内皮细胞特异性骨形态发生蛋白2对血管新生的影响:生物信息学分析和实验验证

背景:血管新生是心血管疾病的主要干预靶点,骨形态发生蛋白2具有调控血管新生作用,但内皮细胞特异性骨形态发生蛋白2对血管新生的调控作用不清楚。目的:探讨内皮细胞特异性骨形态发生蛋白2对血管新生的影响。方法:(1)生物信息学分析:通过Panglao DB公共基因表达数据库单细胞转录组荟萃分析观察骨形态发生蛋白2细胞群表达丰度和定位。血管新生小鼠和内皮(心内膜)过表达骨形态发生蛋白2小鼠转录组测序数据集探索内皮细胞骨形态发生蛋白2对血管新生信号通路的调控作用。(2)体内实验验证:建立小鼠后肢缺血模型,对比模型小鼠患侧与健侧缺血后肢7,14和21 d血流灌注情况,免疫荧光和免疫组织化学染色评估小鼠骨形态发生蛋白2和CD31的表达定位情况。(3)体外实验验证:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,分为对照组、缺氧组和骨形态发生蛋白2抑制剂(Noggin蛋白)干预组,培养24 h,观察各组内皮细胞血管新生情况。结果与结论:(1)内皮细胞是表达骨形态发生蛋白2的重要细胞亚群,在血管新生内皮细胞和骨形态发生蛋白2过表达内皮细胞转录组再分析均发现骨形态发生蛋白2表达明显升高,血管新生通路明显激活。(2)缺血7 d小鼠新生血管周围骨形态发生蛋白2阳性血管明显增加(P<0.05),缺血2周骨形态发生蛋白2阳性血管明显减少(P<0.001)。(3)体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,缺氧干预后,内皮细胞迁移能力和血管出芽明显增加,血管新生因子血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍生生长因子的表达明显升高,Noggin明显减少了缺氧诱导的内皮细胞血管新生(P<0.001),并下调血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍生生长因子的表达(P<0.01)。(4)结果证实,内皮细胞特异性骨形态发生蛋白2具有调控血管新生作用,靶向性内皮细胞骨形态发生蛋白2可望改善血管新生。

Bimetallic In_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3) Catalysts Enable Highly Selective CO_(2) Electroreduction to Formate within Ultra-Broad Potential Windows

CO_(2)electrochemical reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to formate is a hopeful pathway for reducing CO_(2)and producing high-value chemicals,which needs highly selective catalysts with ultra-broad potential windows to meet the industrial demands.Herein,the nanorod-like bimetallic ln_(2)O_(3)/Bi_(2)O_(3)catalysts were successfully synthesized by pyrolysis of bimetallic InBi-MOF precursors.The abundant oxygen vacancies generated from the lattice mismatch of Bi_(2)O_(3)and ln_(2)O_(3)reduced the activation energy of CO_(2)to*CO_(2)·^(-)and improved the selectivity of*CO_(2)·^(-)to formate simultaneously.Meanwhile,the carbon skeleton derived from the pyrolysis of organic framework of InBi-MOF provided a conductive network to accelerate the electrons transmission.The catalyst exhibited an ultra-broad applied potential window of 1200 mV(from-0.4 to-1.6 V vs RHE),relativistic high Faradaic efficiency of formate(99.92%)and satisfactory stability after 30 h.The in situ FT-IR experiment and DFT calculation verified that the abundant oxygen vacancies on the surface of catalysts can easily absorb CO_(2)molecules,and oxygen vacancy path is dominant pathway.This work provides a convenient method to construct high-performance bimetallic catalysts for the industrial application of CO_(2)RR.

In-situ regeneration of Bi^(0) active site to renew surface activation for long-term stable and efficient CO_(2)-to-formate electrosynthesis

CO_(2)-to-formate electrosynthesis with high selectivity and stability has been a long-sought objective.Unfortunately,most catalysts undergo structural and valence state changes due to surface oxidation during operation or storage,resulting in decreased catalytic performance.Herein,we report a efficient and stable BiIn@Cu-foam electrode through the in-situ regeneration of Bi^(0) active sites to renew the surface activation.The electronic structure of Bi site can be regulated by introducing In,thereby enhancing the adsorption strength of*OCHO.The optimized electrode exhibits over 90%FE_(formate)at a wide potential window(-0.9–-2.2 V),and formation rate for 3.15 mM cm^(-1)h^(-1).Especially,the electrode can maintain the high performance at continuously electrolysis for more than 300 h,or for more than 50 cycles,even repeated operation and storage for more than 2 years.This work provides a promising candidate and new insight to construct industrially viable stable Bi-based catalyst for formate electrosynthesis.

