A group of SARS-like coronaviruses(SL-CoV)have been identified in horseshoe bats.Despite SL-CoVs and SARS-CoV share identical genome structure and high-level sequence similarity,SL-CoV does not bind to the same cellul...A group of SARS-like coronaviruses(SL-CoV)have been identified in horseshoe bats.Despite SL-CoVs and SARS-CoV share identical genome structure and high-level sequence similarity,SL-CoV does not bind to the same cellular receptor as for SARS-CoV and the N-terminus of the S proteins only share 64%amino acid identity,suggesting there are fundamental differences between these two groups of coronaviruses.To gain insight into the basis of this difference,we established a recombinant adenovirus system expressing the S protein from SL-CoV(rAd-Rp3-S)to investigate its immune characterization.Our results showed that immunized mice generated strong humoral immune responses against the SL-CoV S protein.Moreover,a strong cellular immune response demonstrated by elevated IFN-γand IL-6 levels was also observed in these mice.However,the induced antibody from these mice had weaker cross-reaction with the SARS-CoV S protein,and did not neutralize HIV pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein.These results demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the SL-CoV S protein is distinct from that of SARS-CoV,which may cause the immunological differences between human SARS-CoV and bat SL-CoV.Furthermore,the recombinant virus could serve as a potential vaccine candidate against bat SL-CoV infection.展开更多
The synonymous codon usage in the translational initiation and termination regions of genes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and five other viruses in Coronaviridae was systematically analyzed.T...The synonymous codon usage in the translational initiation and termination regions of genes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and five other viruses in Coronaviridae was systematically analyzed.The results indicate that most minor codons for these coronaviruses are preferentially used in the initial and terminal region.The minor codons preferentially used in the initial region are thought to have a negative effect on gene expression,which can be explained by the minor codon modulator hypothesis.It also indicates that the minor codons preferentially used in the terminal region may regulate the level of gene expression.The proposed results strongly imply that the minor codon modulator hypothesis can be applied to both some bacteria and some viruses.展开更多
In order to analyze the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） coronavirus （SARS-CoV）, immunoinformatics and computational analyses were performed to study the immunological characters of SARS...In order to analyze the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） coronavirus （SARS-CoV）, immunoinformatics and computational analyses were performed to study the immunological characters of SARS-CoV. According to the results of immunoinformatics analysis, the obvious variation of HLA-A2 associated T cell epitopes between SARS vires and HCoV-229E was found as follows： （1） Disappearance of HIA-A2 binding site; （2） variation sequence on the HLA-A2 associated epitope; （3） emergence of a new HLA-A2 associated epitope. The immunoinfomatics results were evidenced by T2 cell binding assay, ELISPOT and DimerX staining. In conclusion, immunoinformatics is a useful method to analyze the immunological character of a new finding infectious pathogen, like SARS-CoV. These findings of immunoinformatics are confirmed by lab and clinical experiments. In this case, immunoinformatics seems a very useful tool in the study of immune response and the evaluation of vaccine in infectious diseases, such as SARS.展开更多
In this paper, we report a multiple sequence alignment result on the basis of 10 amino acid sequences of the M protein, which come from different coronaviruses (4 SARS associated and 6 others known). The alignment mo...In this paper, we report a multiple sequence alignment result on the basis of 10 amino acid sequences of the M protein, which come from different coronaviruses (4 SARS associated and 6 others known). The alignment model was based on the profile HMM (Hidden Markov Model), and the model training was implemented through the SAHMM (Self Adapting Hidden Markov Model) software developed by the authors.展开更多
To evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV),three groups of rabbits were immunized three times at 2-week intervals with inactivated vaccine + adjuvant,adjuvant,and normal saline respective...To evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV),three groups of rabbits were immunized three times at 2-week intervals with inactivated vaccine + adjuvant,adjuvant,and normal saline respectively.Eight batchs of serum were sampled from the auricular vein at day 7 to day 51,and specific IgG antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were detected by indirect ELISA and micro-cytopathic effect neutralizing test.Antibody specificity was identified by proteinchip assay.Histopathological changes were detected by H&E staining.The results showed that,rabbits in the experimental group immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV all generated specific IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity,which suggested the inactivated SARS-CoV could preserve its antigenicity well and elicit an effective humoral immune responses.The peak titer value of specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody reached 1:40960 and 1:2560 respectively.In the experimental group,no obvious histopathological changes was detected in the H&E stained slides of heart,spleen,kidney and testis samples,but the livers had slight histopathological changes,and the lungs presented remarkable histopathological changes.These findings are of importance for SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine development.展开更多
Dear Editor,The 2002–2003 global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus（SARS-CoV）infected around 8,000 people with 10%mortality（http：//www.who.int/csr/sars/en/）.
