of MBP,NSE and S100B protein,D-D and inflammatory factors in patients with acute craniocerebral trauma

Objective: To investigate the effects of Propofol combined with remifentanil on serum levels of MBP, NSE and S100B protein, D-D and inflammatory factors in patients with acute craniocerebral trauma. Methods: A total of 100 patients were selected with traumatic brain injury who underwent emergency surgery from August 2014 to May 2017 in our hospital, then randomly divided them into the control group and the experimental group, 50 cases each. The control group received isoflurane combined with remifentanil to maintain anesthesia, and the experimental group received propofol and remifentanil to maintain anesthesia. The inflammatory factors and the levels of MBP, NSE, S100B and D-D in the two groups before and after anesthesia (T0), 1H (T1) and postoperative 1H (T2) were detected and compared. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the levels of TNF-α. The serum level of hs-CRP in two groups of T1, T2 increased significantly, the difference was statistically significant compared with T0, in the experimental group, serum level of hs-CRP at T1 and T2 was significantly higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia for acute craniocerebral trauma can maintain the balance of inflammatory cytokine levels during the perioperative period, inhibit the elevation of serum MBP, NSE, S100B protein and D-D levels, reduce brain cell damage. It has a good protective effect on brain cells and is worthy of clinical application.

GDNF、GAP-43、NSE及S-100蛋白在先天性巨结肠患儿中的表达水平及意义

目的探讨与分析胶质细胞源性神经生长因子(GDNF)、生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100蛋白在先天性巨结肠(HD)患儿中的表达水平及意义。方法选择2019年9月至2022年10月诊治的先天性巨结肠患儿72例作为巨结肠组,选择同期因其他非肠神经节病变而行结肠手术的患儿72例作为参照组。取两组的结肠全层病理标本并进行GDNF、GAP-43、NSE及S-100蛋白表达免疫组化分析,同时进行先天性巨结肠相关性小肠结肠炎(HAEC)诊断评分与相关性分析,取巨结肠组的不同肠段组织标本进行检测。结果巨结肠组的结肠全层GDNF、GAP-43、NSE、S-100蛋白表达阳性率分别为77.8%、73.6%、81.9%、83.3%,显著高于参照组的22.2%、26.4%、20.8%、22.2%(P<0.001)。先天性巨结肠患儿不同结肠区域(狭窄段、移行段、扩张段、正常段)的GDNF、GAP-43、NSE、S-100蛋白表达阳性率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。巨结肠组的HAEC诊断评分与参照组相比明显提高(P<0.001)。在巨结肠组中,Spearman分析显示HAEC诊断评分与结肠全层GDNF、GAP-43、NSE、S-100蛋白表达阳性率呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论先天性巨结肠患儿多伴有GDNF、GAP-43、NSE、S-100蛋白的高表达,与患儿病情存在相关性,值得临床关注。

The β-amyloid protein induces S100β expression in rat hippocampus through a mechanism that involves IL-1

Objective To explore the effect of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) on S100β expression in rat hippocampus and its mechanisms. Methods At 7 days after bilateral stereotaxis injection of different dose of fibrillar Aβ 25-35 and interluekin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) into the rat CA1 region, the learning and memory abilities of rats were tested with passive avoidance task. Amyloid deposition was detected by using Congo red staining technique. Nissl staining and immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the number of neurons, and GFAP and the S100β expression in hippocampal CA1 region , respectively. Results After fibrillar Aβ injection, the step-through latency of rats was significantly shortened compared to that of the control group. The GFAP positive astrocytes were found surrounding amyloid deposition. Neuronal loss occurred in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 region. The number of S100β positive cells in Aβ-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. After IL-1ra injection, the number of S100β positive cells was significantly decreased. Conclusion Intrahippocampal injection of Aβ 25-35 could cause similar pathologic changes of Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ 25-35 was capable of up-regulating S100β expression in a dose-dependent manner. The injection of IL-1ra could attenuate the effect of Aβ on S100β expression.

Coactivator p100 protein enhances histone acetyltransferase activity of CBP

Human p100 protein consists of four repeated domains of staphylococcal nuclease （SN）-like domain, as well as a tudor （TD） domain thereafter. We have previously shown that the SN-like domain of p100 interacted with STAT6 and the large subunit of RNA pol Ⅱ , resulting in the enhancement of STAT6-mediated gene transcriptional activation. Here, we show that SN-like domain also interacted with CREB binding protein （CBP） and directly enhanced the acetyl transferase activity of CBP on histone. On the other hand, overexpression of CBP alone had no ability to significantly increase STAT6- dependent transcriptional activation, however, together with p100 protein, sufficiently enhanced the activation of transcription which was in line with the previous result that p100 protein bridged STAT6 with CBP.