单层Cs_(2)PbI_(2)Cl_(2)中点缺陷的形成与稳定性

Cs_(2)PbI_(2)Cl_(2)是卤化铅钙钛矿材料的新成员,由于其高的光吸收系数和长的载流子迁移距离等优异的光电物理性能,在太阳能电池、光电探测器、场效应晶体管以及发光二极管等领域受到广泛的关注.其中光电材料及器件的优良特性由电子结构决定,而钙钛矿的点缺陷对电子结构具有重要的调控,且单层Cs_(2)PbI_(2)Cl_(2)中点缺陷的研究尚且缺乏.本文基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算,对单层Cs_(2)PbI_(2)Cl_(2)的铯空位、碘空位、氯空位、铯替代铅、碘替代铯、碘替代铅、碘替代氯、氯替代铯、氯替代铅和氯替代碘的缺陷形成能和稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:在富铅和缺铅条件下,碘替代氯和氯替代碘的缺陷形成能偏低,且氯替代碘能有效降低体系总能,提高体系稳定性.在缺铅条件下铯空位缺陷形成能低于富铅条件,在缺铅条件下更易形成铯空位;富铅和缺铅条件下对碘替代氯和氯替代碘的缺陷形成能基本无影响.上述研究结果有助于理解点缺陷对钙钛矿材料稳定性的影响,同时也为未来实验上设计基于Cs_(2)PbI_(2)Cl_(2)的高效的光电子器件提供理论依据.

Porous Indium Nanocrystals on Conductive Carbon Nanotube Networks for High-Performance CO_(2)-to-Formate Electrocatalytic Conversion

Ever-increasing emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))cause global environmental and climate challenges.Inspired by biological photosynthesis,developing effective strategies NeuNlto up-cycle CO_(2)into high-value organics is crucial.Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)is highly promising to convert CO_(2)into economically viable carbon-based chemicals or fuels under mild process conditions.Herein,mesoporous indium supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes(mp-In@MWCNTs)is synthesized via a facile wet chemical method.The mp-In@MWCNTs electrocatalysts exhibit high CO_(2)RR performance in reducing CO_(2)into formate.An outstanding activity(current density-78.5 mA cm^(-2)),high conversion efficiency(Faradaic efficiency of formate over 90%),and persistent stability(∼30 h)for selective CO_(2)-to-formate conversion are observed.The outstanding CO_(2)RR process performance is attributed to the unique structures with mesoporous surfaces and a conductive network,which promote the adsorption and desorption of reactants and intermediates while improving electron transfer.These findings provide guiding principles for synthesizing conductive metal-based electrocatalysts for high-performance CO_(2)conversion.

Plasma-assisted synthesis of porous bismuth nanosheets for electrocatalytic CO_(2)-to-formate reduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction(eCO_(2)RR)to formate,driven by clean energy,is a promising approach for producing renewable chemicals and high-value fuels.Despite its potential,further development faces challenges due to limitations in electrocatalytic activity and durability,especially for nonnoble metal-based catalysts.Here,naturally abundant bismuth-based nanosheets that can effectively drive CO_(2)-to-formate electrocatalytic reduction are prepared using the plasma-activated Bi_(2)Se_(3) followed by a reduction process.Thus-obtained plasma-activated Bi nanosheets(P-BiNS)feature ultrathin structures and high surface areas.Such nanostructures ensure the P-BiNS with outstanding eCO_(2)RR catalytic performance,highlighted by the current density of over 80 mA cm^(-2) and a formate Faradic efficiency of>90%.Furthermore,P-BiNS catalysts demonstrate excellent durability and stability without deactivation following over 50h of operation.The selectivity for formate production is also studied by density functional theory(DFT)calculations,validating the importance and efficacy of the stabilization of intermediates(^(*)OCHO)on the P-BiNS surfaces.This study provides a facile plasma-assisted approach for developing high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts.

