Carbon Footprint in Waste Sector of Hydropower Plant: A Case Study of Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Plant

While hydropower is generally considered a clean energy source, it is important to recognize that their waste can still contribute to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The purpose of this study is to assess the carbon footprint associated with the waste sector throughout the operational phase of the Nam Theun 2 hydropower plant in Laos. Understanding the environmental impact of the waste sector is crucial for ensuring the plant’s sustainability. This study utilizes the theoretical estimation method recommended in the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, as well as the Requirements for Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of GHG emissions and removals. We emphasize the significance of implementing sustainable waste management practices to reduce GHG emissions and minimize the environmental impact of hydropower operations. By conducting a comprehensive analysis, this paper also provides insights into the environmental implications of waste management in hydropower plants and identifies strategies to mitigate the carbon footprint in the waste sector. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the environmental sustainability of hydropower plants and provide valuable guidance for policymakers, energy producers, and environmental practitioners involved in hydropower plant design and operation.

Modelling and Optimization of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Cameroon for the Development of the Green Energy Market in Neighboring Countries Using Homer Software

Renewable energy is increasingly in demand for a variety of applications in both urban and rural areas. There are, however, a number of implementation constraints in some countries, even though sunshine, wind and water are abundant and available. As part of this research, we are carrying out a technical and economic study on the availability of renewable energy in Cameroon, with a view to combining several sources of solar, biomass, wind and hydroelectric power to meet energy demand both inside and outside the country, in countries such as Chad, Gabon and Nigeria. In this work, the implementation of the entire system in the HOMER software demonstrates the feasibility and possibility of implementing a multi-source power plant based on renewable energies. Calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the net present cost (NPC) shows that a capacity of 485 GW can meet the energy demand of the countries bordering Cameroon. Furthermore, the calculation of the performance ratio gives a PR = 46.52 and a Capacity factor of CF = 11.64. The system is profitable not only economically but also environmentally, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and energy losses.

Load Frequency Control of Small Hydropower Plants Using One-Input Fuzzy PI Controller with Linear and Non-Linear Plant Model

This study presents an intelligent approach for load frequency control (LFC) of small hydropower plants (SHPs). The approach which is based on fuzzy logic (FL), takes into account the non-linearity of SHPs—something which is not possible using traditional controllers. Most intelligent methods use two- input fuzzy controllers, but because such controllers are expensive, there is economic interest in the relatively cheaper single-input controllers. A non- linear control model based on one-input fuzzy logic PI (FLPI) controller was developed and applied to control the non-linear SHP. Using MATLAB/Si- mulink SimScape, the SHP was simulated with linear and non-linear plant models. The performance of the FLPI controller was investigated and compared with that of the conventional PI/PID controller. Results show that the settling time for the FLPI controller is about 8 times shorter;while the overshoot is about 15 times smaller compared to the conventional PI/PID controller. Therefore, the FLPI controller performs better than the conventional PI/PID controller not only in meeting the LFC control objective but also in ensuring increased dynamic stability of SHPs.

Experimental study on dynamic pipe fracture in consideration of hydropower plant model

In the case of sudden valve closure, water hammer creates the most powerful pressure and damage to pipeline systems. The best way to protect the pipeline system is to eliminate water hammer. The main reasons for water hammer occurrence are valve closure, high initial velocity, and static pressure. However, it is difficult to eliminate water hammer. Water hammer tends to occur when the valve is being closed. In this study, the pipe fracture caused by static water pressure, gradually increasing pressure, and suddenly increasing pressure were compared experimentally in a breaking PVC test pipe. The quasi-static zone, the dynamic zone, and the transition zone are defined through the results of those experiments, with consideration of the fracture patterns of test pipes and impulses. The maximum pressure results were used to design the pipeline even though it is in the dynamic zone.