Soluble Structure of CLIC and S100 Proteins Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy

The ability to visualise proteins in their native environment and discern information regarding stoichiometry is of critical importance when studying protein interactions and function. We have used liquid cell atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualise proteins in their native state in buffer and have determined their molecular volumes. The human proteins S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and CLIC1 were used in this investigation. The effect of oxidation on the protein structure of CLIC1 was also investigated and we found that CLIC1 multimerisation could be discerned by AFM, which supports similar findings by other methods. We have found good correlation between the molecular volumes measured by AFM and the calculated volumes of the individual proteins. This method allows for the study of single soluble proteins under physiological conditions and could potentially be extended to study the structure of these proteins when located within a membrane environment.

Comparison of plasma NSE, protein S-100b and EEG changes in traditional arrested-heart procedures and on-pump beating-heart procedures

Objective: To assess the cerebral injury in on-pump beating-heart procedures under mild hypothermia in comparison with traditional on-pump arrested-heart procedures under moderate hypothermia. Methods: Forty patients, 20 with congenital heart disease (CHD) and 20 of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) , were divided into 2 groups: Control group (group A, n =20) including 10 patients suffering from CHD as group Al and the left 10 from RHD as group A2; and experiment group (group B, n =20) which consisting of group B1 (10 with CHD) and group B2 (10 of RHD). The patients in group A underwent traditional arrested-heart procedures, and those in group B were operated on with beating-heart procedures. Arterial blood samples were collected at preoperation (time A) , 20 min after cardiopul-monary bypass (CPB) starting (time B) , 1 h after CPB (time C) and 24 h postoperation (time D) respectively. Plasma contents of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and protein S-100b were measured with sensitive ELISA. All the patients received echoencephalography (EEG) before and 1 week after operation. Results: The plasma contents of protein S-lOOb were increased very significantly at time B, C and D in comparison with those at time A (P<0.01) , and that of patients in group Al was significantly higher than that in group B at time B (P < 0. 05 ). There was no significant difference at other time points. At time B, the plasma contents of NSE were significantly higher in group A than in group B, and in group Al and Bl than in group A2 and B2. What's more, at time B, the former fell back to their pre-operative levels, but the latter remained still higher levels than the preoperative ones ( P < 0.01). No significant difference was found in the abnormality rates of postoperative EEG between 2 groups. Conclusion: The perioperative plasma contents of NSE and protein S-100b are not significantly higher in group B than in group A. On-pump beating-heart procedures do not make more serious cerebral dysfunction than the traditional arrested-heart procedures.

Preparation of Polyclonal Antisera of Dairy Cow S100A12 Protein

[Objective] This study aimed to prepare dairy cow anti-S100A12 antisem and develop a highly effective and sensitive immunological detection reagent for further investigation of the functions of dairy cow S100A12. [Method] Purified S100A12 protein was respectively emulsified with Freund＇s complete adjuvant and Freund＇s incomplete adjuvant as the antigen for immunizing New Zealand white rabbits to prepare the polyclonal antisera. The titer was detected using agar double diffusion assay and indirect enzyme-linked immunoserbent assay （ELISA） and the specificity was determined with Western Blot. [ Result ] The titer of anti- S100A12 antisera was 1： 8 as determined by agar double diffusion assay and over 1：409 600 by ELISA. Western Blot result showed that the polyclonal antisera could be specifically combined with S100A12 protein. [ Conclusion] The results indicated that anti-S100A12 polyclonal antibody with high fiter and high specificity was successfully obtained, which provided a novel tool for further investigation of the functions of S100A12 gene.

Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 C-terminal fragments upregulate S100A9 gene and protein expression in BV2 cells

The murine microglial cell line BV2 has neuroprotective effects, but is toxic to neurons by secret-ing inlfammatory cytokines, and is an important target in the treatment of nerve inlfammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we observed the effects of transfecting three amyloid precursor-like protein 2 （APLP2） C-terminal fragments （CTFs; C57, C50 and C31） in the pEGFP-N1 vector on S100A9 expression in BV2 cells. Reverse transcription-PCR, western blot assay and immunocytochemistry revealed that S100A9 protein and mRNA expression was greater in BV2 cells after CTF transfection than after mock transfection with an empty vector. Furthermore, transfection of full-length APLP2-751 resulted in low levels of S100A9 protein ex-pression. Our results show that APLP2-CTFs upregulate S100A9 protein and mRNA expression in BV2 cells, and identify a novel pathway involved in neuronal injury and apoptosis, and repair and protection in Alzheimer’s disease.

Immunoexpression of Cathepsin D and S100A4 Protein and Their Molecular Subtyptes in Canine Mammary Carcinomas

Cathepsin D (CD), a lysosomal protease, and S100A4 protein, a calcium binding motif, are considered to be involved in metastasis in various human cancers. No data regarding such proteins are available for canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs). Accordingly, their expression in association with known factors of prognosis was investigated in this study. For that, 66 surgically resected CMCs were submitted to an immunohistochemical evaluation using anti CD, S100A4 protein, HER2, estrogen receptor α, cytokeratin 5, and p63 antibodies, further characterizing the tumors' molecular subtype. An increase in S100A4 immunoexpression by neoplastic luminal mammary cells was associated with an infiltrative tumor mode of growth, consequently leading us to conclude that S100A4 protein could be related to progression in CMCs. Additionally, the occurrence of the luminal A molecular subtype was associated with the complex histotype in CMCs. Although we have demonstrated that changes in S100A4 protein immunoexpression occurs in CMCs, further studies are needed to determine whether this represents important independent biomarkers for CMCs.