Formation Characteristics of CO_(2) Hydrates in the Presence of Porous Media and NaCl

Hydrate-based CO_(2) sequestration is an effective method for reducing the greenhouse effect,and the presence of porous media and NaCl can impact the formation characteristics of hydrates.This study uses the constant volume temperature search method to investigate the effects of quartz sand particle size(0.006‒0.03 mm),water saturation(30%–90%),and NaCl concentration(1%‒9%)on the phase equilibrium and kinetics of CO_(2) hydrates within a temperature range of 273‒285 K and pressure range of 1.0‒3.5 MPa.The results indicate that a decrease in quartz sand particle size or an increase in NaCl concentration shifts the hydrate phase equilibrium curve towards lower temperatures and higher pressures,making hydrate generation conditions more demanding.In different particle size systems,there are no significant changes in the rate of CO_(2) hydrate formation or conversion rate.The highest hydrate conversion rate of 71.1%is observed in a 0.015 mm particle size system.With increasing water saturation,both the generation rate and conversion rate of CO_(2) hydrates show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.Meanwhile,low concentrations of NaCl(1%–3%)are found to enhance the formation and conversion rates of CO_(2) hydrates.However,as NaCl concentration increases,the rate of CO_(2) hydrate formation and conversion rate decrease.

In situ formation of an intimate solid-solid interface by reaction between MgH_(2) and Ti to stabilize metal hydride anode with high active material content

MgH_(2) and TiH_(2) have been extensively studied as potential anode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacities of 2036 and 1024 mAh/g,respectively.However,the large volume changes that these compounds undergo during cycling affects their performance and limits practical applications.The present work demonstrates a novel approach to limiting the volume changes of active materials.This effect is based on mechanical support from an intimate interface generated in situ via the reaction between MgH_(2) and Ti within the electrode prior to lithiation to form Mg and TiH_(2).The resulting Mg can be transformed back to MgH_(2) by reaction with LiH during delithiation.In addition,the TiH_(2) improves the reaction kinetics of MgH_(2) and enhances electrochemical performance.The intimate interface produced in this manner is found to improve the electrochemical properties of a MgH_(2)-Ti-LiH electrode.An exceptional reversible capacity of 800 mAh/g is observed even after 200 cycles with a high current density of 1 mA/cm^(2) and a high proportion of active material(90 wt.%)at an operation temperature of 120℃.This study therefore showcases a new means of improving the performance of electrodes by limiting the volume changes of active materials.

Hydrocarbon indication in Rio Bonito Formation sandstone:Implication for CO_(2)storage in São Paulo,Brazil

São Paulo State has witnessed CO_(2)storage-based investigations considering the availability of suitable geologic structures and proximity to primary CO_(2)source sinks related to bioenergy and carbon capture and storage(BECCS)activities.The current study presents the hydrocarbon viability evaluations and CO_(2)storage prospects,focusing on the sandstone units of the Rio Bonito Formation.The objective is to apply petrophysical evaluations with geochemical inputs in predicting future hydrocarbon(gas)production to boost CO_(2)storage within the study location.The study used data from eleven wells with associated wireline logs(gamma ray,resistivity,density,neutron,and sonic)to predict potential hydrocarbon accumulation and fluid mobility in the investigated area.Rock samples(shale and carbonate)obtained from depths>200 m within the study location have shown bitumen presence.Organic geochemistry data of the Rio Bonito Formation shale beds suggest they are potential hydrocarbon source rocks and could have contributed to the gas accumulations within the sandstone units.Some drilled well data,e.g.,CB-1-SP and TI-1-SP,show hydrocarbon(gas)presence based on the typical resistivity and the combined neutron-density responses at depths up to 3400 m,indicating the possibility of other hydrocarbon members apart from the heavy oil(bitumen)observed from the near-surface rocks samples.From the three-dimensional(3-D)model,the free fluid indicator(FFI)is more significant towards the southwest and southeast of the area with deeper depths of occurrence,indicating portions with reasonable hydrocarbon recovery rates and good prospects for CO_(2)injection,circulation and permanent storage.However,future studies based on contemporary datasets are required to establish the hydrocarbon viability further,foster gas production events,and enhance CO_(2)storage possibilities within the region.