Performance Evaluation of Sediment Basins: Case Study of Keya Hydropower Plant in Rwanda

Keya Hydropower Plant (HPP) is a run-off-river plant which can be an effective green solution contributing to the current energy demand in Rwanda but a huge amount of sediment contained in water of Sebeya River on which this plant is built results in loss of the plant capacity. The aim of this study was to conduct the performance evaluation of Keya HPP sediment basin located in Rubavu district, western province of Rwanda. Specifically, laboratory tests of sediment, efficiency of the basin, assessment of sedimentation problems on HPP operations, proposition of technical options for increasing the removal efficiency of sediment basin and other options for reducing sediment at the source of generation were performed using different methods including interviews and questioning Keya hydropower technicians, field sediment sampling followed by hydrometer and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) analysis. Analysis was made in University of Rwanda (UR) Soil Mechanics laboratory. MICROSOFT EXCEL and Graphisoft Archicad 18 softwares with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) soil classification were used as data analysis tools. Results showed that the overall efficiency removal of the diversion headwork was 85%. However, after comparing sediment concentration at the inlet and outlet of the sediment basin, it was found that the basin removed only 22% of sediment from diverted water toward the turbine. This means that 78% of sediment escapes the basin to cause erosion on the turbine components resulting in reduction of the plant capacity from 2.2 MW to 900 KW. To ensure sustainable solution to sediment issues in Keya HPP, an upstream sediment trap reservoir is proposed. It is recommended also that Rwanda Energy Group (REG) should work together with Rwanda Natural Resource Authority (RNRA) at national level to ensure sustainable development of erosion control in the Sebeya catchment area.

Environmental and Social Impacts of Mini-hydropower Plants--A Case Study from Sri Lanka

This research study was conducted to review the environmental and social impact of mini hydropower plants （run-of-the-river type） by selecting Denawaka Ganga mini hydropower plant, which is located in Ratnapura district, Sri Lanka. Field visits and discussions among the authors, authorities and the residents were carried out. Then, the environmental and social impacts were scientifically analysed using regulation degree （RD） and environmental impact value （EIV） scores. It was found out that the Denawaka Ganga mini hydropower plant has induced some environmental concerns; however, significant positive social impact to the society. This is in addition to the green energy generation. Therefore, it can be concluded herein that the Denawaka Ganga mini hydropower is an asset to the country, Sri Lanka.

Implementing a model for identifying organizational complications for the purpose of increasing productivity in hydropower plant

The present economical conditions on today＇s world require specific point of view and policy making in business agencies. In this competitive world to achieve competence, competitive advantages in order to better governance, organizations have to increase their competitive powers through promotion and productivity. One of the fundamental approaches to elevate the productivity level is finding the complications and obstacles, and arise planning to remove them. In order to understand organizational complication, we have tried to take critical factors of success and continue improvement into consideration to demonstrate a model to find the main and radical problems and complications and recognize the recoverable areas in the business agencies. In order to verify and validate the performed research, he planned model has been accomplished in the Hydropower Plant Department, positive and acceptable results were obtained and organizations total factor productivity improvement was achieved which was appreciated by the organization.

Current Situation and Prospect of Pumped-Storage Hydropower Plant in China

With the rapid development of national economy in China, pumped-storage power plant(PSPP) has developed very fast for its special stable and dynamic benefits in recent years.Because of the ever-increasing power load and its peak-to-valley ratio, customers have higherexpectation for the securityand quality ofpower supply. PSPPs are playing a role in load regulation,energy saving and reliable operation of power girds with its unique peak-shifting character.

Quali-Quantitative Analysis of Brazilian Environmental Licensing of Hydropower Plants

The use of the extraordinary hydroelectric potential of the Amazon Basin originated an increase in the offer of renewable energy in Brazil, which, in its turn, leads to conflicts and a lack of consensus among different players owing to the potential negative impacts related to the construction and operation of large hydroelectric power plants in relatively well preserved areas. In this context, environmental licensing is one of the national environmental policy’s main instruments for making decisions regarding the use of the hydroelectric potential, especially the rivers of the Amazon Basin. Nevertheless, this significant instrument has its limitations and requires adjustments in order to better aid the decision making process regarding the use of water resources and land with the goal of increasing the offer of electric energy.