SARS coronavirus （SARS-CoV） develops an antagonis- tic mechanism by which to evade the antiviral activities of interferon （IFN）. Previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV papain-like protease （PLpro） inhibits act...SARS coronavirus （SARS-CoV） develops an antagonis- tic mechanism by which to evade the antiviral activities of interferon （IFN）. Previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV papain-like protease （PLpro） inhibits activa- tion of the IRF3 pathway, which would normally elicit a robust IFN response, but the mechanism（s） used by SARS PLpro to inhibit activation of the IRF3 pathway is not fully known. In this study, we uncovered a novel mechanism that may explain how SARS PLpro effi- ciently inhibits activation of the IRF3 pathway. We found that expression of the membrane-anchored PLpro domain （PLpro-TM） from SARS-CoV inhibits STING/ TBKl/IKKE-mediated activation of type I IFNs and dis- rupts the phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3, which are activated by STING and TBKI. Meanwhile, we showed that PLpro-TM physically interacts with TRAF3, TBK1, IKK~, STING, and IRF3, the key components that assemble the STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex for activa- tion of IFN expression. However, the interaction between the components in STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex is dis- rupted by PLpro-TM. Furthermore, SARS PLpro-TM reduces the levels of ubiquitinated forms of RIG-I, STING, TRAF3, TBK1, and IRF3 in the STING-TRAF3- TBK1 complex. These results collectively point to a new mechanism used by SARS-CoV through which PLpro negatively regulates IRF3 activation by interaction withSTING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex, yielding a SARS-CoV countermeasure against host innate immunity.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） first emerged in Guangdong on November 16, 2002, and subsequently spread to Hong Kong, Beijing, Taiwan, and other areas. According to WHO, 8 098 cases were reported in 29 cou...Severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） first emerged in Guangdong on November 16, 2002, and subsequently spread to Hong Kong, Beijing, Taiwan, and other areas. According to WHO, 8 098 cases were reported in 29 countries.l＇2 Although researchers around the world have been carrying out extensive studies for 10 years, the reservoir of SARS coronavirus （CoV） has not been found. 1,3-18展开更多
Countries with ambitious national strategies to crush the curve of their Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic trajectories include China,Korea,Japan,Taiwan,New Zealand and Australia.Howe...Countries with ambitious national strategies to crush the curve of their Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic trajectories include China,Korea,Japan,Taiwan,New Zealand and Australia.However,the United States and many hard-hit European countries,like Ireland,Italy,Spain,France and the United Kingdom,currently appear content to merely flatten the curve of their epidemic trajectories so that transmission persists at rates their critical care services can cope with.Here I present a simple set of arithmetic modelling analyses that are accessible to non-specialists and explain why preferable crush the curve strategies,to eliminate transmission within months,would require only a modest amount of additional containment effort relative to the tipping point targeted by flatten the curve strategies,which allow epidemics to persist at supposedly steady,manageable levels for years,decades or even indefinitely.展开更多
The spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV） mediates cell fusion by binding to target cell surface receptors. This paper reports a simple method for dissecting the viral protein...The spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV） mediates cell fusion by binding to target cell surface receptors. This paper reports a simple method for dissecting the viral protein and for searching for foldable fragments in a random but systematic manner. The method involves digestion by DNase I to generate a pool of short DNA segments, followed by an additional step of reassembly of these segments to produce a library of DNA fragments with random ends but controllable lengths. To rapidly screen for discrete folded polypeptide fragments, the reassembled gene fragments were further cloned into a vector as N-terminal fusions to a folding reporter gene which was a variant of green fluorescent protein. Two foldable fragments were identified for the SARS-CoV spike protein, which coincide with various anti-SARS peptides derived from the hepated repeat （HR） region 2 of the spike protein. The method should be applicable to other viral proteins to isolate antigen or vaccine candidates, thus providing an alternative to the full-length proteins （subunits） or linear short peptides.展开更多
Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses (CoVs) in-cluding the human SARS-associated virus is reconstructed from complete genomes by using our newly developed K- string composition approach. The relation of the human SARS-C...Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses (CoVs) in-cluding the human SARS-associated virus is reconstructed from complete genomes by using our newly developed K- string composition approach. The relation of the human SARS-CoV to other coronaviruses, i.e. the rooting of the tree is suggested by choosing an appropriate outgroup. SARS-CoV makes a separate group closer but still distant from G2 (CoVs in mammalian host). The relation between different isolates of the human SARS virus is inferred by first constructing an ultrametric distance matrix from counting sequence variations in the genomes. The resulting tree is consistent with clinic relations between the SARS-CoV isolates. In addition to a larger variety of coronavirus ge-nomes these results provide phylogenetic knowledge based on independent novel methodology as compared to recent phylogenetic studies on SARS-CoV.展开更多
The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute res-piratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first su...The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute res-piratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first submit-ted coronavirus strain, according to the sequence of TOR2 (GENEBANK Accession: AY274119). These primers were synthesized and printed into a microarray with 12×12 spots. RNAs were extracted from the throat swab and gargling fluid of SARS patients and reverse-transcripted into the double strand cDNAs. The cDNAs were prepared as re-stricted cDNA fragments by the restriction display (RD) technique and labeled by PCR with the Cy5-universal primer. The labeled samples were then applied to the oligo microar-ray for hybridization. The diagnostic capability of the mi-croarray was evaluated after the washing and scanning steps. The scanning result showed that samples of SARS patients were hybridized with multiple SARS probes on the microar-ray, and there is no signal on the negative and blank controls. These results indicate that the genome of SARS coronavirus can be detected in parallel by the 60mer oligonucleotide mi-croarray, which can improve the positive ratio of the diagno-sis. The oligo microarray can also be used for monitoring the behavior of the virus genes in different stages of the disease status.展开更多
The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first sub...The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first submitted coronavirus strain, according to the sequence of TOR2 (GENEBANK Accession: AY274119). These primers were synthesized and printed into a microarray with 12×12 spots. RNAs were extracted from the throat swab and gargling fluid of SARS patients and reverse-transcripted into the double strand cDNAs. The cDNAs were prepared as restricted cDNA fragments by the restriction display (RD) technique and labeled by PCR with the Cy5-universal primer. The labeled samples were then applied to the oligo microarray for hybridization. The diagnostic capability of the microarray was evaluated after the washing and scanning steps. The scanning result showed that samples of SARS patients were hybridized with multiple SARS probes on the microarray, and there is no signal on the negative and blank controls. These results indicate that the genome of SARS coronavirus can be detected in parallel by the 60mer oligonucleotide microarray, which can improve the positive ratio of the diagnosis. The oligo microarray can also be used for monitoring the behavior of the virus genes in different stages of the disease status.展开更多
