Exclusion from the mainstream financial world is a burden on the poor of many countries.The proliferation of new mobile and online financial services,such as e-banking,money transfers,and payment processing has the po...Exclusion from the mainstream financial world is a burden on the poor of many countries.The proliferation of new mobile and online financial services,such as e-banking,money transfers,and payment processing has the potential to provide access to basic financial products and services to financially excluded people.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the growth of mobile phone and Internet use on financial inclusion in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC)countries from 2004 to 2014.We applied principal component analysis to construct a financial inclusion index that served as a proxy variable for the accessibility of financial services in the SAARC countries.Using three different models-the fixed effect,random effect,and panel correction standard errors modelsthis study discovered a positive and significant relationship between the growth of financial inclusion and expansion of both mobile phone and Internet services.Moreover,an empirical study of the control variables showed that the levels of income and education were positively associated with financial inclusion,whereas the size of the rural population and unemployment were negatively related to financial inclusion.In addition,the empirical estimates posit a unidirectional causal flow from the growth of mobile and Internet services to expanded financial inclusion in the SAARC countries.展开更多
A Controlled Foreign Company(CFC)is a company set up to do business in a foreign jurisdiction by a multinational company(MNC).There is a tendency among the MNCs to erode the tax base and shift profits to no-or low-tax...A Controlled Foreign Company(CFC)is a company set up to do business in a foreign jurisdiction by a multinational company(MNC).There is a tendency among the MNCs to erode the tax base and shift profits to no-or low-tax jurisdictions and defer the payment of tax on foreign source income by holding funds in CFCs abroad.CFC rules are adopted to prevent MNCs from being involved in such activities.Under these rules,the income of a foreign CFC is deemed to be distributed to its shareholders at the end of each tax year and residents are taxed on the part of their income when it is earned,even though it is yet to be distributed by the CFC.By now,CFC rules have been implemented by about 60 jurisdictions,including three out of eight South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC)member countries.Whether the other SAARC countries should adopt CFC rules depends upon the conditions of a particular jurisdiction.They may not be applied in some jurisdictions which do not have serious BEPS activities or deferral of tax payments by residents on their income earned through a foreign CFC.展开更多
The crude case fatality rate(CFR),because of the calculation method,is the most accurate when the pandemic is over since there is a possibility of the delay between disease onset and outcomes.Adjusted crude CFR measur...The crude case fatality rate(CFR),because of the calculation method,is the most accurate when the pandemic is over since there is a possibility of the delay between disease onset and outcomes.Adjusted crude CFR measures can better explain the pandemic situation by improving the CFR estimation.However,no study has thoroughly investigated the COVID-19 adjusted CFR of the South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation(SAARC)countries.This study estimated both survival interval and underreporting adjusted CFR of COVID-19 for these countries.Moreover,we assessed the crude CFR between genders and across age groups and observed the CFR changes due to the imposition of fees on COVID-19 tests in Bangladesh.Using the daily records up to October 9,we implemented a statistical method to remove the delay between disease onset and outcome bias,and due to asymptomatic or mild symptomatic cases,reporting rates lower than 50%(95%CI:10%–50%)bias in crude CFR.We found that Afghanistan had the highest CFR,followed by Pakistan,India,Bangladesh,Nepal,Maldives,and Sri Lanka.Our estimated crude CFR varied from 3.708%to 0.290%,survival interval adjusted CFR varied from 3.767%to 0.296%and further underreporting adjusted CFR varied from 1.096%to 0.083%.Furthermore,the crude CFRs for men were significantly higher than that of women in Afghanistan(4.034%vs.2.992%)and Bangladesh(1.739%vs.1.337%)whereas the opposite was observed in Maldives(0.284%vs.0.390%),Nepal(0.006%vs.0.007%),and Pakistan(2.057%vs.2.080%).Besides,older age groups had higher risks of death.Moreover,crude CFR increased from 1.261%to 1.572%after imposing the COVID-19 test fees in Bangladesh.Therefore,the authorities of countries with higher CFR should be looking for strategic counsel from the countries with lower CFR to equip themselves with the necessary knowledge to combat the pandemic.Moreover,caution is needed to report the CFR.展开更多
In 1997, the economic prospect for South Asia is expected to be ratherpromising, but the political landscape will be clouded by uncertainties and the secu-rity situation will leave no room for complacency. 1. The reg...In 1997, the economic prospect for South Asia is expected to be ratherpromising, but the political landscape will be clouded by uncertainties and the secu-rity situation will leave no room for complacency. 1. The region’s economy will probably grow at a moderate rate and the pro-cess of regional economic cooperation may be accelerated. In South Asia today, the need to promote economic growth is展开更多
基金We would like to express our gratitude to the Ministry of Human Resource Development,Govt.of India,for providing us financial support during this study period.