A Study on Importance and Role of Irrigation and Hydropower Plant Operation in Integrated River Basin Management

In this study, 16 irrigation schemes (Baklan, Irgilli, Sutlac, Cal, Cürüksu, Nazilli, Saraykoy, Pamukkale, Sultanhisar, Akcay, Aydin, Topcam, Karpuzlu, Isikli, Gümüssu ve Soke) having 166,381 hectares, built by State Hydraulic Works (DSI), and operated by participatory irrigation managements, and 14 hydroelectric power plants (HPP) operated and built on dams, canals and rivers by the public and private sectors are examined in the Büyük Menderes basin which is an important basin in terms of the agriculture, energy and ecology projects. Integrated basin management practices and the importance and role of irrigation and hydropower plant operation in integrated basin management, how it should be, optimal use of available water resources for irrigation and hydroelectric power plant operation, irrigation relationship with canal hydropower plants, operated under integrated basin management of irrigation and hydropower plants, environment and the ecological effects have been studied, and integrated basin management with the existing basin management conditions in terms of hydropower plant and irrigation operation on the basis of data of 2015 have been compared, reached important conclusions, and made recommendations on the subject.

Mechanism of Primary Frequency Regulation for Battery Hybridization in Hydropower Plant

Battery hybridization in hydropower plants is a hydropower flexibility enhancement technology innovation that can potentially expand hydropower’s contributions to the grid,but its fundamental characteristics and influencing mechanisms are still unclear.In this paper,primary frequency regulation(PFR)performance and the mechanism of this new technology are studied.A battery hybridized hydropower plant(BH-HPP)model,based on a field-measured-data-based hydropower plant(HPP)model and a verified battery simplified model,is established.Analysis of system stability and dynamics is undertaken for three different battery control strategies by root locus and participation factor methods.Compared to conventional HPPs,analysis results theoretically reveal BH-HPP can not only accelerate system regulation rapidity but also effectively enlarge HPP stability region during PFR process.Time domain simulation verifies the results and further shows synthetic control has better performance among introduced strategies.Besides,initial design ranges of control parameters considering battery capacity and a renewable energy source scenario case are also discussed.This work could provide theoretical support for flexibility enhancement solutions for hydropower systems.

Relationship between Selected Physiographic Features and Landslide Occurrence around Four Hydropower Projects in Bhagirathi Valley of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya, India

The Himalayan mountain range is an internationally recognised landscape but one under increasing developmental threat. The lower Himalayan region possesses immense potential for hydropower generation but is also highly susceptible to tectonic deformation and mass wasting, especially landslides. Susceptibility to landslides increases markedly with human activity, especially large scale developmental projects. The impacts of massive hydropower plant construction in the Bhagirathi Valley, Uttarkhand, India on the generation of landslides are the focus of this study. Whilst many positive impacts derive from such projects, devastating negative impacts also accrue. The frequency and characteristics of land sliding within the sphere of influence of the construction sites of the various hydropower plant components were investigated. Landslide frequency was related to parameters of geology, prior land use, drainage density, slope steepness and location in terms of construction aspect. Landslide frequency was found to be greatest in gneissic terrain as well as on previously agricultural and forested lands. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between landslide frequency with slope and, frequency with construction aspect, especially the construction of access roads. As with other studies, road construction is the key initiator of land sliding due to slope over steepening and the indiscriminate dumping of debris. The study concludes with recommendations for reducing the frequency and magnitude of mass wasting in this environment.

Hydropower Energy Source Combining with Other Renewables in the Teritory of Kosova

With the continuous growing of population and the economical needs in the Balkan region, as in the whole world, the needfor new energy resources is getting more reasonable than ever. Considering the nowadays exponential growth in development of therenewable energy sources, in this paper, a comparison of the hydropower energy capacities with the wind and solar energy sources,in the territory of Kosova is generally presented. Today, the territory of Kosova, has 1,513 MW installed capacity of electricity,which is generated from two thermo-power plants KOSOVA A and KOSOVA B. This energy generation capacity is proved to beinsufficient for meeting the entire electricity needs of the 2 million population and the overall economical development. In this paper,a specific attention is given to the electricity generation by the renewable energy sources as the wind and hydropower. A specificemphasis is given to the combination of hydropower with wind power, in Kosova, as a optimal solution for the generation of therenewable energy sources. In this paper, a concrete idea for combining the ZHUR hydro-powerplant system with the numerous windturbines is given, which could be placed in the near zone of this hydropower-plant. In combination, these electricity regeneratorswould promise a more reliable energy source, and contribute to the fulfilment of the overall electricity requirements of Kosova.