This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patient...This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patients in life-threatening situations. The theory of prediction was proposed by Huu S. TIEU on March 25, 2019, and he hypothesized that any malfunctioning cell in the body could have a damaging effect. This paper discusses the prediction that Localized Oxygen Deprivation could be a contributing factor for a future epidemic or other viral pandemics that could affect body function. This paper is based on opinion and does not have sufficient evidence to support the claims made. Therefore, further in-depth study is needed to prove the findings. The author cites Hypoxia to support his idea, but he is not claiming that Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) has worked on his predictions. The author also tested a theory using cow blood curd for body function, but this test was not a structured test and the findings were not supported by other evidence. To further prove the idea or theory, further study into the subject should be conducted.展开更多
基金supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research Grant(2005CB523004)from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technologythe Knowledge Innovation Program Key Project administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX1-YW-R-07)
文摘A group of SARS-like coronaviruses(SL-CoV)have been identified in horseshoe bats.Despite SL-CoVs and SARS-CoV share identical genome structure and high-level sequence similarity,SL-CoV does not bind to the same cellular receptor as for SARS-CoV and the N-terminus of the S proteins only share 64%amino acid identity,suggesting there are fundamental differences between these two groups of coronaviruses.To gain insight into the basis of this difference,we established a recombinant adenovirus system expressing the S protein from SL-CoV(rAd-Rp3-S)to investigate its immune characterization.Our results showed that immunized mice generated strong humoral immune responses against the SL-CoV S protein.Moreover,a strong cellular immune response demonstrated by elevated IFN-γand IL-6 levels was also observed in these mice.However,the induced antibody from these mice had weaker cross-reaction with the SARS-CoV S protein,and did not neutralize HIV pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein.These results demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the SL-CoV S protein is distinct from that of SARS-CoV,which may cause the immunological differences between human SARS-CoV and bat SL-CoV.Furthermore,the recombinant virus could serve as a potential vaccine candidate against bat SL-CoV infection.
文摘The synonymous codon usage in the translational initiation and termination regions of genes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and five other viruses in Coronaviridae was systematically analyzed.The results indicate that most minor codons for these coronaviruses are preferentially used in the initial and terminal region.The minor codons preferentially used in the initial region are thought to have a negative effect on gene expression,which can be explained by the minor codon modulator hypothesis.It also indicates that the minor codons preferentially used in the terminal region may regulate the level of gene expression.The proposed results strongly imply that the minor codon modulator hypothesis can be applied to both some bacteria and some viruses.
文摘In order to analyze the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） coronavirus （SARS-CoV）, immunoinformatics and computational analyses were performed to study the immunological characters of SARS-CoV. According to the results of immunoinformatics analysis, the obvious variation of HLA-A2 associated T cell epitopes between SARS vires and HCoV-229E was found as follows： （1） Disappearance of HIA-A2 binding site; （2） variation sequence on the HLA-A2 associated epitope; （3） emergence of a new HLA-A2 associated epitope. The immunoinfomatics results were evidenced by T2 cell binding assay, ELISPOT and DimerX staining. In conclusion, immunoinformatics is a useful method to analyze the immunological character of a new finding infectious pathogen, like SARS-CoV. These findings of immunoinformatics are confirmed by lab and clinical experiments. In this case, immunoinformatics seems a very useful tool in the study of immune response and the evaluation of vaccine in infectious diseases, such as SARS.
文摘In this paper, we report a multiple sequence alignment result on the basis of 10 amino acid sequences of the M protein, which come from different coronaviruses (4 SARS associated and 6 others known). The alignment model was based on the profile HMM (Hidden Markov Model), and the model training was implemented through the SAHMM (Self Adapting Hidden Markov Model) software developed by the authors.
基金Joint funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China (U0632010)Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Bioengineering Medicine (51207026).