TSP的应用及其与SEG-2数据文件格式间的转换

TSP超前地质预报系统目前在我国已得到了比较广泛的应用,但厂家未提供其数据文件存储格式。为此,在举例说明TSP的应用效果后,笔者采用U ltraEd it软件对多个TSP数据文件进行分析,弄清了其原始数据的总体存储结构。另外,还简单介绍了国际标准地震数据SEG-2文件的存储格式,并在M atlab语言环境下编制了读取SEG-2数据文件与TSP数据文件的程序,实现了将SEG-2文件转换成TSP数据文件的功能。因此,在今后的工作中可直接应用TSP的数据处理软件包TSPw in来处理国产的超前地震数据。

Formation mechanism of MgB_2 in 2LiBH_4+MgH_2 system for reversible hydrogen storage

The formation conditions of MgB2 in 2LiBH4 ＋ MgH2 system during dehydrogenation were investigated and its mechanism was discussed. The results show that direct decomposition of LiBH4 is suppressed under relative higher initial dehydrogenation pressure of 4.0×10^5 Pa, wherein LiBH4 reacts with Mg to yield MgB2, and 9.16% （mass fraction） hydrogen is released within 9.6 h at 450 ℃. However, under relatively lower initial dehydrogenation pressure of 1.0×10^2 Pa, LiBH4 decomposes independently instead of reacting with Mg, resulting in no formation of MgB2, and 7.91% hydrogen is desorbed within 5.2 h at 450 ℃. It is found that the dehydrogenation of 2LiBH4 ＋ MgH2 system proceeds more completely and more hydrogen desorption amount can be obtained within a definite time by forming MgB2. Furthermore, it is proposed that the formation process of MgB2 includes incubation period and nucleus growth process. Experimental results show that the formation process of MgB2, especially the incubation period, is promoted by increasing initial dehydrogenation pressure at constant temperature, and the incubation period is also influenced greatly by dehydrogenation temperature.

Formation mechanism and crystal simulation of Na_2O-doped calcium aluminate compounds

Calcium aluminate clinkers doped with Na2O were synthesized using analytically pure reagents CaCO3, Al2O3, SiO2 and Na2CO3. The effects of Na2O-doping on the formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds and the crystal property of 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) cell were studied. The results show that the minerals containing Na2O mainly include 2Na2O·3CaO·5Al2O3 and Na2O·Al2O3, when the Na2O content in clinkers is less than 4.26% (mass fraction). The rest of Na2O is mainly doped in 12CaO·7Al2O3, which results in the decrease of the crystallinity of 12CaO·7Al2O3. The crystallinity of 2Na2O·3CaO·5Al2O3 is also inversely proportional to the Na2O content in clinkers. The formation processes of 2Na2O·3CaO·5Al2O3 and 12CaO·7Al2O3 can be divided into two ways, which are the direct reactions of raw materials and the transformation of CaO·Al2O3, respectively. The simulation shows that the covalency of O-Na bond in Na2O-doped 12CaO·7Al2O3 cell is weaker than those of O-Ca and O-Al bonds. The free energy of the unit cell increases because of Na2O doping, which results in the improvement of chemical activity of 12CaO·7Al2O3. The leaching efficiency of Al2O3 in clinker is improved from 34.81% to 88.17% when the Na2O content in clinkers increases from 0 to 4.26%.

润湿性对CO_(2)溶解封存的影响机制与调控方法研究进展

溶解封存是CO_(2)封存的重要机理,储层润湿性对其具有显著影响,但目前有关润湿性对CO_(2)溶解封存效率、封存安全性等的影响机制尚不明确。为此,在分析储层润湿性与渗流关系的基础上,全面综述了润湿性对CO_(2)溶解封存的影响机理,进而提出了优化储层润湿性的调控方法。研究结果表明:①储层岩石一般为亲水性,其润湿性主要受压力、温度、地层水矿化度和岩石表面粗糙度的影响,CO_(2)-水-岩作用及储层中的有机酸作用会降低储层的水润湿性,使其变为CO_(2)润湿,不利于CO_(2)的安全封存;②CO_(2)溶解封存过程包含溶解、扩散和对流3个关键步骤,其中对流起主要作用,能增强气体分子传输、改善气液接触效果以及提高溶解速率,从而提高CO_(2)的溶解量;③润湿性对CO_(2)迁移和溶解量具有重要影响,CO_(2)润湿储层孔隙中气体扩散强度更高、气液两相界面面积更大,使CO_(2)迁移距离和溶解度增加,但不利于安全封存,而水润湿性岩石可以降低CO_(2)流动性,从而减小CO_(2)泄漏风险;④表面活性剂对于优化润湿性具有显著作用,而纳米颗粒流体可以逆转有机酸对岩石表面的作用,将CO_(2)润湿转变为水润湿或弱水润湿。结论认为:①综合考虑CO_(2)溶解封存量与封存安全性,认为水润湿储层对于CO_(2)安全封存更为有利;②通过调控优化润湿性提高储层亲水性,可以降低CO_(2)的泄漏风险,提高封存能力,从而保证CO_(2)长期封存的稳定性和安全性。