Change and significance of serum inflammatory factors,NSE,S100 protein and stress hormone levels in patients with craniocerebral injury

Objective: To investigate the change and significance of serum inflammatory factors, neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 protein and stress hormone levels in patients with brain diseases. Methods: A total of 115 patients with craniocerebral injury were selected as the observation group, according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), they were divided into light-sized group (n=38), middle-sized group (n=40) and severe-sized group (n=37), at the same time the other 120 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and procalcitonin (PCT)], neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 protein and the stress hormone cortisol [(COR), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), β-endorphin (β-EP)] of both groups were compared. Results: The levels of TNF-α, PCT, NSE, S100, COR, ACTH and β-EP in the observation group were (145.73±19.24) ng/L, (2.41±0.64) ng/mL, (38.11±12.28) ng/mL, (0.87±0.32) μg/L, (818.87±121.14) nmol/L, (107.38±13.94) ng/L, (126.74±39.04) ng/mL, which were significantly higher than control group, the difference was statistically significant;Comparison of indexes among the observation group, NF-α, PCT, NSE, S100, COR, ACTH and β-EP levels in the middle-sized group and severe-sized group were significantly higher than those in the light-sized group, and the levels in the severe-sized group were significantly higher than those of the middle-sized group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion:The levels of Serum inflammatory factors, NSE, S100 protein and stress hormone were significantly increased in patients with craniocerebral injury, the level was related to the degree of traumatic brain injury, which could be used as an important indicator to assess the severity of the disease.

Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection on serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology in patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction

Objective:To study the effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection on serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology in patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction.Methods:A total of 90 patientswith acute cerebral watershed infarction in our hospital from August 2014 to December 2016 were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into the control group (n=45) and the treatment group (n=45) randomly. The control group was treated with hydroxyethyl starch injection, the treatment group was treated withsalvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection, and both the two groups were treated for 2 weeks. The serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology of the two groups before and after treatments were compared.Results:There were no significantly differences of the serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology of the two groups before treatment. The serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B proteinlevels of the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment, and that of the treatment group after treatment were significantly lower than the control group. The PV, Lr, Mr, Hr and RE of the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment, and that of the treatment group after treatment were significantly lower than the control group.Conclusion:Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injectioncan significantlyimprovetheneurological function and hemorheology, reduce inflammation of the patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction, and it was worthy clinical application.

Regulation of TMEM100 expression by epigenetic modification,effects on proliferation and invasion of esophageal squamous carcinoma

BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a prevalent malignancy with a high morbidity and mortality rate.TMEM100 has been shown to be suppressor gene in a variety of tumors,but there are no reports on the role of TMEM100 in esophageal cancer(EC).AIM To investigate epigenetic regulation of TMEM100 expression in ESCC and the effect of TMEM100 on ESCC proliferation and invasion.METHODS Firstly,we found the expression of TMEM100 in EC through The Cancer Genome Atlas database.The correlation between TMEM100 gene expression and the survival of patients with EC was further confirmed through Kaplan-Meier analysis.We then added the demethylating agent 5-AZA to ESCC cell lines to explore the regulation of TMEM100 expression by epigenetic modification.To observe the effect of TMEM100 expression on tumor proliferation and invasion by overexpressing TMEM100.Finally,we performed gene set enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology-Based Annotation System database to look for pathways that might be affected by TMEM100 and verified the effect of TMEM100 expression on the mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway.RESULTS In the present study,by bioinformatic analysis we found that TMEM100 was lowly expressed in EC patients compared to normal subjects.Kaplan-meier survival analysis showed that low expression of TMEM100 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with EC.Then,we found that the demethylating agent 5-AZA resulted in increased expression of TMEM100 in ESCC cells[quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and western blotting].Subsequently,we confirmed that overexpression of TMEM100 leads to its increased expression in ESCC cells(qRT-PCR and western blotting).Overexpression of TMEM100 also inhibited proliferation,invasion and migration of ESCC cells(cell counting kit-8 and clone formation assays).Next,by enrichment analysis,we found that the gene set was significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway.The involvement of TMEM100 in the regulation of MAPK signaling pathway in ESCC cell was subsequently verified by western blotting.CONCLUSION TMEM100 is a suppressor gene in ESCC,and its low expression may lead to aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway.Promoter methylation may play a key role in regulating TMEM100 expression.