文摘To evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS coronavirus(SARS-CoV),three groups of rabbits were immunized three times at 2-week intervals with inactivated vaccine + adjuvant,adjuvant,and normal saline respectively.Eight batchs of serum were sampled from the auricular vein at day 7 to day 51,and specific IgG antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were detected by indirect ELISA and micro-cytopathic effect neutralizing test.Antibody specificity was identified by proteinchip assay.Histopathological changes were detected by H&E staining.The results showed that,rabbits in the experimental group immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV all generated specific IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity,which suggested the inactivated SARS-CoV could preserve its antigenicity well and elicit an effective humoral immune responses.The peak titer value of specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody reached 1:40960 and 1:2560 respectively.In the experimental group,no obvious histopathological changes was detected in the H&E stained slides of heart,spleen,kidney and testis samples,but the livers had slight histopathological changes,and the lungs presented remarkable histopathological changes.These findings are of importance for SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81290341,31621061 to Zheng-Li Shi)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDPB0301 to Zheng-Li Shi)+2 种基金National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of National Institutes of Health grant(R01AI110964 to Zheng-Li Shi)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1201000 to Shibo Jiang)NIH grant(R01AI098775 to Shibo Jiang and Lanying Du)
文摘Dear Editor,The 2002–2003 global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus（SARS-CoV）infected around 8,000 people with 10%mortality（http：//www.who.int/csr/sars/en/）.
文摘SARS coronavirus （SARS-CoV） develops an antagonis- tic mechanism by which to evade the antiviral activities of interferon （IFN）. Previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV papain-like protease （PLpro） inhibits activa- tion of the IRF3 pathway, which would normally elicit a robust IFN response, but the mechanism（s） used by SARS PLpro to inhibit activation of the IRF3 pathway is not fully known. In this study, we uncovered a novel mechanism that may explain how SARS PLpro effi- ciently inhibits activation of the IRF3 pathway. We found that expression of the membrane-anchored PLpro domain （PLpro-TM） from SARS-CoV inhibits STING/ TBKl/IKKE-mediated activation of type I IFNs and dis- rupts the phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3, which are activated by STING and TBKI. Meanwhile, we showed that PLpro-TM physically interacts with TRAF3, TBK1, IKK~, STING, and IRF3, the key components that assemble the STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex for activa- tion of IFN expression. However, the interaction between the components in STING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex is dis- rupted by PLpro-TM. Furthermore, SARS PLpro-TM reduces the levels of ubiquitinated forms of RIG-I, STING, TRAF3, TBK1, and IRF3 in the STING-TRAF3- TBK1 complex. These results collectively point to a new mechanism used by SARS-CoV through which PLpro negatively regulates IRF3 activation by interaction withSTING-TRAF3-TBK1 complex, yielding a SARS-CoV countermeasure against host innate immunity.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81373059 and 81172731）.
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） first emerged in Guangdong on November 16, 2002, and subsequently spread to Hong Kong, Beijing, Taiwan, and other areas. According to WHO, 8 098 cases were reported in 29 countries.l＇2 Although researchers around the world have been carrying out extensive studies for 10 years, the reservoir of SARS coronavirus （CoV） has not been found. 1,3-18
基金This study was supported by an AXA Research Chair award to the author,kindly provided by the AXA Research Fund,and by Irish Aid,Deparment of Foreign Affairs and Trade,Government of Ireland through the Embassy of Ireland in Tanzania(Award number IA-TAN/2020/086).
文摘Countries with ambitious national strategies to crush the curve of their Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic trajectories include China,Korea,Japan,Taiwan,New Zealand and Australia.However,the United States and many hard-hit European countries,like Ireland,Italy,Spain,France and the United Kingdom,currently appear content to merely flatten the curve of their epidemic trajectories so that transmission persists at rates their critical care services can cope with.Here I present a simple set of arithmetic modelling analyses that are accessible to non-specialists and explain why preferable crush the curve strategies,to eliminate transmission within months,would require only a modest amount of additional containment effort relative to the tipping point targeted by flatten the curve strategies,which allow epidemics to persist at supposedly steady,manageable levels for years,decades or even indefinitely.