Characterization of the Constructions Materials Used in the Hydroelectric Power Plants in the Sedano＇s Valley, Burgos （Spain）

Small hydropower plants for electricity generation were first built in Spain in the early 1880s. The Spanish peninsula is characterized by its rugged landscape, fast flowing rivers and steep gradients. A clear example of this is the remarkable area of the upper Ebro river basin where powerful water flows are found that are ideal for electricity generation. Between 1900 and 1930, the river Ebro was a major source of energy for industrial areas such as Alava, Vizcaya, Vitoria, Miranda de Ebro, Burgos and La Rioja. Between 1951-1965, the use of these small hydropower plants declined due to the construction of alternatives by industrialists in the Basque Country, which in most cases led to their deterioration. They were rescued in the late twentieth century, thanks to private sector initiatives which funded their rehabilitation. This study examines two small-scale hydraulic power plants in the province of Burgos at Medina de Pomar and at Quintanilla Escalada; both buildings were used for generating electricity and had living quarters for the workers and now represent historic architectonic and industrial heritage. The study documents their architectonic features and the restoration processes that have permitted one of them to remain in operation up until the present day.

混合式抽水蓄能电站群容量计算研究Ⅰ:短期调峰特征与梯级开发增益

依托常规梯级水电站修建混合式抽水蓄能电站(简称混蓄电站)成为提升电力系统调峰能力的重要途径。混蓄电站即可抽水又可发电的典型运行方式增加了水电基地的灵活性调节能力,为此亟需研究其运行方式以及与原有梯级水电站运行方式间的互馈关系。研究以黄河上游待开发龙羊峡-拉西瓦、拉西瓦-尼那混蓄电站为对象,建立含混蓄电站的梯级水电站短期联合调峰优化模型,分析混蓄电站对原有梯级水电站运行方式的影响,基于理论推导与数值计算两种方法揭示混蓄电站调峰效果的变化特征。主要结论如下:(1)混蓄电站抽水水量经由原有梯级水电站机组下泄,使得非填谷时段原有水电站出力增加,水电站上旋备容量降低;(2)龙羊峡水电站满发流量相对较小、拉西瓦水库调节库容较小以及日综合利用供水流量过大是制约混蓄电站调峰效果的主要因素,发现了综合利用流量影响混蓄电站调峰效果的临界特性,并提出了临界综合利用流量的计算公式;(3)发现并量化了混蓄电站梯级开发模式较单一开发模式所带来的梯级抽水调峰增益现象,并揭示了梯级抽水调峰增益背后所蕴含的“河流梯级反向再造”内在机理。

基于KingSCADA软件在上海白龙港污水厂综合监控系统的开发与应用

上海白龙港污水厂作为超大规模污水厂,该文介绍了针对该污水厂监控SCADA系统的方案设计、架构、建设难点问题分析及解决方案,论述了如何实现该厂生产数据、设备运转状态信息在生产指挥中心及各生产控制中心的集中管理与控制;搭建规范、统一的数据监控平台,用以支持污水处理生产过程管理,提供污水处理生产的实时监控,进一步提高污水处理生产决策的及时性和准确性,达到规范生产建设投资、节约运行成本与智慧控制的目的。

含混合式抽蓄的梯级水电站短期临界调峰模式

利用梯级水库电站建设混合式抽蓄电站,在提高新型电力系统清洁灵活性调峰能力的同时,也使得原梯级电站的运行方式变得更为复杂,亟需开展梯级电站与混合式抽蓄电站的联合调度模式研究。本文首先剖析了混合式抽蓄电站与梯级水电站日内联合调峰运行特点,建立了短期含混合式抽蓄的梯级水电站调峰优化模型;其次,发现了日内联合调峰的临界特性,并从临界调峰方式、临界调峰流量、临界调峰能力三方面定量刻画了该临界调峰特性,推导了梯级水电站临界调峰流量、混合式抽蓄电站临界抽发流量等计算公式,提出了混合式抽蓄电站与梯级水电站的临界调峰模式;最后,将上述理论成果应用至依托安康与旬阳梯级水库修建的安康混合式抽蓄电站。结果表明:安康水电站额定水头下临界调峰流量为892 m^(3)/s,小于892 m^(3)/s时,抽蓄电站日内满抽满发,以最大化调峰方式运行;大于892 m^(3)/s后,混合式抽蓄电站可转为与常规水电站同抽同发运行模式以及部分抽蓄机组转常规水电站机组运行模式等;长系列计算结果表明,与常规水电站同抽同发运行模式提高了抽蓄电站运行小时数,但降低了联合调度主体调峰能力,部分抽蓄机组转常规水电站机组运行模式耗用了安康水电站的可用发电水量,但提高了联合调度主体调峰能力,实际调度过程中应根据电网运行情况、电站运营主体等灵活选择抽蓄电站运行模式。