玛湖凹陷上乌尔禾组强敏感油藏CO_(2)同步吞吐试验

为探索玛湖凹陷强敏感致密砾岩油藏水平井压裂后高效开发提高采收率技术,在玛湖1井区开展注CO_(2)同步吞吐试验。结果表明:CO_(2)同步吞吐可提高强敏感致密砾岩油藏采收率,驱油机理主要是萃取、混相、竞争吸附、膨胀驱替等;裂缝沟通是导致气窜的主要原因,通过现场调控,实现井组与气窜井同步焖井,保证现场实施效果;试验井组受压裂液浸泡导致黏土矿物水化膨胀,造成喉道封堵,渗流能力减弱,影响了CO_(2)波及范围,导致阶段换油率较低。CO_(2)同步吞吐试验取得了较好的增油效果,试验井组阶段增油量为3983 t,换油率为0.36,该试验为强敏感致密砾岩油藏水平井压裂后提高采收率提供了技术思路及矿场经验。

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene controls tooth root development in coordination with formation of the periodontium

Formation of the periodontium begins following onset of tooth-root formation in a coordinated manner after birth. Dental follicle progenitor cells are thought to form the cementum, alveolar bone and Sharpey＇s fibers of the periodontal ligament （PDL）. However, little is known about the regulatory morphogens that control differentiation and function of these progenitor cells, as well as the progenitor cells involved in crown and root formation. We investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein-2 （Bmp2） in these processes by the conditional removal of the Bmp2 gene using the Sp7-Cre-EGFP mouse model. Sp7-Cre-EGFP first becomes active at E18 in the first molar, with robust Cre activity at postnatal day 0 （PO）, followed by Cre activity in the second molar, which occurs after P0. There is robust Cre activity in the periodontium and third molars by 2 weeks of age. When the Bmp2gene is removed from Sp7＋ （Osterix＋） cells, major defects are noted in root, cellular cementum and periodontium formation. First, there are major cell autonomous defects in root-odontoblast terminal differentiation. Second, there are major alterations in formation of the PDLs and cellular cementum, correlated with decreased nuclear factor IC （Nfic）, periostin and α-SMA＋ cells. Third, there is a failure to produce vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGF-A） in the periodontium and the pulp leading to decreased formation of the microvascular and associated candidate stem cells in the Bmp2-cKOsp7-cre＇EGFe. Fourth, ameloblast function and enamel formation are indirectly altered in the Bmp2-cKOsp7-cre＇EGFe. These data demonstrate that the Bmp2 gene has complex roles in postnatal tooth development and periodontium formation.

A review of CO2 storage in geological formations emphasizing modeling,monitoring and capacity estimation approaches

The merits of CO2 capture and storage to the environmental stability of our world should not be underestimated as emissions of greenhouse gases cause serious problems.It represents the only technology that might rid our atmosphere of the main anthropogenic gas while allowing for the continuous use of the fossil fuels which still power today’s world.Underground storage of CO2 involves the injection of CO2 into suitable geological formations and the monitoring of the injected plume over time,to ensure containment.Over the last two or three decades,attention has been paid to technology developments of carbon capture and sequestration.Therefore,it is high time to look at the research done so far.In this regard,a high-level review article is required to provide an overview of the status of carbon capture and sequestration research.This article presents a review of CO2 storage technologies which includes a background of essential concepts in storage,the physical processes involved,modeling procedures and simulators used,capacity estimation,measuring monitoring and verification techniques,risks and challenges involved and field-/pilot-scale projects.It is expected that the present review paper will help the researchers to gain a quick knowledge of CO2 sequestration for future research in this field.