基金Supported by the Tsinghua University SARS Special Fund and theNational Key Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China (No. 2003CB716002)
文摘The spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV） mediates cell fusion by binding to target cell surface receptors. This paper reports a simple method for dissecting the viral protein and for searching for foldable fragments in a random but systematic manner. The method involves digestion by DNase I to generate a pool of short DNA segments, followed by an additional step of reassembly of these segments to produce a library of DNA fragments with random ends but controllable lengths. To rapidly screen for discrete folded polypeptide fragments, the reassembled gene fragments were further cloned into a vector as N-terminal fusions to a folding reporter gene which was a variant of green fluorescent protein. Two foldable fragments were identified for the SARS-CoV spike protein, which coincide with various anti-SARS peptides derived from the hepated repeat （HR） region 2 of the spike protein. The method should be applicable to other viral proteins to isolate antigen or vaccine candidates, thus providing an alternative to the full-length proteins （subunits） or linear short peptides.
文摘Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses (CoVs) in-cluding the human SARS-associated virus is reconstructed from complete genomes by using our newly developed K- string composition approach. The relation of the human SARS-CoV to other coronaviruses, i.e. the rooting of the tree is suggested by choosing an appropriate outgroup. SARS-CoV makes a separate group closer but still distant from G2 (CoVs in mammalian host). The relation between different isolates of the human SARS virus is inferred by first constructing an ultrametric distance matrix from counting sequence variations in the genomes. The resulting tree is consistent with clinic relations between the SARS-CoV isolates. In addition to a larger variety of coronavirus ge-nomes these results provide phylogenetic knowledge based on independent novel methodology as compared to recent phylogenetic studies on SARS-CoV.
文摘The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute res-piratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first submit-ted coronavirus strain, according to the sequence of TOR2 (GENEBANK Accession: AY274119). These primers were synthesized and printed into a microarray with 12×12 spots. RNAs were extracted from the throat swab and gargling fluid of SARS patients and reverse-transcripted into the double strand cDNAs. The cDNAs were prepared as re-stricted cDNA fragments by the restriction display (RD) technique and labeled by PCR with the Cy5-universal primer. The labeled samples were then applied to the oligo microar-ray for hybridization. The diagnostic capability of the mi-croarray was evaluated after the washing and scanning steps. The scanning result showed that samples of SARS patients were hybridized with multiple SARS probes on the microar-ray, and there is no signal on the negative and blank controls. These results indicate that the genome of SARS coronavirus can be detected in parallel by the 60mer oligonucleotide mi-croarray, which can improve the positive ratio of the diagno-sis. The oligo microarray can also be used for monitoring the behavior of the virus genes in different stages of the disease status.
文摘The 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus. Thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first submitted coronavirus strain, according to the sequence of TOR2 (GENEBANK Accession: AY274119). These primers were synthesized and printed into a microarray with 12×12 spots. RNAs were extracted from the throat swab and gargling fluid of SARS patients and reverse-transcripted into the double strand cDNAs. The cDNAs were prepared as restricted cDNA fragments by the restriction display (RD) technique and labeled by PCR with the Cy5-universal primer. The labeled samples were then applied to the oligo microarray for hybridization. The diagnostic capability of the microarray was evaluated after the washing and scanning steps. The scanning result showed that samples of SARS patients were hybridized with multiple SARS probes on the microarray, and there is no signal on the negative and blank controls. These results indicate that the genome of SARS coronavirus can be detected in parallel by the 60mer oligonucleotide microarray, which can improve the positive ratio of the diagnosis. The oligo microarray can also be used for monitoring the behavior of the virus genes in different stages of the disease status.
文摘This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patients in life-threatening situations. The theory of prediction was proposed by Huu S. TIEU on March 25, 2019, and he hypothesized that any malfunctioning cell in the body could have a damaging effect. This paper discusses the prediction that Localized Oxygen Deprivation could be a contributing factor for a future epidemic or other viral pandemics that could affect body function. This paper is based on opinion and does not have sufficient evidence to support the claims made. Therefore, further in-depth study is needed to prove the findings. The author cites Hypoxia to support his idea, but he is not claiming that Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) has worked on his predictions. The author also tested a theory using cow blood curd for body function, but this test was not a structured test and the findings were not supported by other evidence. To further prove the idea or theory, further study into the subject should be conducted.