乌东德水电站日调峰对下游裂腹鱼类栖息地的影响

日调峰是乌东德水电站日常运行的主要出力约束和调度目标。为了探讨电站调度引起的出库流量大幅涨落对下游生态环境的不利影响,采用河道内流量增量法,通过构建二维水动力模型,研究了乌东德水电站日调峰引起的下游河段水文水动力条件波动对裂腹鱼类繁殖期栖息地适宜性的影响,并分析了2023年电站基荷发电生态调度试验效果。结果表明,乌东德电站下泄流量低于1160 m^(3)/s,坝下江段裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场面积相对较大;流量高于2000 m^(3)/s,裂腹鱼类潜在的产卵场面积显著减少。电站日调峰结束时,出库流量降幅越大,裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场脱水面积及鱼卵脱水风险越大。乌东德电站基荷发电生态调度期间,坝下江段裂腹鱼类潜在产卵场的加权面积有所减少,但潜在产卵场和鱼卵早期的脱水风险显著降低。为提高繁殖期裂腹鱼类生境适宜性和持续性,有必要进一步减少电站日调峰频率,降低出库流量至适宜区间。

混合式抽水蓄能电站群容量计算研究Ⅱ:多尺度嵌套容量计算模型及实例

基于流域梯级水电站增建混合式抽水蓄能电站(简称混蓄电站),对保障新型电力系统安全稳定运行、促进新能源大规模发展和消纳具有重要意义。研究提出基于多尺度嵌套调度模型的混蓄电站群容量计算模型,该模型嵌套含混蓄电站的梯级水电站短期调峰模型、考虑短期调峰与综合利用供水任务的梯级水电站中长期优化调度模型两大核心模块;此外,针对该容量计算模型的高维特征,提出基于代理模型思想的求解方法。以黄河上游待规划的大型混蓄电站群为实例,分别计算混蓄电站单独开发、梯级开发、整体开发三种模式下电站装机容量以及抽水调峰效益,并推导理论公式揭示混蓄电站抽发循环效率及抽水时长对电站装机容量的影响机制。实例计算取得的结果:龙羊峡-拉西瓦混蓄电站推荐采用水泵机组+可逆式抽蓄机组形式开发,单独开发模式下,推荐装机160万kW;当其与拉西瓦-尼那混蓄电站梯级开发时,推荐装机205万kW。当混蓄电站设计抽水时长减小时,其装机容量可增加,调峰能力变大,但电站抽水耗电调峰效益不变。拉西瓦-尼那、李家峡-直岗拉卡、公伯峡-苏只混蓄电站推荐装机分别为75万、16万和59万kW。4座混蓄电站整体开发模式下,可用于新能源消纳的抽水调峰电量为年均87.42亿kWh。

水库和水电站工程建设对陆栖脊椎动物的影响

水库和水电站工程建设在很多国家已经成为导致生物多样性丧失的人为因素之一。其致使动物栖息地丧失和片段化,造成一系列负面生态效应,包括生物多样性丧失、种群破碎化、动物群落结构改变、边缘效应、生态竞争加剧、外来物种入侵等。大型水坝还会阻碍河狸(Castor fiber)、水獭(Lutra lutra)等半水生哺乳动物的季节性迁移和扩散,在水库蓄水过程中亦可能淹没栖息地,造成动物被困和溺水死亡。鉴于此,本文梳理了自1970年以来国内外发表的相关研究案例,归纳了缓解水库对陆栖脊椎动物生态影响的措施,包括在库区周边及上下游目标物种的适宜栖息地范围建立严格保护区域,在专业指导下用科学的方法对动物加以救助和转移,在水库淹没区建设大型的陆桥岛屿以维持更高的动物多样性,利用连续的小型岛屿设置“水上动物通道”等,以期为未来水库和水电站工程建设中的野生动物保护措施和环境影响评价、监测工作提供理论支撑。