文摘Exclusion from the mainstream financial world is a burden on the poor of many countries.The proliferation of new mobile and online financial services,such as e-banking,money transfers,and payment processing has the potential to provide access to basic financial products and services to financially excluded people.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the growth of mobile phone and Internet use on financial inclusion in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC)countries from 2004 to 2014.We applied principal component analysis to construct a financial inclusion index that served as a proxy variable for the accessibility of financial services in the SAARC countries.Using three different models-the fixed effect,random effect,and panel correction standard errors modelsthis study discovered a positive and significant relationship between the growth of financial inclusion and expansion of both mobile phone and Internet services.Moreover,an empirical study of the control variables showed that the levels of income and education were positively associated with financial inclusion,whereas the size of the rural population and unemployment were negatively related to financial inclusion.In addition,the empirical estimates posit a unidirectional causal flow from the growth of mobile and Internet services to expanded financial inclusion in the SAARC countries.
文摘A Controlled Foreign Company(CFC)is a company set up to do business in a foreign jurisdiction by a multinational company(MNC).There is a tendency among the MNCs to erode the tax base and shift profits to no-or low-tax jurisdictions and defer the payment of tax on foreign source income by holding funds in CFCs abroad.CFC rules are adopted to prevent MNCs from being involved in such activities.Under these rules,the income of a foreign CFC is deemed to be distributed to its shareholders at the end of each tax year and residents are taxed on the part of their income when it is earned,even though it is yet to be distributed by the CFC.By now,CFC rules have been implemented by about 60 jurisdictions,including three out of eight South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC)member countries.Whether the other SAARC countries should adopt CFC rules depends upon the conditions of a particular jurisdiction.They may not be applied in some jurisdictions which do not have serious BEPS activities or deferral of tax payments by residents on their income earned through a foreign CFC.
文摘The crude case fatality rate(CFR),because of the calculation method,is the most accurate when the pandemic is over since there is a possibility of the delay between disease onset and outcomes.Adjusted crude CFR measures can better explain the pandemic situation by improving the CFR estimation.However,no study has thoroughly investigated the COVID-19 adjusted CFR of the South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation(SAARC)countries.This study estimated both survival interval and underreporting adjusted CFR of COVID-19 for these countries.Moreover,we assessed the crude CFR between genders and across age groups and observed the CFR changes due to the imposition of fees on COVID-19 tests in Bangladesh.Using the daily records up to October 9,we implemented a statistical method to remove the delay between disease onset and outcome bias,and due to asymptomatic or mild symptomatic cases,reporting rates lower than 50%(95%CI:10%–50%)bias in crude CFR.We found that Afghanistan had the highest CFR,followed by Pakistan,India,Bangladesh,Nepal,Maldives,and Sri Lanka.Our estimated crude CFR varied from 3.708%to 0.290%,survival interval adjusted CFR varied from 3.767%to 0.296%and further underreporting adjusted CFR varied from 1.096%to 0.083%.Furthermore,the crude CFRs for men were significantly higher than that of women in Afghanistan(4.034%vs.2.992%)and Bangladesh(1.739%vs.1.337%)whereas the opposite was observed in Maldives(0.284%vs.0.390%),Nepal(0.006%vs.0.007%),and Pakistan(2.057%vs.2.080%).Besides,older age groups had higher risks of death.Moreover,crude CFR increased from 1.261%to 1.572%after imposing the COVID-19 test fees in Bangladesh.Therefore,the authorities of countries with higher CFR should be looking for strategic counsel from the countries with lower CFR to equip themselves with the necessary knowledge to combat the pandemic.Moreover,caution is needed to report the CFR.
文摘In 1997, the economic prospect for South Asia is expected to be ratherpromising, but the political landscape will be clouded by uncertainties and the secu-rity situation will leave no room for complacency. 1. The region’s economy will probably grow at a moderate rate and the pro-cess of regional economic cooperation may be accelerated. In South Asia today, the need to promote economic growth is