Experimental Study on the Characteristics of CO_2 Hydrate Formation in Porous Media below Freezing Point

Porous medium has an obvious effect on the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate. In order to study the characteristics of CO2 hydrate formation in porous medium below the freezing point, the experiment of CO2 hydrate formation was conducted in a high-pressure 1.8-L cell in the presence of porous media with a particle size of 380 μm, 500 μm and 700 μm, respectively. The test results showed that the porous medium had an important influence on the process of CO2 hydrate formation below the freezing point. Compared with porous media with a particle size of 500 μm and 700 μm, respectively, the average hydrate formation rate and gas storage capacity of carbon dioxide hydrate in the porous medium with a particle size of 380 μm attained 0.016 14 mol/h and 65.094 L/L, respectively. The results also indicated that, within a certain range of particle sizes, the smaller the particle size of porous medium was, the larger the average hydrate formation rate and the gas storage capacity of CO2 hydrate during the process of hydrate formation would be.

The Arabidopsis AS2 Gene Encoding a Predicted Leucine-zipper Protein Is Required for the Leaf Polarity Formation

The asymmetric leaves2 ( as2) is a classical Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. mutant that shows leaf lobes and leaflet-like structures from the petioles of leaves. Genetic and molecular analyses have demonstrated that the AS2 function is required for repression of meristem-related homeobox genes in leaves. In this study, we describe phenotypic characterizations of new as2 alleles that are in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) genetic background. In addition to the as2 phenotypes reported previously, the new as2 mutants have some leaves with petiole growth underneath the leaf blade, showing a lotus-leaf structure. More severe rosettes leaves of the as2 mutants form a filament-like structure, reflecting a loss of the adaxial-abaxial polarity in leaves. Among as2 mutants analyzed in different genetic backgrounds, only those that are in the Ler genetic background resulted in a high frequency of the lotus-leaf structure. We have isolated the AS2 gene by map-based gene cloning. The predicted AS2 protein contains a leucine-zipper motif, and its N-terminus shares high levels of sequence similarity to those of a group of predicted proteins with no known biological functions. AS2 transcripts were detected in leaves, flowers and fruits, but absent in stems, consistent with the mutant phenotypes.

Mechanistic insight into N_2O formation during NO reduction by NH_3 over Pd/CeO_2 catalyst in the absence of O_2

N2O is a major by-product emitted during low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3(NH3-SCR), which causes a series of serious environmental problems. A full understanding of the N2O formation mechanism is essential to suppress the N2O emission during the low-temperature NH3-SCR, and requires an intensive study of this heterogeneous catalysis process. In this study, we investigated the reaction between NH3 and NO over a Pd/CeO2 catalyst in the absence of O2, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NH3-temperature-programmed desorption, NO-temperature-programmed desorption, and in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the N2O formation mechanism is reaction-temperature-dependent. At temperatures below 250 ℃, the dissociation of HON, which is produced from the reaction between surface H· adatoms and adsorbed NO, is the key process for N2O formation. At temperatures above 250 ℃,the reaction between NO and surface N·, which is produced by NO dissociation, is the only route for N2O formation, and the dissociation of NO is the rate-determining step. Under optimal reaction conditions, a high performance with nearly 100% NO conversion and 100% N2 selectivity could be achieved. These results provide important information to clarify the mechanism of N2O formation and possible suppression of N2 O emission during low-temperature NH3-SCR.

A review of β-Ga_2O_3 single crystal defects, their effects on device performance and their formation mechanism

As a wide-bandgap semiconductor(WBG), β-Ga_2O_3 is expected to be applied to power electronics and solar blind UV photodetectors. In this review, defects in β-Ga_2O_3 single crystals were summarized, including dislocations, voids, twin, and small defects. Their effects on device performance were discussed. Dislocations and their surrounding regions can act as paths for the leakage current of SBD in single crystals. However, not all voids lead to leakage current. There's no strong evidence yet to show small defects affect the electrical properties. Doping impurity was definitely irrelated to the leakage current. Finally, the formation mechanism of the defects was analyzed. Most small defects were induced by mechanical damages. The screw dislocation originated from a subgrain boundary. The edge dislocation lying on a plane slightly tilted towards the(102) plane, the(101) being the possible slip plane. The voids defects like hollow nanopipes, PNPs, NSGs and line-shaped grooves may be caused by the condensation of excess oxygen vacancies, penetration of tiny bubbles or local meltback. The nucleation of twin lamellae occurred at the initial stage of "shoulder part" during the crystal growth. These results are helpful in controlling the occurrence of crystal defects and improving the device performance.